填空题Supermarket shoppers have never been more spoilt for choice. But just when we thought traditional systems of selective farming had created the most tempting array of foods money can buy, we are now being presented with the prospect of genetically created strains of cabbages, onion, tomato, potato and apple. It may not tickle the fancy of food purists but it fires the imagination of scientists. Last week they discovered that the classic Parisian mushroom contains just the properties that, when genetically mixed with a wild strain of mushroom from the Sonora desert in California, could help it grow en masse while at the same time providing it with the resilience of the wild strain. 66. ______ "We have found a way of increasing the success rate from one to 90 per cent. " This is just one of the many products that, according to skeptics, are creating a generation of "Frankenfoods" . The first such food that may be consumed on a wide scale is a tomato which has been genetically manipulated so that it does not soften as it ripens. 67. ______ Critics say that the new tomato—which cost $ 25 million to research—is designed to stay on supermarket shelves for longer. It has a ten-day life span. Not surprisingly, every-hungry US is leading the search for these forbidden fruit. By changing the genes of a grapefruit, a grower from Texas has created a sweet, red, thin-skinned grapefruit expected to sell at a premium over its California and Florida competitors. For chip fanatics who want to watch their waist-lines, new high-starch, low-moisture potatoes that absorb less fat when fried have been created, thanks to a gene from intestinal bacteria. The scientists behind such new food argue that genetic engineering is simply an extension of animal and plant breed ing methods and that by broadening the scope of the genetic changes that can be made, sources of food are increased. Accordingly, they argue, this does not inherently lead to foods that are less safe than those developed by conventional techniques. But if desirable genes are swapped irrespective of species barriers, could things spiral out of control? "Knowledge is not toxic, "said Mark Cantley, head of the biotechnology unit at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, "It has given us a far greater understanding of how living systems work at a molecular level and there is no reason for people to think that scientists and farmers should use that knowledge to do risky things. " Clearly, financial incentive lies behind the development of these bigger, more productive foods. But we may have only ourselves to blame. In the early period of mass food commerce, food varieties were developed by traditional methods of selective breeding to suit the local palate. But as suppliers started to select and preserve plant variants that had larger fruit, consumer expectations rose, leading to the development of the desirable clones. Still, traditionalists and gourmets in Europe are fighting their development. 68. ______ Even in the pre-packaged US, where the slow-softening tomato will soon be reaching supermarkets, 1,500 American chefs have lent their support to the Pure Food Campaign which calls for the international boycott of genetically engineered foods until more is known about the consequences of the technology and reliable controls have been introduced. In the short term, much of the technology remains untested and in the long term the consequences for human biology are unknown. Questions have arisen over whether new proteins in genetically modified food could cause allergies in some people. 69. ______ Then there are the vegetarians who may be consuming animal non-vegetable proteins in what they think is a common tomato, or the practicing Jew who unknowingly consumes a fruit that has been enhanced with a pig's gene. As yet, producers are under no obligation to label "transgeneic" products. Environmentalists worry that new, genetically engineered plants may damage natural environment. A genetically engineered pest-resistant strain of plant that contacts with a native strain, for example, could turn them into virulent weeds beyond chemical control. Animal welfare groups worry about the quality of life of farm animals manipulated so that they produce more meat, milk, and eggs but which may suffer physical damage in the process. 70. ______ Many of these fears spring from ignorance. And although it is hard to separate the paranoia from the benefits, the fact remains that genetic engineering offers ways of solving serious medical and agricultural problems. A. Western farmers have already bred cattle with more muscle than a skeleton can carry. B. Supporters say the tomato, unsurprisingly called Flavr Savr, will taste better because it will be able to nature on the branch longer. C. Consumer opposition means that there are genetically manipulated foods on the German markets, and the Norwegian government has recently put research into genetically engineered foods on hold. D. For example, if a corn gene is introduced into a wheat gene for pest resistance, will those who are allergic to corn then be allergic to wheat? E. "Mushrooms in the past were almost impossible to cross, "says Philippe Callac, one of the three scientists working on the mushroom. F. Genetic engineering will interfere with the balance of nature.

填空题On the north bank of the Ohio River sits Evansville, Ind. , home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino where gambling games are played. During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $ 35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $ 20 worth of gambling. He visited the casino, lost the $ 20 and left. On his second visit he lost $ 800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a "Fun Card", which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user's gambling activities. For Williams, these activities become what he calls electronic morphine. (66) In 1997 he lost $ 21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $ 72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a. m. , then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem. In March 1998, a friend of Williams got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams's gambling problems. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a "cease admissions" letter. Noting the "medical/psychological" nature of problem gambling behaviors, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being. (67) The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24 signs warning. "Enjoy the fun...and always bet with your head, not over it". Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams's suit charges that the casino, knowing he was "helplessly addicted to gambling", intentionally worked to "lure" him to "engage in conduct against his will". (68) The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says "pathological gambling" involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of taking risks in quest of a windfall. (69) Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities. (70) Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on—you might say addicted to—revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers' dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of NEWSWEEK reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $ 3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web's most profitable business. A．Although no such evidence was presented, the casino's marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected. B．It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative? C．By the time he had lost $ 5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $ 5,500, but he did not quit. D．Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is government. E．David Williams's suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don't bet on it. F．It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.

填空题·is of higher artistic quality than most imperial tombs?

填空题For many people, education is about knowledge: What it is, and how it isto be acquired by succeeding generations of learners, and thus by succeedinggenerations of humanity. Politically, education has been a perennial hot topic, because those who control knowledge have potential access on privilege and (54)______ wealth. However, this idea which knowledge is some kind of commodity to (55)______ be traded in intellectual marketplaces known as schools and universities are (56)______ the only one of many characterizations. Attempting to define what it is to (57)______ know has preoccupied philosophers just as many as attempting to answer the (58)______ question of what it is to be. For much of the past century, there has been a passionate debate, in Western educational contexts at least, between those who believe that the function of educational system is the transmission of a (59)______ received body of facts, values, and procedures for conceptualizing and adding to that body of knowledge, yet those who believe that the function of an edu- (60)______ cational system is to create the conditions whereby learners might generate one's own skills and knowledge. It is a debate between those who believe that (61)______ education is a matter of making meaning of the learners on the one hand, and (62)______ those who believe that the function of education is to facilitate the process whereby learner make their own meaning, on the other hand. (63)______

填空题 Walking—like swimming, bicycling and running—is an aerobic exercise, {{U}}(31) {{/U}}builds the capacity for energy output and physical endurance by increasing the supply of oxygen to skin and muscles. Such exercises may be a primary factor in the{{U}} (32) {{/U}}of heart and circulatory disease. As probably the least strenuous, safest aerobic activity, walking is the{{U}} (33) {{/U}}acceptable exercise for the largest number of people. Walking{{U}} (34) {{/U}}comfortable speed improves the efficiency of the cardiorespiratory system{{U}} (35) {{/U}}stimulating the lungs and heart, but at a more gradual rate{{U}} (36) {{/U}}most other forms of exercise. In one test, a group of men 40 to 57 years of age, {{U}}(37) {{/U}}at a fast pace for 40 minutes four days a week, showed improvement{{U}} (38) {{/U}}to men the same age on a 30 minute, three-day-a-week jogging program in the same period. Their resting heart rate and body fat decreased{{U}} (39) {{/U}}. These changes suggest{{U}} (40) {{/U}}of the important—even vital—benefits walking can{{U}} (41) {{/U}}about. Walking{{U}} (42) {{/U}}bums calories. It takes 3,500 calories to gain or{{U}} (43) {{/U}}one pound. Since a one-hour walk at a moderate pace will{{U}} (44) {{/U}}up 300 to 360 calories. By walking one hour every other day, you can bum up a pound-and-a-half monthly, or 18 pounds a{{U}} (45) {{/U}}—providing there is no change in your intake of food. To{{U}} (46) {{/U}}weight faster, walk an hour every day and burn up 3 pounds a month, or 36 pounds a year. {{U}} (47) {{/U}}your age, right, now is the time to give your physical well being as much thought as you{{U}} (48) {{/U}}to pensions or insurance. Walking is a vital defense{{U}} (49) {{/U}}the ravages of degenerative diseases and aging. It is nature's{{U}} (50) {{/U}}of giving you a tuneup.

填空题The shore is an ancient world, for (31) long as there has been an earth and sea (32) , has been this place of the meeting of land and (33) . Yet it is a world that keeps alive the sense (34) continuing creation and of the relentless drive of life. Each time (35) I enter it, I gain some new awareness of its beauty and its deeper meanings, sensing that intricate fabric of life (36) which one creature is linked with another, and each with its surroundings. (37) my thoughts of the shore, one place stands apart for its revelation of exquisite beauty. It is a pool hidden within a cave (38) one can visit only rarely and briefly when (39) lowest of the year's low tides fall below it, and perhaps from that (40) fact it acquires some of its special beauty. Choosing such a tide, I hoped (41) a glimpse of the pool. The ebb was (42) fall early in the morning. I knew that (43) the wind held from the northwest and no interfering swell ran in (44) a distant storm the level of the sea should drop below the entrance (45) the pool. There had been sudden ominous showers in the night, with rain (46) handfuls of gravel flung on the roof. When I looked out into the (47) morning the sky was full of a gray dawn light but the sun had not yet risen. Water and air were pallid. Across the bay (48) moon was a luminous disc in the western sky, suspended (49) the dim line of distant shore—the full August moon, drawing the tide to the low, low levels of the threshold of the alien sea world. As I watched, a gull flew by, above the spruces. Its breast was rosy (50) the light of the unrisen sun. The day was, after all, to be fair.

填空题

填空题·consists of eleven states?

填空题leads the country in the manufacture of aircraft and spare parts.

填空题Pollution is a "dirty" word. To pollute means to contaminate topsoil or something by introducing impurities which make (31) unfit or unclean to use. Pollution comes in many forms. We see it, smell it, (32) it, drink it, and stumble through it. We literally lived in and breathe pollution, and (33) surprisingly, it is beginning to (34) our health, our happiness, and our civilization. Once we thought of pollution (35) meaning simply the smog—the choking, stinging, dirty (36) that hovers over cities. But air pollution, while it is (37) the most dangerous, is only one type of contamination among several (38) attack the most basic life functions. Through the uncontrolled use of insecticides, man has polluted the land, (39) the wildlife. By (40) sewage and chemicals into rivers and lakes, we have contaminated our (41) water. We are polluting the oceans, too, killing the fish and (42) depriving ourselves (43) an invaluable food supply. Part of the problem is our exploding (44) . More and more people are producing more wastes. But this problem is intensified by our "throw-away" technology. Each year Americans (45) of 7 million autos, 20 million tons of waste paper, 25 million pounds of toothpaste tubes and 48 million cans. We throw away gum wrappers, newspapers, and paper plates. It is no longer wise to (46) anything. Today almost everything is disposable. (47) of repairing a toaster or a radio, it is easier and cheaper to buy another one and discard the old, even (48) 95 percent of its parts may still be functioning. Baby diapers, which used to be made of reusable cloth, are now paper throwaways. Soon we will wear clothing made of (49) : "Wear it once and throw it away" will be the slogan of the fashionable consciousness. Where is this all to end? Are we turning the world into a gigantic dump, or is there hope that we can solve the pollution problem? (50) , solutions are in sight. A few of them are positively ingenious.

填空题 You will hear a talk about elephants. As you listen, you must answer Questions 21-30 by writing {{B}}NO MORE THAN THREE{{/B}} words in the space provided on the right. You will hear the talk TWICE.{{B}}You now have 60 seconds to read Questions 21-30.{{/B}}

填空题The Nature of Love Love is a wondrous state, deep, tender, and rewarding. Because of its intimate and personal nature it is regarded by some as an improper topic for experimental research. But, whatever our personal feelings may be, our assigned mission as psychologists is to analyze all facets of human and animal behavior into their component variables. 1 But of greater concern is the fact that psychologists tend to give progressively less attention to a motive which pervades our entire lives. Psychologists, at least psychologists who write textbooks, not only show no interest in the origin and development of love or affection, but thev seem to be unaware of its very existence. 2 Thoughtful men, and probably all women, have speculated on the nature of love. From the developmental point of view, the general plan is quite clear: the initial love responses of the human being are those made by the infant to the mother or some mother surrogate. From this intimate attachment of the child to the mother, multiple learned and generalized affectionate responses are formed. 3 The position commonly held by psychologists and sociologists is quite clear: the basic motives are, for the most part, the primary drives—particularly hunger, thirst, elimination, pain, and sex—and all other motives, including love or affection, are derived or secondary drives. The mother is associated with the reduction of the primary drives—particularly hunger, thirst, and pain—and through learning, affection or love is derived. 4 The psychoanalysts have concerned themselves with the problem of the nature of the development of love in the neonate and infant. Their theories range from a belief that the infant has an innate need to achieve and suckle at the breast to beliefs not unlike commonly accepted psychological theories. There are exceptions, as seen in the recent writings of John Bowlby, who attributes importance not only to food and thirst satisfaction, but also to "primary object-clinging", a need for intimate physical contact, which is initially associated with the mother. 5 Many of these difficulties can be resolved by the use of the neonatal and infant macaque monkey as the subject for the analysis of basic affectional variables. It is possible to make precise measurements in this primate beginning at two to ten days of age, depending upon the maturational status of the individual animal at birth. The macaque infant differs from the human infant in that the monkey is more mature at birth and grows more rapidly; but the basic responses relating to affection, including nursing, contact, clinging, and even visual and auditory exploration, exhibit no fundamental differences in the two species. Even the development of perception, fear, frustration, and learning capability follows very similar sequences in rhesus monkeys and human children. A John Bowlby has suggested that there is an affectional variable which he calls "primary object following", characterized by visual and oral search of the mother"s face. Our surrogate-mother-raised baby monkeys are at first inattentive to her face, as are human neonates to human mother faces. But by 30 days of age ever-increasing responsiveness to the mother"s face appears—whether through learning, maturation, or both—and we have reason to believe that the face becomes an object of special attention. B So far as love or affection is concerned, psychologists have failed in this mission. The little we know about love does not transcend simple observation, and the little we write about it has been written better by poets and novelists. C As far as I know, there exists no direct experimental analysis of the relative importance of the stimulus variables determining the affectional or love responses in the neonatal and infant primate. Unfortunately, the human neonate is a limited experimental subject for such researches because of his inadequate motor capabilities. By the time the human infant"s motor responses can be precisely measured, the antecedent determining conditions cannot be defined, having been lost in a jumble and jungle of confounded variables. D It is entirely reasonable to believe that the mother through association with food may become a secondary-reinforcing agent, but this is an inadequate mechanism to account for the persistence of the infant-maternal ties. There can be no question that almost any external stimulus can become a secondary reinforcer if properly associated with tissue-need reduction, but the fact remains that this redundant literature demonstrates unequivocally that such derived drives suffer relatively rapid experimental extinction. Contrariwise, human affection does not extinguish when the mother ceases to have intimate association with the drives in question. E The apparent repression of love by modem psychologists stands in sharp contrast with the attitude taken by many famous and normal people. The word "love" has the highest reference frequency of any word cited in Bartlett"s book of Familiar Quotations. It would appear that this emotion has long had a vast interest and fascination for human beings, regardless of the attitude taken by psychologists; but the quotations cited, even by famous and normal people, have a mundane redundancy. These authors and authorities have stolen love from the child and infant and made it the exclusive property of the adolescent and adult. F Unfortunately, beyond these simple facts we know little about the fundamental variables underlying the formation of affectionate responses and little about the mechanisms through which the love of the infant for the mother develops into the multifaceted response patterns characterizing love or affection in the adult. Because of the dearth of experimentation, theories about the fundamental nature of affection have evolved at the level of observation, intuition, and discerning guesswork.

填空题If you are buying a property in France, whether for a permanent or a holiday home, it is important to open a French bank account. Although it is possible to exist on traveller's cheques, Eurocheques and credit cards {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}by British banks, the {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}for these {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}can be expensive. The simplest way to pay regular {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}, such as electricity, gas or telephone, {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}when you are not in residence, is by direct debit(a sum withdrawn from an account)from your French account. To {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}a current account, you will need to {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}your passport and birth {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}and to provide your address in the United Kingdom. You will be issued with a cheque book within weeks of opening the account. In France it is illegal to be overdrawn. All accounts must be operated {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}credit. However, there are no {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}charges. Note that cheques {{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}longer to clear in France than in Britain, and call only be stopped {{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}stolen or lost. The easiest way to {{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}money from a British bank account to a French {{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}is by bank transfer. You simply provide your British bank with the name, address and {{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}of your French bank account. The procedure takes about a week and {{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}between￡5 and￡413 for each transaction, {{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}on your British bank。 {{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}. you can transfer money {{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}a French bank in London. You can also send a sterling cheque(allow at least l2(1ays for the cheque to be cleared), Eurocheques or traveller's {{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}. Finally. it is a good idea to make a friend of your French bank manager. His help call prove invaluable.

填空题Marie Curie (1867--1934) Karl Wilhelm Rontgen (1845--1923) astounded people with the first x-rays in 1895; this was followed three years (1) by the discovery of radium by Pierre and Marie Curie. But who were they? In 1894, Marie and Pierre Curie met (2) studying in Paris. Their marriage on 25th July 1895 marked the (3) of a partnership which was to receive worldwide recognition. The Curies discovered radium, a radioactive substance, in uranium oxide ore. They (4) techniques for extracting it, but first did not fully (5) its properties. Pierre Curie used to (6) radium around in his waistcoat pocket and could not understand (7) he was developing a massive sore in his chest. This would have been fatal, but Pierre's life was cut short in 1906 when he was knocked (8) and killed by a horse and cart in the street. From then on, Marie devoted herself (9) completing the work that they had begun together. Marie and Pierre Curie were (10) a joint Nobel Prize in 1904, followed up by a second one (11) Marie in 1911. Their research was crucial in the development of x-rays (12) surgery. (13) World War I Marie Curie helped to equip ambulances, (14) she drove to the front lines, (15) x-ray equipment. The International Red Cross made her head of its Radiological Service and she held (16) courses for medical orderlies and doctors in the new techniques. Despite her success, Marie (17) great opposition from male scientists in France and she never received the recognition she deserved. She died in 1934 (18) leukaemia, due to exposure (19) high-energy radiation used in her research. Radiation has since been used to (20) cancer worldwide.

填空题WhatdoyouknowaboutBeethoven'smusictalentwhenhewas7?

填空题 From her vantage point she watched the main doors swing open and the first arrivals pour in. Those who had been at the head of the line paused momentarily on entry, looked around curiously, then quickly moved forward as others behind pressed in. Within moments the central public area of the big branch bank was filled with a chattering, noisy crowd. The building, relatively quiet less than a minute earlier, had become a Babel. Edwina saw a tall heavyset black man wave some dollar bills and declare loudly, "I want to put my money in the bank"66. ______. It seemed as if the report about everyone having come to open an account had been accurate after all. Edwina could see the big man leaning back expansively, still holding his dollar bills. His voice cut across the noise of other conversations and she heard him proclaim, "I'm in no hurry. There's something I'd like you to explain." Two other desks were quickly manned by other clerks. With equal speed, long wide lines of people formed in front of them. Normally, three members of staff were ample to handle new account business, but obviously were inadequate now. Edwina could see Tottenhoe on the far side of the bank and called him on the intercom. She instructed, "Use more desks for new accounts and take all the staff you can spare to man them."67. ______. Tottenhoe grumbled in reply, "You realize we can't possibly process all these people today, and however many we do will tie us up completely" "I've an idea," Edwina said, "that's what someone has in mind. Just hurry the processing all you can."68. ______. First, an application form called for details of residence, employment, social security, and family matters. A specimen signature was obtained. Then proof of identity was needed. After that, the new accounts clerk would take all documents to an officer of the bank for approval and initialing. Finally, a savings passbook was made out or a temporary checkbook issued. Therefore the most new accounts that any bank employee could open in an hour were five, so the three clerks might handle a total of ninety in one business day, if they kept going at top speed, which was unlikely.69. ______. Still the noise within the bank increased. It had become an uproar. A further problem was that the growing mass of arrivals in the central public area of the bank was preventing access to tellers' counters by other customers. Edwina could see a few of them outside, regarding the milling scene with consternation. While she watched, several gave up and walked away. Inside the bank some of the newcomers were engaging tellers in conversation and the tellers, having nothing else to do because of the melee, chatted back. Two assistant managers had gone to the central floor area and were trying to regulate the flood of people so as to clear some space at counters. They were having small success.70. ______. She decided it was time for her own intervention. Edwina left the platform and a railed-off staff area and, with difficulty, made her way through the milling crowd to the main front door. A. Yet she knew however much they hurried it would still take ten to fifteen minutes to open any single new account. It always did. The paperwork required that time. B. But still no hostility was evident. Everyone in the now jam-packed bank who was spoken to by members of the staff answered politely and with a smile. It seemed, Edwina thought, as if all who were here had been briefed to be on best behavior. C. A security guard directed him, "Over there for new accounts." The guard pointed to a desk where a clerk--a young girl--sat waiting. She appeared nervous. The big man walked toward her, smiled reassuringly, and sat down. Immediately a press of others moved into a ragged line behind him, waiting for their turn. D. Even leaning close to the intercom, it was hard to hear above the noise. E. Even tripling the present complement of clerks would permit very few more than two hundred and fifty accounts to be opened in a day, yet already, in the first few minutes of business, the bank was crammed with at least four hundred people, with still more flooding in, and the line outside, which Edwina rose to check, appeared as long as ever. F. Obviously someone had alerted the press in advance, which explained the presence of the TV camera crew outside. Edwina wondered who had done it.

填空题For a child, happiness has a magical nature. I remember making hide-outs in newly-cut hay, playing cops and robbers in the woods, getting a speaking part in the school play. Of course, Kids also experience lows, But their delight at such peaks of pleasure as winning a race or getting a new bike is unreserved. In the teenage years the concept of happiness changes. Suddenly it's conditional on such things as excitement, love, popularity and whether that zit will clear up before night. I can still feel the agony of not being invited to a party that almost everyone else was going to. But I also recall the ecstasy of being plucked from obscurity at another event to dance with a John Travolta look-alike. (66) My dictionary defines happy as "lucky" or "fortunate", But I think a better definition of happiness is "the capacity for enjoyment". The more we can appreciate what we have, the happier we are. It's easy to overlook the pleasure we get from loving and being loved, the company of friends, the freedom to live where we please, even good health. (67) Later, peace descended again, and my husband and I enjoyed another pleasure—intimacy. Sometimes just the knowledge that he wants can bring me joy. You never know where happiness will turn up next. When I asked friends what made them happy, some mentioned apparently insignificant moments. "I hate shopping," one friend said, "but there's a clerk who always chats and really cheers me up." (68) I get a thrill from driving. One day I stopped to let the school bus turn onto a side road. The driver grinned and gave me a thumbs-up sign. We were two allies in the world of mad motorists. It made me smile. (69) Psychologists tell us that to be happy we need a mixture of enjoyable leisure time and satisfying work. I doubt that my great grandmother, who raised 14 children and took in washing, had none of either. She did have a network of close friends and families, and maybe this is what fulfilled her. If she was content with what she had, perhaps it was because she didn't expect life to be very different. (70) While happiness may be more complex for us, the solution is the same as ever. Happiness isn't about what comes to us—it's about how we perceive what comes to us. It's the knack of finding a positive for every negative, and viewing a setback as a challenge. It's not wishing for what we haven't had, But enjoying what we do possess. A. Another friend loves the telephone. "Every time it rings, I know someone is thinking about me." B. When we think about happiness, we usually think of something extraordinary, a pinnacle of sheer delight—and those pinnacles seem to get rarer the older we get. C. In adulthood the things that bring profound joy—birth, love, marriage—also bring responsibility and the risk of loss. Love may not last, sex isn't always good, loved ones die. For adults, happiness is complicated. D. We, on the other hand, with so many choices and such pressure to succeed in every area, have changed happiness into one more thing we "gotta have". We're so self-conscious about our "right" to it that it's making us miserable. So we chase it and equate it with wealth and success, without noticing that the people who have those things aren't necessarily happier. E. I added up my little moments of pleasure yesterday. First there was sheer bless when I shut the last lunchbox and had the house for myself. Then I spent an uninterrupted morning writing, which I love. When the kids came back home, I enjoyed their noise after the quiet of the whole day. F. We all experience moments like these. Too few of us register them as happiness.

填空题 With 500 days left until the year 2000, experts said last week, that it may already be too late for many companies to defuse the millennium computer time bomb. According to the Gartner Group, A US high-technology consultant agency, nearly a quarter of all worldwide companies have not yet started work on plans to to solve the year 2000 programme problems.66. ______ The Gartner Group, which said last year the millennium bomb rehabilitation would cost between US $ 300 billion and US $ 600 billion worldwide, also said in the report published this month when only 50 per cent of companies that had projects to eliminate the bug planned to test their corrected systems. Dangerous policy Experts said this was a dangerous policy, because correcting computer programmes often introduced new flaws. Testing was essential. The millennium computer bomb is a legacy from shortcuts by software writers, who in the name of economy expressed years with just the final two digits rather than four. When clocks tick past midnight on December 31, 1999, many unrectified computers and chips will interpret the double zero as 1900.67. ______ Some experts say the problem has been grossly exaggerated by software companies seeking to scare customers into buying the latest, bug-free products.68. ______ "The situation is pretty tatal. Most companies are doing something, but are they doing enough?" He said in an interview. Titterington also said that for the vast majority of businesses there was no external check on the effectiveness of their making-up work. Running out of time69. ______ Companies now could only pinpoint vital computer systems for fixing. less crucial systems would just have to run the risk of crashing and be fixed later, Mehta said. "Some crucial areas apart from computers are not getting enough attention. I don't think networking companies have their act together—meaning manufacturers of routers, switches and network equipment like Bay (Networks Inc) and Cisco (Systms Inc), these kinds of companies." Mehta said. He said, "Anybody looking at their systems now is probably too late anyway." Critical situation In his report, Gartner Group millennium research director, Lou marcoccio, said that of the 15,000 companies and government agencies surveyed 23 percent had not started millennium bomb projects. Of these, 86 per cent were small companies which would not have a chance to remedy their systems unless they began immediately, Marcoccio said.70. ______ "Eastern Europe, Russia, India, Pakistan, Southeast Asia, Japan, most of South America, most of the Middle East and Central Africa all lag the United States by more than 12 months." "Most of Western Europe is six months behind the United States, except for Germany which is 12 months behind, and France, which is eight to 10 months behind." "The US Government has the lead on all other national governments by an even wider margin than the companies in those countries. Most government agencies are significantly behind the United States, "the report said. A. This will turn many computer programmes to mush. Unchecked, many public utilities, assembly lines, bank teller machines, traffic lights and lifts may shut down. B. But Graham Titterington, consultant at London consultancy Ovum, does not enjoy this optimistic view. C. This means most of these organizations will effectively be unable to fix their systems in time. D. The Gartner report said most western European companies and the United States had made good progress. Germany was a notable laggard. E. Mitul Mehta, senior European research manager at Frost & Sullivan in London, said time was insutticient out for many companies. F. Computers are being used in aviation. They are used in the training of airline pilots. Computers also direct the flight of planes from one city to another, control their air speeds and altitudes, and even land them.

填空题 Answer questions 71-80 by referring to the introduction of 3 African countries in the following world atlas. Note: Answer each question by choosing A, B or C and mark it on ANSWER SHEET 1. Some choices may be required more than once.{{B}}A=Uganda B=Kenya C=ZaireWhich country…{{/B}} {{B}}Uganda{{/B}} Uganda is in the central part of Africa, near the equator. It became independent in 1962. Until then it had been a British protectorate. The area of Uganda is 93,981 square miles. About ten million people live there. Uganda is a land of mountains, lakes and plains. Mount Ruwenzori is in a mountain range with peaks above 16,700 feet. The chief rivers are the Victoria Nile and Albert Nile, branches of the great Nile River. Almost all of the people of Uganda are African black people of various tribes. The Buganddas are most powerfull and their language is semi-official, but there are more Bantus — the people who live in the north from another group. Nearly everyone understands the Swahili language. Most of the people are farmers. There are some wandering tribes that raise livestock, workers in the few factories, and miners. Important crops are coffee, tea, cotton, oil seeds, sugar, sisal, maize, and apatite. The climate is usually very hot. The many wild animals include the elephant, buffalo, hippopotamus, and crocodile. Uganda is a republic and a member of the British Commonwealth. It has a National Assemby, a prime minister, and a president. But since independence there has been much political trouble, which has been caused by sectional and tribal rivalries. Uganda is surrounded by Kenya, Sudan, Zaire, and Tanzania. Lake Victoria lies in the south of Uganda. It is one of the Largest lakes in Africa shared by several countries. {{B}}Kenya{{/B}} Kenya is a nation in East Africa that became independent in 1963 after being controlled by Great Britain for more than 75 years. It has an area of 225,000 square miles, and its population is twelve million. Nearly all of the people are African blacks. The largest group being the Kikiyu tribe, but in 1973 there were 270,321 Kenyans who were white Europeans or from India. The central part of Kenya is high and level 3,000 to 6,000 feet above the sea. Here the climate is cool and comfortable. The seacoast of Kenya is hot and damp. There are three big rivers, the Juba, the Tana and the Sabaski. In central Kenya, there is an extinct volcano 17,040 feet high. The equator runs through Kenya. Most of the people are farmers. In central Kenya they grow grains and bananas; along the coast they grow rice, coffee, cotton, tobacco, and many tropical crops such as coconuts, cinnamon, pineapples, sugar cane, vanilla, and dates. There are big forests yielding rubber and olives. The mountains produce gold, marble and other stones. Many tourists go to Kenya for biggame hunting. Great Britain took control of Kenya in 1886 and sent settlers there. In 1920 Kenya became a British colony. But the native Kenyans wanted independence and about 1950 a group called the Mau Mau began a campaign to drive the British out. It won its independence through free elections. It is a member of the British Commonwealth. Kenya's neighboring countries are Somali, Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda and Tanzania. Kenya also shares Lake Victoria. {{B}}Zaire{{/B}} Zaire is an independent country in central equatorial Africa. Prior to its independence in 1960, Zaire was a Belgian colony and was called the Belgian Congo. After its independence, the country has undergone several years of political upheavals. In 1966, political stability was achieved and the country was renamed Zarie. Zaire is rich in tropical vegetation, mineral resources, and abundant wildlife. The country is 905,328 square miles in size, and is subdivided into nine provinces. The country's population is primarily Blacks. They represent more than 200 different Bantu tribes. They speak many different languages but Swahili is widely used. Zaire depends mainly on agriculture and mining for its livelihood. Efforts are being made to expand industry in the country. Many of the people are farmers, and they raise cotton, rubber, bananas, and coffee for export. Corn and sweet potatoes are grown for eating. Mining is important, and many people work in rich uranium, copper, and diamond mines. Geographically, Zaire is made up of a low plateau in the center, which is surrounded by higher land. The central region is tropical rainforest and contains valuable wood such as mahogany. Also from the forest, the country receives rubber, palm oil, and nuts. The animal life of Zaire includes lions, elephants, monkeys, crocodiles and other species. The Zaire River is one of the longest rivers in the world. Zaire borders many countries such as Uganda, Angola, Zambis, Sudan, and central African Republic. * and Zaire do not border Ethiopia? 71. ______ . * depends on both farming and mining? 72. ______ . * is not on the equator? 73. ______ . * gained its independence the latest? 74. ______ . * does not share Lake Victoria? 75. ______ . * grows rice as one of its main crops 76. ______ . * borders the other two? 77. ______ . * is like a basin? 78. ______ . * is a place where people often go for hunting big animals? 79. ______ . * grows sweet potatoes for food? 80. ______ .