填空题The author's secondary school ambition was to major in electrical engineering.

填空题For Richard Leakey, head of the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), conservation often seems to be a continuation of war by other means. His first period as director of the agency saw the introduction of a "shoot to kill" policy to deal with illegal hunters. He also ceremonially burnt the country"s stockpile of confiscated ivory—even though, as critics pointed out, the haul could have paid for a dozen new schools. 1 His second session in the director"s chair began eight months ago (the interregnum was caused by his resignation to enter politics in 1994, after clashes with Daniel arap Moi, Kenya"s president). The years, however, have not softened him. His approach this time is almost as aggressive as shooting illegal hunters—it is a system of heavily defended frontiers for the areas under the KWS" protection, which he refers to as "hard edges". 2 The extent to which wildlife and people can co-exist has 19ng been a worry to conservationists. Some of them argue that peaceful co-existence is possible, especially if the animals are made to pay their way through tourism and the "cropping" of surplus beasts to provide food. But others, though in general willing these days to fall in with the line that nature must earn its keep if it is to survive, suspect that the benefits will frequently accrue to people other than those whose activities actually threaten the animals—and thus that the invisible hand of self-interest will not give animals any protection. 3 The first place to be the target of this attitude is Lake Nakuru. It is surrounded by settlements, and its boundaries have become "blurred" as a result. Now, thanks to a two-metre-high fence, those boundaries will be clear—and people who have been squatting on government land will have to leave. 4 This valley is home to two rare species of monkey, the red colobus and the Tana River mangabey. People have lived there since before it was declared a protected area, but their numbers have expanded considerably in recent years. One or other group of primates must, in Dr. Leakey"s view, therefore go. He plans that it will be the people. The Tana River resettlement scheme is supposed to be voluntary, and comes with incentives such as money for new schools, water supplies and clinics. 5 Whether "hard edges" will work as well as "shoot to kill" remains to be seen. But it could prove a risky strategy. People moved off their land have long memories, and when political circumstances change they may translate those memories into action. Even in Europe, many of those whose homes have been flooded by reservoirs still mourn their lost villages, and would go back given the chance. And dams—with all the attitudes that back them up—are going out of fashion. A. But there are still some locals who would rather stay. In theory, they can. But they will have to put up with a series of restrictive measures designed to make life more comfortable for monkeys and less comfortable for people. Nobody, for instance, will be allowed to cut down trees; and human movements will be strictly controlled. The message is thus pretty clear: "please leave". B. Richard Leakey"s second stint in charge of Kenya"s wild animals looks likely to be as controversial as his first. C. Dr. Leakey seems to take the second approach—at least as far as the beasts in his custody are concerned. He is aware of the fact that his actions will be supported by the government only because of the income they bring to the tourist industry (one of Kenya"s biggest export earners). And if it is to be an industrial project, then industrial public-policy methods should be applied. A western government, he points out, would not hesitate to use compulsory land purchase for a scheme deemed to be in the public interest (a hydroelectric dam, for example). So why should similar methods not apply to tourist-attraction wildlife reserves? D. That, though it will no doubt produce some complaints, is probably reasonable—the squatters should not have been there in the first place. More controversial, however, is a scheme to "encourage" people to leave the valley of the Tana River. E. Such harsh measures (backed, admittedly, by an international ban on all trade in ivory) appear to have worked. After decades of decline, the elephant population in Kenya has stabilised, and even begun to creep up again. F. This scheme means that Kenya"s national parks are, in effect, declaring independence from the rest of the country. They will be surrounded by fences and defended by border guards. Those fences, which will often be electrified, will, of course, serve to keep the animals in and thus stop them damaging the crops on surrounding farms. But their main purpose is to keep unwanted humans out.

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填空题Parent-students seem to stay loyal to one another and support one another.

填空题 Pollution is a "dirty" word. To pollute means to contaminate—topsoil something by introducing impurities which make{{U}} (31) {{/U}}unfit or unclean to use. Pollution comes in many forms. We see it, smell it, {{U}}(32) {{/U}}it, drink it, and stumble through it. We literally lived in and breathe pollution, and{{U}} (33) {{/U}}surprisingly, it is beginning to{{U}} (34) {{/U}}our health, our happiness, and our civilization. Once we thought of pollution{{U}} (35) {{/U}}meaning simply the smog—the choking, stinging, dirty{{U}} (36) {{/U}}that hovers over cities. But air pollution, while it is{{U}} (37) {{/U}}the most dangerous, is only one type of contamination among several{{U}} (38) {{/U}}attack the most basic life functions. Through the uncontrolled use of insecticides, man has polluted the land, {{U}}(39) {{/U}}the wildlife. By{{U}} (40) {{/U}}sewage and chemicals into rivers and lakes, we have contaminated our{{U}} (41) {{/U}}water. We are polluting the oceans, too, killing the fish and{{U}} (42) {{/U}}depriving ourselves{{U}} (43) {{/U}}an invaluable food supply. Part of the problem is our exploding{{U}} (44) {{/U}}. More and more people are producing more wastes. But this problem is intensified by our "throw-away" technology. Each year Americans{{U}} (45) {{/U}}of 7 million autos, 20 million tons of waste paper, 25 million pounds of toothpaste tubes and 48 million cans. We throw away gum wrappers, newspapers, and paper plates. It is no longer wise to{{U}} (46) {{/U}}anything. Today almost everything is disposable. {{U}}(47) {{/U}}of repairing a toaster or a radio, it is easier and cheaper to buy another one and discard the old, even{{U}} (48) {{/U}}95 percent of its parts may still be functioning. Baby diapers, which used to be made of reusable cloth, are now paper throwaways. Soon we will wear clothing made of{{U}} (49) {{/U}}: "Wear it once and throw it away," will be the slogan of the fashionable consciousness. Where is this all to end? Are we turning the world into a gigantic dump, or is there hope that we can solve the pollution problem? {{U}}(50) {{/U}}, solutions are in sight. A few of them are positively ingenious.

填空题______changedthespeaker'sfamilyfortunesdrasticallyinhischildhood.

填空题 You will hear a talk given by a university lecturer. As you listen, you must answer Questions 21-30 by writing {{B}}NO MORE THAN THREE{{/B}} words in the space provided on the right. You will hear the talk {{B}}TWICE{{/B}}. {{B}}You now have 60 seconds to read Questions 21-30.{{/B}}

填空题The press is constantly reminding us that the dramatic increase in the age of our population over the next 30 or so years will cause national healthcare systems to collapse, economies to crumple under the strain of pension demands and disintegrating families to buckle under increasing care commitments. Yet research at Oxford is beginning to expose some of the widespread myths that underlie this rhetoric. Demographic ageing is undoubtedly a reality. Life expectancy in developed countries has risen continuously over the past century, increasing the percentage of those over the age of 60 relative to those under the age of 15. By 2030 half the population of Western Europe will be over the age of 50, with a predicted average life expectancy of a further 40 years. By then, a quarter of the population will be over 65 and by 2050 the UK's current number of 10,000 centenarians are predicted to have reached a quarter of a million. Some demographers have even suggested that half of all baby girls born in the West today will live to see the next century. 66. ______ Indeed, if this could be achieved throughout the world, it would surely count as the success of civilization, for then we would also have conquered the killers of poverty, disease, famine and war. Decreasing mortality rates, increasing longevity and declining fertility mean smaller percentages of young people within populations. Over the past 20 years life expectancy at birth in the UK has risen by four years for men (to 75) and three years for women (to 80). Meanwhile fertility rates across Europe have declined more or less continuously over the past 40 years and remain well below the levels required for European populations to be able to replace themselves without substantive immigration. But again, rather than seeing this as a doom and gloom scenario, we need to explore the positive aspects of these demographics. The next 50 years should provide us with an opportunity to enjoy the many advantages of a society with a mature population structure. 67. ______ The first of these is the current political rhetoric which claims that health services across the Western world are collapsing under the strain of demographic ageing. 68. ______ The second myth is the view that the ratio of workers to non-workers will become so acute that Western economies will collapse, compounded by a massive growth in pension debt. While there are undoubted concerns over current pension shortfalls, it is also clear that working lives will themselves change over the next few decades, with a predicted increase in flexible and part-time work and the probable extension of working life until the age of 70. Indeed, we have to recognize that we cannot expect to retire at the age of 50 and then be able to support ourselves for another 40 or so years. Neither a solid pension scheme nor savings can carry people that long. 69. ______ A further myth is that we will all live in loose, multigenerational families, experiencing increased emotional distancing from our kin. Evidence from a variety of studies across the developed world suggests that, if anything, the modern family is actually becoming more close-knit. Work carried out by the Oxford Institute in Scandinavia and in a Pan-European Family Care Study, for example, shows that despite the influence of the welfare state, over the past 10 years, people have come to value family relationships more than previously. 70. ______ In the developed world, therefore, we can see actual benefits from population ageing: a better balance between age groups, mature and less volatile societies, with an emphasis on age integration. The issues will be very different in other parts of the world. Herein lies another myth: that the less developed world will escape from demographic ageing. Instead, the massive increase in the age of populations facing these countries-predicted to be up to one billion older people within 30 years—is potentially devastating. The problem is not only that demographic ageing is occurring at a far greater pace than we have seen in Western nations, but also that few if any developing countries have the economic development and infrastructure necessary to provide widespread public pensions and healthcare to these growing elderly populations. As a result, older people are among the poorest in every developing country. They have the lowest levels of income, education and literacy, they lack savings and assets, have only limited access to work, and even in times of crisis are usually the last to be cared for under emergency aid programmes. Perhaps of most concern is healthcare, for as we conquer acute diseases, we are going to see a rapid increase in levels of chronic illness and disability, but no long-term care programmes or facilities to tackle this. A. Since it is likely that a longer active working life will coincide with a predicted labor shortage resulting from a lack of younger workers, we need to provide the opportunities and training to encourage older men and women to remain economically productive. Our studies show that there are benefits from having an age-integrated workforce. It is another myth that older workers are less productive than younger ones. In fact, the combined energy of younger workers with the experience of older ones can lead to increased productivity—something from which young and old alike will benefit. B. In 2001, in recognition of the significance of these demographic changes and the global challenges and opportunities that will accompany them, the Oxford Institute of Ageing was established at the University. It is made up of researchers in demography, sociology, economics, social anthropology, philosophy and psychology, with links to other specialists in medicine, biology, law and policy in research units across the University. This cross-disciplinary approach has made it possible to challenge some of the most pervasive myths about ageing societies. C. As Institute healthcare ethicist Kenneth Howse points out, family obligations towards older relatives may change over the next 20 years, but current indications are that families are retaining a strong responsibility to care. Furthermore, as societies age, the contributory role of older people as grandparents becomes more important. Work by Institute researchers on another European Union study on multi-generational families has highlighted the role that grandparents play by freeing up the responsibilities of the younger reproductive population. D. It is clear that the changing demographic landscape poses challenges for the future. The necessity now is to develop appropriate economic, social and political structures to take advantage of the opportunities that mature societies will bring, while ensuring that there are appropriate safety nets for those left vulnerable within these populations—which will include both young and old alike. E. Rather than fearing such a future, however, we should see this trend as a great success. It must undoubtedly be a major achievement of civilization that most individuals within a society can expect to enjoy a long and healthy lifespan. F. George Leeson, a demographer at the Institute, points out that while a number of cross-national studies have considered the determinants of spiraling healthcare costs, only one has found the explanatory factor to be the proportion of the population aged 65 and over. Rather, it is growth in income, lifestyle characteristics and environmental factors such as technology and drugs that are driving up healthcare costs. In addition, the costs are shifting between population groups. The key here, he adds, is to develop sufficiently flexible health service structures to shift not only economic resources but also personnel.

填空题A=Honda Mowers B=Yard-Man Mowers C=Electric Mowers Which mowers... ● leave very few clippings behind when bagging? 1 ● are cheaper? 2 ● are easy to maneuver? 3 ● are friendlier to the environment? 4 ● were recommended by Maggie Oster? 5 ● occupied two of the top four ranked positions? 6 ● purchase their parts from different companies? 7 ● need rechargeable battery? 8 ● are said to have superior engines? 9 ● are cheap to maintain and operate? 10 Is there any logical reason for buying a Honda instead of a Yard-Man? After analyzing the experts" advice on buying a lawn mower, and reviewing the reviews, that"s the question we were left with. Nine reviews we found recommend models in the Honda Harmony series ($650 to $800), and if money is no object, any of these self-propelled mowers would be an excellent choice. However, other reviewers say that the Yard-Man self-propelled machines, which cost about half as much ($400), are able to cut, bag, mulch and discharge cuttings just as well as the Hondas. Experts say the Honda Harmony mowers are sturdy, rear-bagging models that consistently deliver an even cut. These are reported to leave very few clippings behind when bagging, and they distribute clippings evenly when mulching. They"re also easy to maneuver. In a major comparative review, Harmony mowers occupied two of the top four ranked positions. The Yard-Man self-propelled models, however, are cheaper, and they too deliver a consistent cut. Some credible reviewers say these machines bag, mulch and discharge cuttings just as well as the Hondas. In side-by-side testing, the Yard-Man 12A-979L ($400) performed almost as well as mowers costing twice as much, and the 12A-559K and 12A-999L ($400) appeared as top picks in other reviews. To get some perspective on these competing products, we compared the two mower families at MSN. com"s Eshop and other comparison shopping sites, and saw no major differences between them. We pitted the top-rated Honda HRB2ISK3SXA ($800) against the Yard-Man 12A-559K ($350), which was recommended by Maggie Oster in a National Gardening Association article. The results showed that the Honda outweighs the Yard-Man in only one aspect—number of speed settings. The Honda has three speeds while the Yard-Man has only one. Another Yard-Man, the 12A-999L, which was covered favorably by both Oster and Consumer Guide, has twice as many speed settings as the Honda, yet costs half as much. Some of the Yard-Man machines have the edge in other aspects, too. Our comparisons showed that the 12A-999L has a more powerful engine, allows for more levels of adjustability, and has higher rear wheels, which make it easier to maneuver in tall grass. Since we still weren"t convinced that one group of mowers was intrinsically better than the other, we called representatives at both Honda and Yard-Man. Honda representatives said Honda engines are inherently superior because they are built by Honda, with Honda parts, whereas YardMan purchases parts from several different companies. Honda reps also referred to their own company"s reputation as "an engine company". The representatives at MTD (manufacturer of YardMan mowers) admitted that they actually use Honda motors in some of their more expensive, commercially-oriented lines, so there may be something to Honda"s claim that its motors and parts are better engineered. In any case, Honda lawn mowers are popular among both professional. There is, however, another kind of mowers—electric lawn mowers. They are very environment friendly—they generate zero emission and do not pollute the environment. They come with a long cord or they can be powered by a rechargeable battery. So it is quite cheap to operate. They also require very little maintenance. Electric lawn mowers are better for small to medium sized lawns. Such mower can"t clean bigger sized lawns—these are ideal if you have less than 1 acre of lawn. They have a limited length of cord—few mowers come with more than 100 feet long wire, so are limited to mowing a lawn that is less than 100 feet from a power outlet.

填空题A=BOOK REVIEW 1 B=BOOK REVIEW 2 C=BOOK REVIEWS 3 D=BOOK REVIEW 4 Which book review(s) contain(s) the following information · Comparison of the significance of two economic books. (71) · Stiglitz's prestige in the field of economics. (72) · Stiglitz's criticism of those who exaggerated the power of markets in developing countries. (73) · Policy making should consider local conditions. (74) · The intervention of government is the way to assist globalization. (75) · Stiglitz's dedication to the development of poor countries. (76) · Stiglitz's preference of one type of economic policy over another one. (77) · More people joined Stiglitz in criticizing free trade and globalization. (78) · Stiglitz's points have been supported by what actually happened in the country. (79) · Mainly gives positive comments on Stiglitz and his new book. (80) A The main point of the book is simple: globalization is not helping many poor countries. Incomes are not rising in much of the world, and adoption of market-based policies such as open capital markets, free trade, and privatization is making developing economies less stable, not more. Instead of a bigger dose of free markets, Stiglitz argues, what's needed to make globalization work better is more and smarter government intervention. While this has been said before, the ideas carry more weight coming from someone with Stiglitz's credentials. In some ways, this book has the potential to be the liberal equivalent of Milton Friedman's 1962 classic Capitalism and Freedom, which helped provide the intellectual foundation for a generation of conservatives. But Globalization and Its Discontents does not rise to the level of Capitalism and Freedom. While Stiglitz makes a strong case for government-oriented development policy, he ignores some key arguments in favor of the market. "The book's main villain is the International Monetary Fund, the Washington organization that lends to troubled countries", Stiglitz' contempt for the LMF is boundless. "It is clear that the IMF has failed in its mission," he declares. "Many of the policies that the IMF pushed have contributed to global instability. " B While parts of this book are disappointingly shallow, Stiglitz's critique of the market-driven of 1990s still resonates, especially when the business page is full of stories about white-collar crime and the stock market seems stuck in a perpetual rut. Even the United States cannot blithely assume that financial markets will work on autopilot. It is testament to the salience of Stiglitz's arguments that many economists—even some Bush Administration officials—now embrace his view that economic change in the developing world must evolve more with local conditions, not on Washington's calendar. Without a thorough makeover, globalization could easily become a quagmire. Stiglitz shared a Nobel Prize last year for his work analyzing the imperfections of markets. His main complaint against Rubin and Summers, who served as Treasury Secretaries, and against Fischer, the NO. 2 official and de facto chief executive of the International Monetary Fund, is that they had too much faith that markets could transform poor countries overnight. He labels these three men market fundamentalists, who fought to maintain financial stability with the same urgency that an earlier generation struggled to contain communism. Worse, he suggest, they shilled for Wall Street, conflating the interests of the big banks with the financial health of the world. C "Stiglitz, 58, is hardly the first person to accuse the IMF of operating undemocratically and exacerbating Third World poverty. But he is by far the most prominent and his emergence as a critic marks an important shift in the intellectual landscape. Only a few years ago, it was possible for pundits to claim that no mainstream economist, certainly nobody of Stiglitz's stature, took the criticism of free trade and globalization seriously. Such claims are no longer credible, for Stiglitz is part of a small but growing group of economists, sociologists and political scientists, among them Dani Rodrik of Harvard and Robert Wade of the London School of Economics, who not only take the critics seriously but warn that ignoring their concerns could have dire consequences. " Over the past several years, Stiglitz, a celebrated theorist who was awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in economics for his work on asymmetric information, has grown accustomed to being at the center of controversy. From 1997 to 2000, he served as senior vice president and chief economist at the World Bank—a title that did not stop him from publicly criticizing the bank's sister institution, the International Monetary Fund, Stiglitz's outspokenness, unprecedented for a high-ranking insider, infuriated top officials at the IMF and US Treasury Department, and eventually led James Wolfensohn, the World Bank's president, to inform him that he would have to mute his criticism or resign, and Stiglitz chose to leave. D " Stiglitz' book makes a compelling case that simpleminded economic doctrine, inadequately tailored to the realities of developing countries, can do more harm than good, and that the subtleties of economic theory are actually quite important for sound policy advice. But simplistic political advice—give developing countries more voice and the institutions of global governance will be rendered more legitimate and efficient—is equally problematic. Political reform is as subtle and complex as economic reform. Evidently, the best minds among us have only begun to think about it. " Joseph Stiglitz's memoirs of his years in Washington, D. C.—first as Chair of President Bill Clinton's Council of Economic Advisers and then as chief economist at the World Bank—have the flavor of a morality play. Our goodhearted but slightly native hero, on leave from Stanford University, sets out for the nation's capital to serve his country and improve the lot of the developing world. Once there he finds a morass of political opportunism, ideologically motivated decision-making and bureaucratic inertia. Undeterred, he battles valiantly on behalf of impoverished nations against the unrelenting globalisers of the International Monetary Fund.

填空题 Children who grip their pens too close to the writing point are likely to be at a disadvantage in examinations, {{U}}(31) {{/U}}to the first serious investigation into the way in which writing technique can dramatically affect educational achievement. The survey of 643 children and adults, ranking from pre-school to 40-phis, also suggests{{U}} (32) {{/U}}pen-holding techniques have deteriorated sharply over one generation, with teachers now paying far{{U}} (33) {{/U}}attention to correct pen grip and handwriting style. Stephanie Thomas, a learning support teacher{{U}} (34) {{/U}}findings have been published, was inspired to investigate this area{{U}} (35) {{/U}}she noticed that those students who had the most trouble with spelling{{U}} (36) {{/U}}had a poor pen grip. While Mr. Thomas could not establish a significant statistical link{{U}} (37) {{/U}}pen-holding style and accuracy in spoiling, she{{U}} (38) {{/U}}find huge differences in technique between the young children and the mature adults, and a definite{{U}} (39) {{/U}}between near-point gripping and slow, illegible writing. People who{{U}} (40) {{/U}}their pens at the writing point also show other characteristics{{U}} (41) {{/U}}inhibit learning, {{U}}(42) {{/U}}as poor posture, leaning too{{U}} (43) {{/U}}to the desk, using four fingers to grip the pen{{U}} (44) {{/U}}than three, and clumsy positioning of the thumb (which can obscure{{U}} (45) {{/U}}is being written). Mr. Thomas believes that the{{U}} (46) {{/U}}between elder and younger writers is{{U}} (47) {{/U}}too dramatic to be accounted for simply by the possibility that people get better at writing as they grow{{U}} (48) {{/U}}. She attributes it to a failure to teach the most effective methods, pointing out that the differences between{{U}} (49) {{/U}}groups coincides with the abandonment of formal handwriting instruction in classrooms in the sixties. "The 30-year-old showed a huge diversity of grips, {{U}}(50) {{/U}}the over 40s group all had a uniform 'tripod' grip."

填空题Chris'particularbriefinherworkistheAsiansection,especially______.

填空题Many parents who welcome the idea of turning (32) the TV and (33) more time with the family are still worried that (34) TV they would constantly be on call as entertainers for their children. They remember (35) Up all sorts of things to do when they were kids. But their own kids seem (36) , less resourceful, somehow. When there's nothing to do, these parents observe regretfully, their kids seem unable to come up with anything to do (37) turning on the TV. One father, for example, says, "When I was a (38) , we were always thinking up things to do, projects and games. We certainly never complained (39) an annoying way (40) our parents, 'I have nothing to do !' "He compares this with his own children today: "They are simply lazy. If someone (41) entertain them, they'll happily sit there watching TV all day. " There is one word for this father's disappointment; unfair. (42) is as if he (43) disappointed in them for not reading Greek though they have never studied the language. He deplores his children's (44) of inventiveness, as if the ability to play was missing. In fact, (45) the tendency to play is built into the human species, the actual ability to play-to imagine, to invent, to elaborate on reality in a playful way-and the ability to (46) fulfillment from it, these are skills that have to be (47) and developed. Such disappointment, however, is not only (48) , it is also destructive. Sensing their parents' disappointment, children come to believe that they are. (49) , lacking something, and that this (50) them less worthy of admiration and respect. Giving children the opportunity to develop new resources, to enlarge their horizons and discover the pleasures of doing things (51) their own is, on the other hand, a way to help children develop a confident feeling about themselves as capable and interesting people.

填空题According to the American Academy of Dermatology, an estimated 10 to 50 million people in this country have an allergic reaction to poison ivy each year. Poison ivy is often very difficult to spot. It closely resembles several other common garden plants, and can also blend in with other plants and weeds. But if you come into contact with it, you'll soon know by the itchy, blistery rash that forms on your skin. Poison ivy is a red, itchy rash caused by the plant that bears its name. Many people get it when they are hiking or working in their garden and accidentally come into direct contact with the plant's leaves, roots, or stems. The poison ivy rash often looks like red lines, and sometimes it forms blisters. (66) About 85 percent of people are allergic to the urushiol in poison ivy, according to the American Academy of Dermatology. Only a tiny amount of this chemical—1 billionth of a gram—is enough to cause a rash in many people. Some people may boast that they've been exposed to poison ivy many times and have never gotten the rash, but that doesn't necessarily mean they're not allergic. Sometimes the allergy doesn't emerge until you've been exposed several times, and some people develop a rash after their very first exposure. It may take up to ten days for the rash to emerge the first time. (67) Here are some other ways to identify the poison ivy plant. It generally grows in a cluster of low, weed-like plants or a woody vine which can climb trees or fences. It is most often found in moist areas, such as riverbanks, woods, and pastures. The edges of the leaves are generally smooth or have tiny "teeth". Their color changes based on the season—reddish in the spring; green in the summer; and yellow, orange, or red in the fall. Its berries are typically white. (68) The body's immune system is normally in the business of protecting us from bacteria, viruses, and the foreign invaders that can make us sick. But when urushiol from the poison ivy plant touches the skin, it instigates an immune response, called dermatitis, to what would otherwise be a harmless substance. Hay fever is another example of this type of response; in the case of hay fever, the immune system overreacts to pollen, or another plant-produced substance. (69) The allergic reaction to poison ivy is known as delayed hypersensitivity. Unlike immediate hypersensitivity, which causes an allergic reaction within minutes of exposure to an antigen, delayed hypersensitivity reactions don't emerge for several hours or even days after the exposure. (70) In the places where your skin has come into contact with poison ivy leaves or urushiol, within one to two days you'll develop a rash, which will usually itch, redden, bum, swell, and form blisters. The rash should go away within a week, but it can last longer. The severity of the reaction often has to do with how much urushiol you've touched. The rash may appear sooner in some parts of the body than in others, but it doesn't spread—the urushiol simply absorbs into the skin at different rates in different parts of the body. Thicker skin such as the skin on the soles of your feet, is harder to penetrate than thinner skin on your arms and legs. A. Because urushiol is found in all parts of the poison ivy plant—the leaves, stems, and roots—it's best to avoid the plant entirely to prevent a rash. The trouble is, poison ivy grows almost everywhere in the United States (with the exception of the Southwest, Alaska, and Hawaii), so geography won't help you. The general rule to identify poison ivy, "leaflets three, let it be," doesn't always apply. Poison ivy usually does grow in groups of three leaves, with a longer middle leaf—but it can also grow with up to nine leaves in a group. B. Most people don't have a reaction the first time they touch poison ivy, but develop an allergic reaction after repeated exposure. Everyone has a different sensitivity, and therefore a slightly different reaction, to poison ivy. Sensitivity usually decreases with age and with repeat exposures to the plant. C. Here's how the poison ivy response occurs. Urushiol makes its way down through the skin, where it is metabolized, or broken down. Immune cells called T lymphocytes (or T-cells) recognize the urushiol derivatives as a foreign substance, or antigen. They send out inflammatory signals called cytokines, which bring in white blood cells. Under orders from the cytokines, these white blood cells turn into macrophages. The macrophages eat foreign substances, but in doing so they also damage normal tissue, resulting in the skin inflammation that occurs with poison ivy. D. Poison ivy's cousins, poison oak and poison sumac, each have their own unique appearance. Poison oak grows as a shrub (one to six feet tall). It is typically found along the West Coast and in the South, in dry areas such fields, woodlands, and thickets. Like poison ivy, the leaves of poison oak are usually clustered in groups of three. They tend to be thick, green, and hairy on both sides. Poison sumac mainly grows in moist, swampy areas in the Northeast, Midwest, and along the Mississippi River. It is a woody shrub made up of stems with rows of seven to thirteen smooth-edged leaflets. E. The culprit behind the rash is a chemical in the sap of poison ivy plants called urushiol. Its name comes from the Japanese word "urushi," meaning lacquer. Urushiol is the same substance that triggers an allergic reaction when people touch poison oak and poison sumac plants. Poison ivy, Eastern poison oak, Western poison oak, and poison sumac are all members of the same family—Anacardiaceae. F. Call your doctor if you experience these more serious reactions: · Pus around the rash (which could indicate an infection). · A rash around your mouth, eyes, or genital area. · A fever above 100 degrees. · A rash that does not heal after a week.

填空题Accordingtothespeaker,whoshouldenjoythefightofAcademicFreedom?

填空题“Down-to-earth”means someone or something that is honest. realistic and easy to deal with. It is a pleasure to find (31) who is down-to-earth. A person who is down-to-earth is easy to talk (32) and accepts other people as equals. A down-to-earth person is just the (33) of someone who acts important or proud. Down-to-earth persons may be (34) members of society, of course. But they do not let their importance“ (35) to their heads”. They do not consider themselves to be better persons than (36) of less importance. Someone who is filled with his own importance and pride, (37) without cause, is said to have“his nose in the air”. There is (38) way a person with his nose in the air Can be down-to-earth. Americans (39) another expression that means almost the same as“down-to-earth”. The expression is“both-feet-on-me-ground”. Someone (40) both-feet-on-me-ground is a person with a good understanding (41) reality. He has what is called“common sense, ”he may have dreams, (42) he does not allow them to block his knowledge of (43) is real. The opposite kind of (44) is one who has his“head-in-the-clouds”. A man with his head-in-the-clouds is a dreamer (45) mind is not in the real world. (46) , such a dreamer can be brought back to earth. Sharp words from teacher Can usually (47) a day-dreaming student down-to-earth. Usually．the person who is down-to-earth is very (48) to have both feet on the ground. (49) we have both our feet on the ground, when we are down-to-earth, we act honestly and openly (50) others. Our lives are like the ground below US, solid and strong.

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填空题The most obvious purpose of advertising is to inform the consumer of available products or services. The second (31) is to sell the product. The second purpose might be more important to the manufacturers than the (32) . The manufacturers go beyond only telling consumers about their products. They also try to persuade customers to buy the (33) by creating a desire (34) it. Because of advertisement, consumers think that they want something that they do not need. After buying something, the purchaser cannot always explain why it was (35) . Even (36) the purchaser probably does not know why he or she bought something, the manufacturers (37) . Manufacturers have analyzed the business of (38) and buying. They know all the different motives that influence a consumer's purchase—some rational and (39) emotional. Furthermore, they take advantage of this (40) . Why (41) so many products displayed at the checkout counters in grocery stores? The store management has some good (42) . By the time the customer is (43) to pay for a purchase, he or she has already made rational, thought-out decisions (44) what he or she needs and wants to buy. The (45) feels that he or she has done a good job of choosing the items. The shopper is especially vulnerable at this point. The (46) of candy, chewing gum, and magazines are very attractive. They persuade the purchaser to buy something for emotional, not (47) motives. For example, the customer neither needs nor plans to buy candy, but while the customer is standing, waiting to pay money, he or she may suddenly decide to buy (48) . This is exactly (49) the store and the manufacturer hope that the customer will (50) . The customer follows his or her plan.

填空题· enables players to construct buildings in different styles?