单选题While still catching up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. "Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men," according to Dr Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York's Veteran's Administration Hospital. Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males. Adding to a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased "opportunities" for stress. "It's not necessarily that women don't cope as well. It's just that they have so much more to cope with," says Dr Yehuda. "Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men's," she observes, "it's just that they're dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner. " Dr Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. "I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating." Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. "I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better. " Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. "It's the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the ear payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck." Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez's experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.

单选题 {{I}}Questions 14～16 are based on the following talk. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14～16.{{/I}}

单选题{{B}}Text 3{{/B}} In the atmosphere, carbon dioxide acts rather like a one-way mirror -- the glass in the roof of a greenhouse which allows the sun's rays to enter but prevents the heat from escaping. According to a weather expert's prediction, the atmosphere will be 3℃ warmer in the year 2050 than it is today, if man continues to burn fuels at the present rate. If this warming up took place, the ice caps in the poles would begin to melt, thus raising sea level several metres and severely flooding coastal cities. Also, the increase in atmospheric temperature would lead to great changes in the climate of the northern hemisphere, possibly resulting in an alteration of the earth's chief food-growing zones. In the past, concern about a man-made warming of the earth has concentrated on the Arctic because the Antarctic is much colder and has a much thicker ice sheet. But the weather experts are now paying more attention to West Antarctic, which may be affected by only a few degrees of warming: in other words, by a warming on the scale that will possibly take place in the next fifty years from the burning of fuels. Satellite pictures show that large areas of Antarctic ice are already disappearing. The evidence available suggests that a warming has taken place. This fits the theory that carbon dioxide warms the earth. However, most of the fuel is burnt in the northern hemisphere, where temperatures seem to be falling. Scientists conclude, therefore, that up to now natural influences on the weather have exceeded those caused by man. The questions is: Which natural cause has most effect on the weather? One possibility is the variable behavior of the sun. Astronomers at one research station have studied the hot spots and "cold" spots (that is, the relatively less hot spots) on the sun. As the sun rotates, every 27.5 days, it presents hotter or "colder" faces to the earth, and different aspects to different parts of the earth. This seems to have a considerable effect on the distribution of the earth's atmospheric pressure, and consequently on wind circulation. The sun is also variable over a long term: its heat output goes up and down in cycles, the latest trend being downward. Scientists are now finding mutual relations between models of solar-weather interactions and the actual climate over many thousands of years, including the last Ice Age. The problem is that the models are predicting that the world should be entering a new Ice Age and it is not. One way of solving this theoretical difficulty is to assume a delay of thousands of years while the solar effects overcome the inertia of the earth's climate. If this is right, the warming effect of carbon dioxide might thus be serving as a useful counter-balance to the sun's diminishing heat.

单选题Which of the following philosophers ever mentioned the term Semantics first? [A] Socrates [B] Aristotle. [C] Plato. [D] Michel Breal.

单选题WhichofthefollowingstatementsisINCORRECTaboutMissChan?[A]Sheisolderthanmostundergraduatestudents.[B]ShemajorsinFrenchandminorsinMarketing.[C]Shehasworkexperiencebeforeenteringtheuniversity.[D]Shesucceedsinshorteningtheacademicyears.

单选题The history of responses to the work of the artist Sandro Botticelli (1444-1510) suggests that widespread appreciation by critics is a relatively recent phenomenon. Writing in 1550, Vasari expressed an unease with Botticelli"s work, admitting that the artist fitted awkwardly into his evolutionary scheme of the history of art. Over the next two centuries, academic art historians defamed Botticelli in favor of his fellows Florentine, Michelangelo. Even when anti-academic art historians of the early nineteenth century rejected many of the standards of evaluation adopted by their predecessors, Botticelli"s work remained outside of accepted taste, pleasing neither amateur observers nor connoisseurs. (Many of his best paintings, however, remained hidden away in obscure churches and private homes.) The primary reason for Botticelli"s unpopularity is not difficult to understand: most observers, up until the mid-nineteenth century, did not consider him to be noteworthy, because his work, for the most part, did not seem to these observers to exhibit the traditional characteristics of the fifteenth-century Florentine art. For example, Botticellirarely employed the technique of strict perspective and, unlike Michelangelo, never used chiaroscuro. Another reason for Botticelli"s unpopularity may have been that his attitude toward the style of classical art was very different from that of his contemporaries. Although he was thoroughly exposed to classical art, he showed little interest in borrowing from the classical style. Indeed, it is paradoxical that a painter of large-scale classical subjects adopted a style that was only slightly similar to that of classical art. In any case, when viewers began to examine more closely the relationship of Botticelli"s work to the tradition of the fifteenth century Florentine art, his reputation began to grow. Analyses and assessments of Botticelli made between 1850 and 1870 by the artists of the Pre-Raphaelite movement, as well as by the writer Pater (although he, un-fortunately, based his assessment on an incorrect analysis of Botticelli"s personality), inspired a new appreciation of Botticelli throughout the English-speaking world. Yet Botticelli"s work, especially the Sistine frescoes, did not generate worldwide attention until it was finally subjected to a comprehensive and scrupulous analysis by Home in 1908. Home rightly demonstrated that the frescoes shared important features with paintings by other fifteenth-century Florentines—features such as skillful representation of anatomical proportions, and of the human figure in motion. However, Home argued that Botticelli did not treat these qualities as ends in themselves—rather, that he emphasized clear depletion of a story, a unique achievement and one that made the traditional Florentine qualifies less central. Because of Home"s emphasis crucial to any study of art, the twentieth century has come to appreciate Botticelli"s achievements.

单选题Gone are the days when women"s philanthropy referred only to sweet dears who ran the school auction or gussied up for the charity gala. This decade, women have emerged as a financially high-powered cadre, poised to give generously of their business skills and their money. By 1992, women-owned businesses employed more people than did Fortune 500 companies. In 1997, women held half of the chief executive officer positions at foundations across the United States. This year, women—including some who are beneficiaries of large inheritances-control slightly more than half the personal wealth in the nation, according to a study by the Federal Reserve Board. They also donate twice as much as men, according to a study by the National Science Foundation. "These days, charitable fund-raisers are learning that nobody can afford to overlook the rising influence of women", says Sharon Hadary, executive director of the National Foundation for Women Business Owners. The NFWBO revealed new research at a day-long conference at Simmons College in Boston last month that focused on women and philanthropy. More than 200 women attended, ranging from powerful corporate executives to entrepreneurs, fund-raisers, and financial advisers. Many belonged to The Committee of 200(C200), a group that requires its members to own companies with revenues in excess of $ 15 million, or manage divisions of US corporations that generate at least $100 million a year. The conference kicked off with the NFWBO"s survey of C200 members, revealing that 74 percent of the women polled created their wealth on their own. Also, 84 percent make philanthropic decisions on their own, even if they are married. But regardless of whether women in the major leagues of philanthropy inherit their fortunes or earn them, these women aren"t just writing checks. They are also demanding, more influence over exactly how their donations are spent. "These savvy women, who have demonstrated business acumen, are motivated to give to organizations that support issues that they are passionate about," says Linda Paresky, chair emerita of the C200 Foundation. Indeed, 86 percent of the women polled said their philanthropic decisions are influenced not only by their passion for the cause but also by whether or not the organization is managed well. The survey also found that women are more interested in promoting causes, like education or women"s health, than in having their names on buildings. Women also prefer collaborative rather than competitive fund-raising approaches. Despite playing a bigger role in philanthropy. One in 4 women surveyed believes women are still not taken as seriously as men by those seeking donations.

单选题Questions 17 to 20 are based on the following talk about Clinton. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17 to 20.

单选题Questions 17～20 are based on the following talk. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17～20.

单选题Questions 4～6 are based on the following passage; listen and choose the best answer.

单选题Questions 18 to 20 are based on the monologue about pickpocketing. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 18 to 20.

单选题Whydoesthewomancall?

单选题What did the UN call on nations to do about CO2 and other greenhouse gases in 1992?

单选题What advantage will there be if one buys life insurance instead of making other investments?

单选题A man once had a dream about the Black Forest in Germany. In his 1 he was walking in the forest 2 two men ran out and tried to throw him 3 the ground. He ran off as 4 as he could, 5 they immediately followed. He reached a place where he. 6 two roads in front of him, one to the right and the other to the left. Which road should he 7 ? He heard the two men behind him, 8 nearer and at the same time he heard 9 voice in his ears. It 10 him to go to the right, and he did so. He ran on and on and soon 11 to a small home, he was 12 there kindly and 13 a room to rest in, and so he was saved 14 the two men. That was the dream. Twenty years later he was 15 in the Black Forest and 16 happened in the dream long before, two men suddenly ran out 17 him. He ran and ran, and came to a place with two roads as in the dream. He 18 the dream and went to the 19 . He soon reached a small house. And so he got rid of the two men. His dream of twenty years 20 had saved his life.

单选题Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following job interview. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11 to 13.

单选题Questions 7--12 Complete the following statements by NO MORE THAN four words for each blank.

单选题At 18, Ashanthi DeSilva of suburban Cleveland is a living symbol of one of the great intellectual achievements of the 20th century. Born with an extremely rare and usually fatal disorder that left her without a functioning immune system (the "bubble-boy disease", named after an earlier victim who was kept alive for years in a sterile plastic tent), she was treated beginning in 1990 with a revolutionary new therapy that sought to correct the defect at its very source, in the genes of her white blood cells. It worked. Although her last gene-therapy treatment was in 1992, she is completely healthy with normal immune function, according to one of the doctors who treated her, W.French Anderson of the University of Southern California. Researchers have long dreamed of treating diseases from hemophilia to cancer by replacing mutant genes with normal ones. And the dreaming may continue for decades more. "There will be a gene-based treatment for essentially every disease, " Anderson says, "within 50 years. " It's not entirely clear why medicine has been so slow to build on Anderson's early success. The National Institutes of Health budget office estimates it will spend $432 million on gene-therapy research in 2005, and there is no shortage of promising leads. The therapeutic genes are usually delivered through viruses that don't cause human disease. "The virus is sort of like a Trojan horse, " says Ronald Crystal of New York Presbyterian/Weill Coruell Medical College. "The cargo is the gene. " At the University of Pennsylvania's Abramson Cancer Center, immunologist Carl June recently treated HIV patients with a gene intended to help their cells resist the infection. At Cornell University, researchers are pursuing gene-based therapies for Parkinson's disease and a rare hereditary disorder that destroys children's brain cells. At Stanford University and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, researchers are trying to figure out how to help patients with hemophilia who today must inject themselves with expensive clotting drugs for life. Animal experiments have shown great promise. But somehow, things get lost in the translation from laboratory to patient. In human trials of the hemophilia treatment, patients show a response at first, but it fades over time. And the field has still not recovered from the setback it suffered in 1999, when Jesse Gelsinger, an 18-year-old with a rare metabolic disorder, died after receiving an experimental gene therapy at the University of Pennsylvania. Some experts worry that the field will be tarnished further if the next people to benefit are not patients but athletes seeking an edge. This summer, researchers at the Salk Institute in San Diego said they had created a "marathon mouse" by implanting a gene that enhances running ability; already, officials at the World Anti-Doping Agency are preparing to test athletes for signs of "gene doping". But the principle is the same, whether you're trying to help a healthy runner run faster or allow a muscular-dystrophy patient to walk. "Everybody recognizes that gene therapy is a very good idea, " says Crystal. "And eventually it's going to work. /

单选题The issue of online privacy in the Internet age found new urgency following the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks, sparking debate over striking the correct balance between protecting civil liberties and attempting to prevent another tragic terrorist act. While preventing terrorism certainly is of paramount importance, privacy rights should not be deemed irrelevant. In response to the attacks, Congress quickly passed legislation that included provisions expanding rights of investigators to intercept wire, oral and electronic communications of alleged hackers and terrorists. Civil liberties groups ex-pressed concerns over the provisions and urged caution in ensuring that efforts to protect our nation do not result in broad government authority to erode privacy rights of U.S. citizens. Nevertheless, causing further concern to civil liberties groups, the Department of Justice proposed exceptions to the attorney-client privilege. On Oct. 30, Attorney General John Ashcroft approved an interim agency rule that would permit federal prison authorities to monitor wire and electronic communications between lawyers and their clients in federal custody, including those who have been detained but not charged with any crime, whenever surveillance is deemed necessary to prevent violence or terrorism. In light of this broadening effort to reach into communications that were previously believed to be "off-limits", the issue of online privacy is now an even more pressing concern. Congress has taken some legislative steps toward ensuring online privacy, including the Children"s Online Privacy Protection Act, and provided privacy protections for certain sectors through legislation such as the Financial Services Modernization Act. The legislation passed to date does not, however, provide a statutory scheme for protecting general online consumer privacy. Lacking definitive federal law, some states passed their own measures. But much of this legislation is incomplete or not enforced. Moreover, it becomes unworkable when states create different privacy standards; the Internet does not know geographic boundaries, and companies and individuals cannot be expected to comply with differing, and at times conflicting, privacy rules. An analysis earlier this year of 751 U. S. and international Web sites conducted by Consumers International found that most sites collect personal information but fail to tell consumers how that data will be used, how security is maintained and what fights consumers have over their own information. At a minimum, Congress should pass legislation requiring Web sites to display privacy policies prominently, in-form consumers of the methods employed to collect client data, allow customers to opt out of such data collection, and provide customer access to their own data that has already been collected. Although various Internet privacy bills were introduced in the 107th Congress, the focus shifted to expanding government surveillance in the wake of the terrorist attacks. Plainly, government efforts to prevent terrorism are appropriate. Exactly how these exigent circum-stances change the nature of the online privacy debate is stiff to be seen.

单选题Man is one of a number of animals that make things, but man is the only one that depends for its very survival on the things he has made. That simple observation is the starting point for an ambitious history programmed that the BBC will begin broadcasting in which it aims to tell a history of the world through 100 objects in the British Museum (BM). A joint venture four years in the making between the BM and the BBC, the series features 100 15 minute radio broadcasts, a separate 13 episodes in which children visit the museum at night and try to unlock its mysteries, a BBC World Service package of tailored omnibus editions for broadcasting around the world and an interactive digital programmed involving 350 museums in Britain which will be available free over the Internet. The presenter is Neil MacGregor, the BM's director, who has moved from the study of art to the contemplation of things. "Objects take you into the thought world of the past," he says. "When you think about the skills required to make something you begin to think about the brain that made it. " From the first moment this series is radio at its best: inventive, clever, and yet always light on its feet. In the mid-17th century Archbishop James Usher, an Irish prelate and scholar, totted up the lifespan of all the prophets mentioned in the Old Testament and concluded that the world had been created on the night preceding October 23rd 4004 B.C. Mr. Macgregor, a more modern historian, begins nearly 1.8m years before that with the Swiss Army knife of the stone age, a hand axe found by Louis Leakey at Moldavia Gorge in Tanzania in the 1930s. Discovering how to chip stones to make a tool that would cut flesh was the moment man learned to be an opportunist. Once invented, the hand axe would hardly change over lm years. It became a passport to the world, and was carried from east Africa to Libya, Israel, India, Korea and even to a gravel pit near Heathrow airport where one was buried 600,000 years ago. Mr. Macgregor is less interested in advertising the marvels of the 250-year-old universal museum he heads than in considering who made the objects he discusses. That involves drawing together evidence of how connected seemingly disparate societies have always been and rebalancing the histories of the literate and the non-literate. "Victors write history; the defeated make things," he says. This is an especially important distinction when considering Africa. The great "Encyclopedia Britannica" of 1911 assumed that Africa had no history because it had no written history. The statues of black pharaohs that Mr. Macgregor discusses in an early programme, for example, are the best visual evidence that a Nubian tribe once seized control of ancient Egypt and that Africans ruled over the Nile for more than a century. The BM's curators spent two years choosing the objects Mr. MacGregor examines. In particular, they sought out things that would help him draw out universal themes. Periclean Athens and Achaemenid Iran existed at more-or-less the same time, between 500 BC and 450 BC. By examining objects from each place, Mr. MacGregor is able to compare two different ways of constructing a highly efficient state and nimbly reassesses Athens in the context of the Persia it was fighting. The importance of trade is another theme. Silver pieces of eight were a passport to trade, and, as the first object of a global economy, a key step in the history of money. Minted in South America from the end of the 15th century, they crossed both the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. So widely were these silver coins used that interruptions in the production of silver in Mexico and Peru had a severe knock-on effect. In Europe silver shortages led to a sudden massive expansion of the money supply and the hyperinflation of the mid-17th century. Mr. Macgregor also uses coins, the simplest common sign of a centralized rule, to explore the personification of power as well as the history of money and of trade. In the Middle East the head of the Byzantine emperor was stamped on coins for several centuries. But in the early 690s, for example, Umayyad diners from Damascus suddenly switched from displaying heads of rulers to showing the Shahabad, the declaration of belief in the oneness of Allah. It was the first time political power, as represented by coinage, was connected to a set of unchanging universal ideas rather than a person. Of the 100 objects, only one has not been selected yet. Mr. Macgregor is waiting until the last possible moment to pick out the best symbol of our own time.