填空题With 500 days left until the year 2,000, experts said last week, that it may already be too late for many companies to defuse the millennium computer time bomb. According to the Gartner Group, A US high-technology consultant agency, nearly a quarter of all worldwide companies have not yet started work on plans to to solve the year 2,000 programme problems. 1 The Gartner Group, which said last year the millennium bomb rehabilitation would cost between US $300 billion and US $ 600 billion worldwide, also said in the report published this month when only 50 per cent of companies that had projects to eliminate the bug planned to test their corrected systems. Dangerous policy Experts said this was a dangerous policy, because correcting computer programmes often introduced new flaws. Testing was essential. The millennium computer bomb is a legacy from shortcuts by software writers, who in the name of economy expressed years with just the final two digits rather than four. When clocks tick past midnight on December 31,1999, many unrectified computers and chips will interpret the double zero as 1900. 2 Some experts say the problem has been "grossly exaggerated by software companies seeking to scare customers into buying the latest, bug-free products. 3 "The situation is pretty tatal. Most companies are doing something, but are they doing enough?" He said in an interview. Titterington also said that for the vast majority of businesses there was no external check on the effectiveness of their making-up work. Running out of time 4 Companies now could only pinpoint vital computer systems for fixing. Less crucial systems would just have to run the risk of crashing and be fixed later, Mehta said. "Some crucial areas apart from computers are not getting enough attention. I don"t think networking companies have their act together--meaning manufacturers of routers, switches and network equipment like Bay ( Networks Inc) and Cisco ( Systms Inc), these kinds of companies. "Mehta said. He said, "Anybody looking at their systems now is probably too late anyway." Critical situation In his report,Gartner Group millennium research director, Lou marcoccio, said that of the 15, 000 companies and government agencies surveyed 23 percent had not started millennium bomb projects. Of these ,86 per cent were small companies which would not have a chance to remedy their systems unless they began immediately, Marcoccio said. 5 "Eastern Europe, Russia, India, Pakistan, Southeast Asia, Japan, most of South America, most of the Middle East and Central Africa all lag the United States by more than 12 months." "Most of Western Europe is six months behind the United States, except for Germany which is 12 months behind, and France, which is eight to 10 months behind." "The US Government has the lead on all other national governments by an even wider margin than the companies in those countries. Most government agencies are significantly behind the United States, "the report said. A. This will turn many computer programmes to mush. Unchecked, many public utilities, assembly lines, bank teller machines, traffic lights and lifts may shut down. B. But Graham Titterington, consultant at London consultancy Ovum, does not enjoy this optimistic view. C. This means most of these organizations will effectively be unable to fix their systems in time. D. The Gartner report said most western European companies and the United States had made good progress. Germany was a notable laggard. E. Mitul Mehta, senior European research manager at Frost & Sullivan in London, said time was insutticient out for many companies. F. Computers are being used in aviation. They are used in the training of airline pilots. Computers also direct the flight of planes from one city to another, control their air speeds and altitudes, and even land them.

填空题{{B}} A=Football B=Table Tennis C=Standing Volleyball D=Basketball Which description (s) mentioned that... {{/B}} {{B}}A{{/B}} Football The game of football has a history of constant rule changes. Rule changes have been implemented to bolster the excitement of the game of football and to increase the game's safety. By 1906 the game was extremely rough, and many injuries and some deaths had occurred. Educators considered dropping the sport de spite its popularity on campuses. United States President Theodore Roosevelt, and ardent advocate of strenuous sports, declared that the game must be made safer. As a result, football leaders revamped the game, and many of the rougher tactics were outlawed. In a constant attempt to maintain public interest in the game, NFI. rulemakers review trends in their sport. For example, in the early 1970s, the rulemakers brought the hash marks in closer to the center of the field to give offenses more room to throw wide. The move, which increased scoring and made the game more exciting, also helped bolster the running game. Ten NFL runners gained more than 1 000 yards in one season (1972) for the first time in history. During the next season, Buffalo Bills' running back O.J. Simpson rushed for more than 2 000 yards, the first time a player had gained that many yards in a single season. However, the passing game eventually suffered as defenses quickly adjusted. The Pittsburgh Steelers had a stranglehold on the NFL during the 1970s, with four Super Bowl victories. The dominant defensive athletes the Steelers put on the field shut down the wide-open passing attacks that had developed in the previous era. By 1977 scoring was the lowest it had been since 1942, while offensive touchdowns had fallen to their lowest levels since 1938. The rulemakers enacted serious measures after this low scoring 1977 season, fearing a loss of public interest in the defense-dominated game. {{B}}B{{/B}} Table Tennis Table Tennis began in England. The game, and to begin with it was only a game and not a sport, was born in the 1 880s when adherents of lawn tennis adapted their pastime to be played indoors during the winter months. "Whiff-Waft" and "Ping Pong" were just two of a number of games patented in England during the 1890's, and sold with simple rules. "Gossamer" was another early name for the game from which Table Tarots evolved. Early equipment consisted of rubber or cork balls, and bats made of dried animal skins stretched over a wooden frame. The game's popularity rose steadily, sometimes dramatically, and by 1901 table tennis tournaments were being organised, associations had been formed, and books on the game had been published. An unofficial "World Championship" was held in 1902. The "parlour game" of table tennis was rapidly assuming the status of a serious sport. The International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF) was formed in Berlin in 1926 and international laws were adopted. The first official World Championships were held in London the same year. Seven countries participated. By this time balls were made of celluloid and bats consisted of sheets of pimpled rubber glued to wooden blades. Developments over later decades included "sandwich" rubber (pimpled rubber attached to a layer of sponge), rubbers specially treated to impart extra spin or to absorb spin, and "speed" glues which were absorbed into the sponge to make the rubber springier and add speed to the ball. {{B}}C{{/B}} Standing Volleyball Standing Volleyball was played by disabled sportsmen long before the International Federation was founded, It has its roots in Great Britain and was originally only played by amputees. Due to the variations of amputation, a classification system was set up and players were put into one of nine categories. To encourage those with a more severe amputation to participate, a point system on court was introduced -- each player received points for the degree of amputation -- and 13 points was the minimal team requirement on court. In 1984, it was decided to open up the game to allow other disability groups to take part in, thereby encouraging more nations to participate. Although this initially created more classification problems, the WOVD finally, after four years, established criteria for classification, which includes those players with various arm or leg disabilities. {{B}}D{{/B}} Basketball Dr James Naismith is known world-wide as the inventor of basketball. He was born in 1861 in Ramsay township, near Almonte, Ontario, Canada. The concept of basketball was born from his school days in the area where he played a simple child's game known as duck-on-a-rock outside his one-room schoolhouse. The game involved attempting to knock a "duck" off the top of a large rock by tossing another rock at it. Naismith went on to attend McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. After serving as McGill's Athletic Director, he moved on to the YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts, USA in 1891 where the sport of basketball was born. In Springfield, Naismith was faced with the problem of finding a sport that was suitable for playing inside during the Massachusetts winter for the students at the School for Christian Workers. Naismith wanted to create a game of skill for the students instead of one that relied solely on strength. He needed a game that could be playe4 indoors in a relatively small space. The first game was played with a soccer ball and two peach baskets used as goals. Naismith devised a set of thirteen rules of basketball.·the game began in England in the 1880s 71. ______ ·in 1984, it was decided to open up the game to allow other disability groups to take part in 72. ______ ·in 1926 an international organization was formed and international laws were adopted 73. ______ ·the sport was created by a Canadian in the USA 74. ______ ·it was originally only played by amputees 75. ______ ·the game was extremely rough 76. ______ ·a point system on court was introduced 77. ______ ·the rulemakers enacted serious measures 78. ______ ·"Gossamer" was another early name for the kind of sport 79. ______ ·the first game was played with a soccer ball 80. ______

填空题The United States leads all industrial nations in the proportion of its young men and women who receive higher education. Why is this? What motivates a middle-income family with two children to 1 loans for up to $120,000 so that their son and daughter can 2 private universities for four years? Why would both parents in a low-income family take jobs to support their three children at a state university—each 3 an annual cost of $4,0007 Why should a woman in her forties quit her job and use her savings to 4 for the college education she did not receive when she was 5 ? Americans place a high personal value 6 higher education. This is an attitude that goes 7 to the country"s oldest political traditions. People in the United States have always believed that education is necessary for 8 a democratic government. They believe that it prepares the individual 9 informed intelligent, political participation, including voting. Before World War Ⅱ, a high school education seemed adequate for 10 most people"s needs, but the post-war period produced dozens of new questions for Americans. How should atomic 11 be used? Should scientists be 12 to experiment in splitting genes? Should money be spent on 13 astronauts into space—or should it be used for aid to another nation? Americans rarely express a direct vote on such complex matters, but the representatives they elect 14 decide such issues. In recent years, 15 a result, many Americans have begun to regard a college education as necessary to becoming an informed American voter.

填空题 You will hear a talk. As you listen, you must answer questions 21—30 by writing NO MORE THAN THREE words in the space provided on the right. You will hear the talk TWICE.

填空题Our social development was encouraged through teamwork. We worked in groups with people we'd never met (1) . We learnt to listen to other people's (2) and to make (3) of each other's particular talents and skills. We realized that we may not always be right; and we saw how even small task which seemed unimportant and boring could be valuable contributions to a (4) goal. All these were valuable experiences for me and I have not forgotten them. I have understood more (5) then about how people can work (6) and I have gained an insight (7) how larger and more important groups such as companies, administrative bodies and even governments work together. What we were doing was (8) a very much smaller scale of course, but the human relationships were much the same. (9) you know, the third aspect of our all-round development was the mental or spiritual. Our particular method was to examine our own beliefs and (10) of other people. We found out about different (11) political and cultural beliefs. But we did this by direct experience of people (12) such beliefs rather (13) through reading about them. This made them much more real. We had to confront the fact (14) perfectly reasonable and intelligent people could have ideas about life and (15) , for example, completely different from our (16) . Instead of simply accepting the attitudes and ideas we had learnt (17) parents and schools, we were challenged to examine them and even to defend them against challenge. Of course, that (18) have had tremendous impact on my outlook of life. The main effect of this (19) me was to make me more tolerant of other people's beliefs. I also had to think deeply about my own set of values, and so I came to hold them actively and with understanding rather than lazily and passively. I didn't change my ideas much, but I (20) understand why I had them, and I saw that there were many alternatives.

填空题 An allergy is an unusually strong reaction{{U}} (31) {{/U}}a substance. Many things can cause allergies. The most common cause is pollen. Trees usually produce pollen in the spring, grasses in the summer and weeds in the fall{{U}} (32) {{/U}}part of their reproductive process. Other causes include organisms such as dust mites and molds. Chemicals, plants and dead skin particles{{U}} (33) {{/U}}dogs and cats can also cause allergic reactions. {{U}}(34) {{/U}}can insect stings and some foods. The most common kind of{{U}} (35) {{/U}}reaction is itchy, watery eyes and a blocked or watery nose. Allergies can also{{U}} (36) {{/U}}red, itchy skin. Some reactions can be life-threatening—for example, when breathing passages become{{U}} (37) {{/U}}. Avoiding{{U}} (38) {{/U}}causes an allergy may not always be easy. Antihistamine drugs{{U}} (39) {{/U}}offer an effective treatment. Another{{U}} (40) {{/U}}used in some cases is called immunotherapy. A patient is{{U}} (41) {{/U}}with small amounts of the allergy-causing substance. The idea is that larger and larger amounts are given over time{{U}} (42) {{/U}}the patient develops a resistance{{U}} (43) {{/U}}the allergen. In the United States, experts estimate that up to four percent of adults and up to eight percent of young children have food{{U}} (44) {{/U}}. Every year these allergies cause about thirty thousand{{U}} (45) {{/U}}of anaphylaxis, a severe reaction that requires immediate treatment. It can result{{U}} (46) {{/U}}trouble breathing and in some cases death. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases says one hundred to two hundred people die. It says most of the reactions are caused{{U}} (47) {{/U}}peanuts and tree nuts such as walnuts. People can also be allergic to medicines. The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology says about five to ten percent of bad reactions to commonly used{{U}} (48) {{/U}}are allergic. In other words, a person's immune system overreacts and{{U}} (49) {{/U}}an allergic reaction. The{{U}} (50) {{/U}}common reactions include skin rashes, itching, breathing problems and swelling in areas such as the face.

填空题A Rock painting Paintings or engravings found on precipitous cliffs in Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou in Southwest China; Fujian in East China and Mount Yinshan in Inner Mongolia; Altai in China's extreme west and Heihe in tile far north, are even more ancient. Strong visual effects characterize the bright red cliff paintings in southern China that depict scenes of sacrificial rites, production activities and daily life. In comparison, hunting, animal grazing, wars and dancing are then main themes of cliff paintings in northern China. B Painting of beauties The Tang Dynasty (618—907) witnessed the prosperity of figure painting, where the most outstanding painters were Zhang Xuan and Zhou Fang. Their paintings, depicting the life of noble women and court ladies, exerted an eternal influence on the development of Shi Nu Hua (painting of beau ties), which comprises an important branch of traditional Chinese painting today. Beginning in the Five Dynasty (907—960), each dynasty set up an art academy that gathered together the best painters throughout China. Academy members, who were on the government payroll and wore official uniforms, drew portraits of emperors, nobles and aristocrats that depicted their daily lives. The system proved conducive to the development of painting. The succeeding Song Dynasty (960—1127) developed such academies into the Imperial Art Academy. C Landscape painting During the Yuan Dynasty (1271—1368) the "Four Great Painters" — Huang Gong-wang, Nizan, Wei Zhen and Wang Meng — represented the highest level of landscape painting. Their works immensely influenced landscape painting of the Ming (1368—1644) and Qing (1644—1911) dynasties. The Ming Dynasty saw the rise of the Women Painting School, which emerged in Suzhou on the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Keen to carry on the traditions of Chinese painting, the four women masters blazed new trails and developed their own unique styles. When the Manchus came to power in 1644, the then-best painters showed their resentment to the Qing court in many ways. The "Four Monk Masters" — Zhu Da, Shi Tao, Kun Can and Hong Ran — had their heads shaved to demonstrate their determination not to serve the new dynasty, and they soothed their sadness by painting tranquil nature scenes and traditional art. Yangzhou, which faces Suzhou across the Yangtze River, was home to the "Eight Eccentrics" —the eight painters all with strong characters, proud and aloof, who refused to follow orthodoxy. They used freehand brushwork and broadened the horizon of flower-and-bird painting. By the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, Shanghai, which gave birth to the Shanghai Painting School, had become the most prosperous commercial city and a gathering place for numerous painters. Following the spirit of the Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou, the Shanghai School played a vital role in the transition of Chinese traditional painting from a classical art form to a modem one. The May 4th Movement of 1919, or the New Culture Movement, inspired the Chinese to learn from western art and introduce it to China. Many outstanding painters, led by Xu Beihong, emerged, whose paintings recognized a perfect merging of the merits of both Chinese and Western styles, absorbing western classicism, romanticism and impressionism. Other great painters of this period include Qi Baishi, Huang Binhong and ZhangDaqian. Oil painting,a western art, was introduced to China in the 17th century and gained popularity in the early 20th century. D New Year painting The popular folk painting — Chinese New Year pictures pinned up on doors, room walls and windows on tile Chinese New Year to invite heavenly blessings and ward off disasters and evil spirits — which dates back to the Qin and Han dynasties. Thanks to the invention of block printing, folk painting became popular in the Song Dynasty and reached its zenith of sophistication in the Qing. Woodcuts have become increasingly diverse in style, variety, theme and artistic form since the early 1980s.·drew the daily life of upper classes? 71. ______·was aimed to invite blessings and ward off disasters? 72. ______·witnessed the rise of the women painting school? 73. ______·introduced the western art into China? 74. ______·depicts scenes of production activities and animal grazing? 75. ______·was pinned up on doors, walls and windows? 76. ______·was found in the extreme north of China? 77. ______·combines the merits of Chinese and Western classicism, romanticism, etc? 78. ______·has painters to use freehand brushwork in their flower-and-bird painting? 79. ______·was painted by the painters getting government payroll? 80. ______

填空题Wheredidriceoriginate?

填空题·can grow in places of hard conditions?

填空题·was first played mostly for dancing then for listening?

填空题 Which book... ·places an stress on something that can hardly be learnt at school? 1 ·is particularly helpful for those who fear changes? 2 ·tells readers it doesn"t follow that those who don"t have good academic achieve- ·ment will not make a fortune? 3 ·is not written by a single writer? 4 ·tells a very simple story but it contains many messages? 5 ·seems not to express ideas straightforward? 6 ·is written by the one who also wrote a lot of other works with other writers? 7 ·is probably full of facts? 8 ·is not only statistical but also interesting? 9 ·is not related to finance? 10 A Change can be a blessing or a curse, depending on your perspective. The message of Who Moved My Cheese? is that all can come to see it as a blessing, if they understand the nature of cheese and the role it plays in their lives. Who Moved My Cheese? is a parable that takes place in a maze. Four beings live in that maze: Sniff and Scurry are mice--nonanalytical and nonjudgmental, they just want cheese and are willing to do whatever it takes to get it; Hem and Haw are "little people", mouse-size humans who have an entirely different relationship with cheese. It"s not just sustenance to them; it"s their self-image. Their lives and belief systems are built around the cheese they"ve found. Most of us reading the story will see the cheese as something related to our livelihoods--our jobs, our career path, the industries we work in--although it can stand for anything, from health to relationships. The point of the story is that we have to be alert to changes in the cheese, and be prepared to go running off in search of new sources of cheese when the cheese we have runs out. Dr. Johnson, co-author of The One Minute Manager and many other books, presents this parable to business, church groups, schools, military orgazinations--any place where you find people who may be nervous about or resist change. And although more analytical and skeptical readers may find the tale a little too simplistic, its beauty is that it sums up all natural history in just 94 pages: Thingy change. They always have changed and always will change. And while there"s no single way to deal with change, the consequence of pretending change won"t happen is always the same: The cheese runs out. B Personal-finance author and lecturer Robert Kiyosaki established his unique economic perspective through exposure to a pair of disparate influences: his own highly educated but fiscally unstable father, and the multimillionaire eighth-grade dropout father of his closest friend. The lifelong monetary problems experienced by his "poor dad" (whose weekly paychecks, while respectable, were never quite sufficient to meet family needs) pounded home the counterpoint communicated by his "rich dad" (that "the poor and the middle class work for money", but "the rich have money work for them"). Taking that message to heart, Kiyosaki was able to retire at 47. Rich Dad, Poor Dad, written with consultant and CPA Sharon L. Lechter, lays out the philosophy behind his relationship with money. Although Kiyosaki can take a frustratingly long time to make his points, his book nonetheless compellingly advocates for the type of "financial literacy" that"s never taught in schools. Based on the principle that income-generating assets always provide healthier bottom-line results than even the best of traditional jobs, it explains how those assets might be acquired so that the jobs can eventually be shed. C What do you do after you"ve written the NO. 1 best-seller The Millionaire Next Door? Survey 1, 371 more millionaires and write The Millionaire Mind. Dr. Stanley"s extremely timely tone is mixture of entertaining elements. It resembles Regis Philbin"s hit show(and CD-ROM game) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, only you have to pose real-life questions, instead of quizzing about trivia. Are you gambling, divorce-prone, conspicuously consuming "Income-Statement Affluent" Jacuzzi fool soon to be parted from his or her money, or a frugal, Noyal, resole your shoes and buy your own groceries type like one of Stanley" s "Balance-Sheet Affluent" millionaires? "Cheap dates, "millionaires are 4.9 times likelier to play with their grandkids than shop at Brooks Brothers. "If you asked the average American what it takes to be a millionaire," he writes, "they"d probably quoted a number of predictable factors: inheritance, luck, stock market investments... Topping his list would be a high IQ, high SAT scores and gradepoint average, along with attendance at a top college." No way, says Stanley, backing it up with data he compiled with help from the University of Georgia and Harvard geodemographer Jon Robbin. Robbin may wish he"d majored in socializing at LSU, instead, because the numbers show the average millionaire had a lowly 2.92 GPA, SAT scores between 1100 and 1190, and teachers who told them they were mediocre students but personable people. "Discipline 101 and Tenacity 102" made them wealth. Stanley got straight C"s in English and writing, but he had money-minded drive. He urges you to pattern your life according to Yale professor Robert Sternberg"s Successful Intelligence, because Stanley"s statistics bear out Sternberg"s theories on what makes minds succeed--and it is not IQ. Besides offering insights into millionaires" pinchpenny ways, pleasing quips("big brain, no bucks" ), and 46 statistical charts with catchy titles, Stanley" s book booms with human-potential pep talk and bristles with anecdotes--for example, about a bus driver who made $ 3 million, a doctor(reporting that his training gave him zero people skills)who lost $ 1.5 million, and a loser scholar in the bottom 10 percent on six GRE tests who grew up to be Martin Luther King Jr. Read it and you"ll feel like a million bucks.

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填空题The year 1972 was marked by publication of a controversial book, The Limits to Growth. This study of the world's future, done by a team of MIT scientists with the aid of computer "modes" of the future of our society, forecast a planet-wide disaster unless humankind sharply limits its population growth and consumption of natural resources. (16) Many refused to believe that disaster is possible, probable, inevitable—if we don't change our mode of running Spaceship Earth. But for science fiction people were neither surprised nor outraged. The study was really old news to them. They'd been making their own "models" of tomorrow and testing them all their lives. For what the scientists attempted with their computer model is very much like the thing that science fiction writers and readers have been doing for decades. Instead of using a computer to "model" a future world society, science fiction writers have used their human imaginations; This gives the writers some enormous advantages. (17) Science fiction writers are not in the business of predicting the future. They do something much more important. They try to show the many possible futures that lie open to us. For there is not simply a future, a time to come that's inevitable. Our future is built, hit by bit, minute by minute, by the actions of human beings. One vital role of science fiction is to show what kinds of future might result from certain kinds of human actions. (18) For while a scientist's job has largely ended when he's reduced his data to tabular or graph form, the work of a science fiction writer is just beginning. His task is to convey the human story: the scientific basis for the possible future of his story is merely the background. Perhaps "merely" is too limiting a word. Much of science fiction consists of precious little except the background, the basic idea, the gimmick. But the best of science fiction, the stories that make a lasting impact on generations of readers, are stories about people. The people may be non-human. They may be robots or other types of machines. But they will be people, in the sense that human readers can feel for them, share their joys and sorrows, their dangers and their ultimate successes. (19) The formula for telling a powerful story has remained the same: create a strong character, a person of great strengths, capable of deep emotions and decisive action. Give him a weakness. Set him in conflict with another powerful character—or perhaps with nature. Let his exterior conflict be the mirror of the protagonist's own interior conflict, the clash of his desires, his own strength against his own weakness. And there you have a story. Whether it's Abraham offering his only son to God, or Paris bringing ruin to Troy over a woman, or Hamlet and Claudius playing their deadly game, Faust seeking the world's knowledge and power—the stories that stand out in the minds of the readers are those whose characters are unforgettable. (20) The writer of science fiction must show how these worlds and these futures affect human beings. And something much more important, he must show how human beings can and do literally create these future worlds. For our future is largely in our own hands. It doesn't come blindly rolling out of the heavens; it is the joint product of the actions of billions of human beings. This is a point that's easily forgotten in the rush of headlines and the hectic badgering of everyday life. But it's a point that science fiction makes constantly, the future belongs to us—whatever it is. We make it, and our actions shape tomorrow. We have the brains and guts to build paradise (or at least try). Tragedy is when we fail, and the greatest crime of all is when we fail even to try. Thus science fiction stands as a bridge between science and art, between the engineers of technology and the poets of humanity. Never has such a bridge been more desperately needed. Writing in the British journal New Scientist, the famed poet and historian Robert Graves said in 1912, "Technology is now warring openly against the crafts, and science covertly against poetry. " What Graves is expressing is the fear that many people have. technology has already allowed machines to replace human muscle power; now it seems that machines such as electronic computers might replace human brainpower. And he goes even further, criticizing science on the grounds that truly human endeavors such as poetry have a power that scientists can't recognize. A. The art of fiction has not changed much since prehistoric times. B. To communicate the ideas, the fears and hopes, the shape and feel of all the infinite possible futures, science fiction writers lean heavily on another of their advantages. the art of fiction. C. One of the advantages is flexibility. D. Most people were caught by surprise when the book came out. E. To show other worlds, to describe possible future societies and the five problems lurking ahead, is not enough. F. Apparently Graves sees scientists as a sober, plodding phalanx of soulless thinking machines, never making a step that hasn't been carefully thought out in advance.

填空题Tips for Effective Study 1. Take good notes. Suggestions: —Take notes for a particular class in (1) ; —Date each entry into your notebook; —Keep the notes for different classes; —Your notes should contain a complete record; —Write down everything the instructor writes (2) ; —Take your notes in some kind of outline form; —Highlight important ideas or indicate vocabulary. 2. Use your textbook. —Use your own initiative; — (3) the relevant chapters before each lecture. 3. Prepare assignments. —Don't leave assignments until the day before they are due; —Be aware of (4) of the work you submit. 4. Prepare for exams. —Be (5) ; —Don't wait until the night before an exam to study; —Read through (6) a couple of times; —Prepare (7) ; —Have a good rest before an exam. 5. Some final suggestions. —Receive a syllabus for each class; —Never (8) an exam if you can help it; —Never throw away a handout or a returned assignment or exam; —Develop systematic (9) associated with your schoolwork, e.g. 1) Keep class materials together and neat; 2) Take necessary notebooks and materials. —Set aside a study area at home; —Schedule (10) .

填空题·cares most about politics and social problems.

填空题 Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with ONE suitable word. Write your answers on {{B}}ANSWER SHEET 1.{{/B}} Walking--like swimming, bicycling and running—is an aerobic exercise,{{U}} (31) {{/U}}builds the capacity for energy output and physical endurance by increasing the supply of oxygen to skin and muscles. Such exercises may be a primary factor in the{{U}} (32) {{/U}}of heart and circulatory disease. As probably the least strenuous, safest aerobic activity, walking is the{{U}} (33) {{/U}}acceptable exercise for the largest number of people. Walking{{U}} (34) {{/U}}comfortable speed improves the efficiency of the cardiovasculary system{{U}} (35) {{/U}}stimulating the lungs and heart, but at a more gradual rate{{U}} (36) {{/U}}most other forms of exercise. In one test, a group of men 40 to 57 years of age,{{U}} (37) {{/U}}at a fast pace for 40 minutes four days a week, showed improvement{{U}} (38) {{/U}}to men the same age on a 30 minutes, three-day-a-week jogging program in the same period. Their resting heart rate and body fat decreased{{U}} (39) {{/U}}. These changes suggest{{U}} (40) {{/U}}of the important—even benefits—walking can{{U}} (41) {{/U}}about. Walking{{U}} (42) {{/U}}bums calories. It takes 3500 calories to gain or{{U}} (43) {{/U}}one pound. Since a one-hour walk at a moderate pace will{{U}} (44) {{/U}}up 300 to 360 calories. By walking one hour every other day, you can burn up a pound-and-a-half monthly, or 18 pounds a{{U}} (45) {{/U}}—providing there is no change in your intake of food. To{{U}} (46) {{/U}}weight faster, walk an hour every day and burn up 3 pounds a month, or 36 pounds a year. {{U}} (47) {{/U}}your age, right, now is the time to give your physical well being as much thought as you{{U}} (48) {{/U}}to pensions or insurance. Walking is vital defense{{U}} (49) {{/U}}the ravages of degenerative diseases and aging. It is nature's{{U}} (50) {{/U}}of giving you a tune-up.

填空题Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards, from (31) praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, (32) research the relation (33) actions and their consequences argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain (34) rewards often destroy creativity (35) encouraging dependence (36) approval and gifts from others. The latter view has gained many supporters, especially (37) educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks (38) in grade-school children, suggesting (39) properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, (40) to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. "If kids know they're working for a (41) and can focus (42) a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity", says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for (43) performance or creating too (44) anticipation for rewards." A teacher (45) continually draws attention to rewards or who hands (46) high grades for ordinary achievement ends up (47) discouraged students, Eisenberger holds. (48) an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing (49) . In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in (50) students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.

填空题Answer questions by referring to the introduction to 3 different architectures. Note: Answer each question by choosing A, B or C and mark it on ANSWER SHEET. Some choices may be required more than once. A = Buddhist Architecture B = Taoist Architecture C= Imperial Mausoleum Architecture are there various structures serving different functions? 21. ______ can we enjoy the highest architectural techniques of the ancient time ? 22. ______ can we find totems representing emperors and their consorts? 23. ______ are the temples built most probably because of the emperors' religious belief ? 24. ______ is it possible to find various architectural decorations such as imagines of heavenly bodies symbolizing certain good wishes? 25. ______ are there drainage systems under huge hills of clay? 26. ______ can we enjoy architecture with foreign flavors? 27. ______ are garden structural units built with decorations reflecting the nature topography? 28. ______ is it most likely to find glazed tiles due to improved architectural techniques? 29. ______ can we find Heavenly King Hall and Sutra Library stand on the axis? 30. ______ Buddhist Architecture Chinese Buddhist architecture consists of temple, pagoda and grotto. As the central structure of spreading Buddhism in China, the temple is where cenobites preceding their religious life. Since emperors of dynasties believed in Buddhism, temples erected like mushrooms, usually splendid like palaces, for many were built under imperial orders. In the Northern Wei Dynasty, there were more than 30,000 temples scattered in the country. Later as architectural techniques improved, glazed tiles, exquisite engravings and delicate paintings were applied in the construction of temples, which came to be more magnificent and splendid. Chinese Buddhist architecture follows symmetric style strictly. Usually main buildings will be set on the central axis, facing the south. Annexe structures will be on the west and east flanks. Temple gate, Heavenly King Hall, the Main Hall and Sutra Library successively stands on the axis. Dorm, kitchen, dinning hall, storehouse and antechamber usually cluster on the right side while left side remains for the visitors. Pagoda is also the main integrating part of the Buddhist architecture, with varied styles and strong local flavors. Pagoda followed Buddhism into China around the first century, and developed into pavilion-like pagoda on which one can view scenery after immediate combination with traditional Chinese architecture. Another Buddhist architecture is grotto complex with its caves hewn on cliff walls, usually huge projects and with exquisite engravings. It came from India with Buddhism too and boomed during the Northern and Southern dynasty. Taoist Architecture Taoist architecture includes various structures according to different functions, categorized as palace for oblation and sacrifice, altar for praying and offering, cubby for religious service, residence for Taoist abbes and garden for visitors. Taoist architecture applies two architectural styles — traditional style and Bagua style. Most Taoist architectures resort to nature topography to build towers, pavilions, lobbies and other garden structural units, decorated with murals, sculptures and steles to entertain people, fully interpreting Taoist philosophy of nature.Taoist architectural decoration reflects Taoist pursuit of luck and fulfillment, long lifespan, and evolution into the fairyland. Taoist architectural motifs are all meaningful. Celestial bodies mean brightness shining everywhere while landscape and rocks immortality. Folding fan, fish, narcissus, bat and deer are used to imply beneficence, wealth, celestial being, fortune and official position, while pine and cypress stand for affection, tortoise for longevity, crane for man of honor. There are many other symbols very traditional and Taoist decorations root deep in Chinese folk residential houses. Imperial Mausoleum ArchitectureImperial mausoleum architecture accounts for a major part in ancient Chinese architecture since they usually stand for the highest architectural techniques of the time. Emperors would often force thousands of the nations, best architects to build these structures. They would withdraw millions, even billions from the exchequer to fund their tombs. These tombs were always magnificently deluxe and consisted of finest structures of the period. In vicissitude of the history, imperial mausoleums scattered around places which used to be capitals of different dynasties. These mausoleums were usually built against hills or mountains and facing plains. Most imperial mausoleums have broad ways called Shendao (the Sacred Way) at the entrance. Along both sides of the Shendao, there are stone sculptures of men and animals which guard the tombs. Other imperial structures were also built beside the tomb. Under huge hills of clay, splendid and superior structures were constructed with free facilities such as drainage systems. Dragon and phoenix, called Long and Feng in Chinese respectively, are totems of Chinese people. They were used to represent emperors and their consorts and were the main decorative patterns to be seen on various imperial structures. Palaces, columns, pathways and screen walls were all inscribed or carved or painted with their images.

填空题It has taken many a pick and shovel to prove to the unbelieving world that the history of Greece went back long before the year 776 B. C., the year with which historians used to begin it. But with Egypt the case has been different. The magic spades of archaeology have given us the whole lost world of Egypt. We know more about the vanished Egyptians than we know about the early Greeks and Romans, whose civilization died just yesterday. We know nearly everything there is to know. And one of the reasons is climate. 1 For nearly fifty centuries the Egyptians kept depositing in the all-preserving soil everything their great civilization produced—food, dishes, clothing, furniture, jewelry, statues, ornaments, book—together with the bodies of their dead. Is it any wonder that we have a complete record of their civilization? It has been estimated that in those 4,700 years, something like 731,000,000 persons received burial, each with all the trappings his family could afford. Egypt is one vast cemetery out of which have come the richest treasures ever found by man. Even today, when so much has already been found, you may put your spade in any virgin soil and have a good chance of bringing something to light. 2 The discovery which caused all his excitement was made in the year 1799 by one of Napoleon"s soldiers. He was digging a trench when his spade struck something hard. He dug carefully all around the object and pulled it out. It was a flat stone, about the size of a sheet of an opened newspaper, and had curious writing on it. He wiped it off, but he could not make head or tail of the writing. However, he could recognize that some of the characters were like the mysterious symbols inscribed on the obelisks and tombs. The soldier decided it was something important. He had no idea that before his eyes was one of the greatest treasures ever found by man. 3 There seemed to be no getting at the hieroglyphics. Snakes, geese, lions, heads, owls, hawks, beetles, bees, fish, palm leaves, lotus flowers, people squatting on their haunches, people with their hands raised over their heads, triangles, half-moons, knots, loops—not one of them could be made out. One scholar after another had been obliged to come to the conclusion that he was beaten. There was just one way of solving the riddle—they must get hold of something written in both hieroglyphics and a language already known, and compare the two. 4 Getting to the bottom of the hieroglyphics was a much harder job than any of them had anticipated, however. One after another was forced to give up in despair. But the French scholar Jean Francois Champollion refused to be defeated. Stubbornly he stuck to the task he had set for himself. 5 He little knew that he was only at the beginning of his difficulties. The Egyptians had used letters only for writing names. Other words they had written in various ways. Some signs stood for whole words, some for syllables, some for letters. The only path open to Champollion was to keep on working with names, and this he did, searching the monuments for cartouches, as the little frames were called. It was slow, slow work, and twenty-three years after the Rosetta Stone was found, he had worked out only one hundred and eleven of the thousands of symbols. But it was a beginning, and already the mystery of Egypt was giving way before it. Victory over the whole was just a question of time. A. Before Napoleon wend down to Egypt for his campaign, he made plans to study the country as no one else had done, because he had been so impressed with its monuments. Along with his army, he arranged to bring to Egypt a number of scholars whose business would be to tell the world about the wonders of the land. And then came a discovery which raised excitement to a pitch and sent thousands of curiosity seekers scurrying to Egypt. B. And now, here was the Rosetta Stone, answering the description exactly, a priestly decree written in Greek, in hieroglyphics, and in ancient Egyptian business script! The scholars were filled with joy, and, when in 1801 the stone was ceded to England and placed in the British Museum, they fell to work on the inscription immediately. C. Egypt is the archaeologist"s paradise—dig and you shall find. In Egypt, almost nothing rots, nothing spoils, nothing crumbles away. Dig up the most delicate carving, the finest substance, and you will find it fresh and perfect after thousands of years of lying in the sand, as though it had just come from the artist"s hand. The dry, desert soil keeps everything forever. D. This stone—which we call the Rosetta Stone because it was found near the Rosetta arm of the Nile—was the magic key for which scholars had been sighing for centuries. Nothing had intrigued them like the hieroglyphics. If they could only get to the bottom of those curious symbols, the curtain of time would roll back and they would be able to read all the forgotten history of Egyptians, learn all the manners and customs and thoughts of that once mighty people. But though they had puzzled and puzzled till they were weary, they seemed no nearer the solution than when they began. E. The oldest stone buildings in the world are the pyramids. They have stood for nearly 5,000 years and it seems likely that they will continue to stand for thousands of years. There are over eighty of them scattered along the banks of Nile. F. He employed the method of working through proper names. Some of the signs on the Rosetta Stone were set off in a little frame. When he looked at the corresponding place in the Greek inscription, he saw written there the name of a pharaoh—Ptolemy. The natural thing to conclude was that in the Egyptian writing, the word in the frame was likewise Ptolemy. The signs, he decided, stood for letters.

填空题Biological rhythms make us a different person at 9 a.m. from we are at 3 p.m. Here"s a guide to when you work better, feel better, think better. Every fall, Jane, a young mother and part-time librarian, begin to eat more and often feels sleepy. Her mood is also darker, especially when she awakens in the morning; it takes all her energy just to drag herself out of bed. These symptoms persist until April, when warmer weather and longer days seem to lighten her cravings for food and sleep. 66. ______ All living organisms, from mollusks to men and women, exhibit biological rhythms. Some are short and can be measured in minutes or hours. Others last days or months. The peaking of body temperature, which occurs in most people every evening, is a daily rhythm. The menstrual cycle is a monthly rhythm. The increase in sexual drive in the autumn — not in the spring, as poets would have us believe — is a seasonal, or yearly, rhythm. The idea that our bodies are in constant flux is fairly new — and goes against traditional medical training. In the past many doctors were taught to believe the body has a relatively stable, or homeostatic, internal environment. Any fluctuations were considered random and not meaningful enough to be studied. As early as the 1940s, however, some scientists questioned the homeostatic view of the body. Franz Halborg, a young European scientist working in the United States, noticed that the number of white blood cells in laboratory mice was dramatically higher and lower at different times of day. Gradually, such research spread to the study of other rhythms in other life forms, and the findings were sometimes startling. For example, the time of day when a person receives X-ray or drug treatment for cancer can affect treatment benefits and ultimately mean the difference between life and death. This new science is called chronobiology, and the evidence supporting it has become increasingly persuasive. Along the way, the scientific and medical communities are beginning to rethink their ideas about how the human body works, and gradually what had been considered a minor science just a few years ago is being studied in major universities and medical centers around the world. There are even chronobiologists working for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, as well as for the National institutes of Health and other government laboratories. 67. ______ Because they are easy to detect and measure, more is known of daily — or circadian (Latin for "about a day") — rhythms than other types. The most obvious daily rhythm is the sleep-wake cycle. But there are other daily cycles as well: temperature, blood pressure, hormone levels. Amid these and the body"s other changing rhythms, you are simply a different person at 9 a. m. from you are at 3 p. m. How you feel, how well you work, your level of alertness, your sensitivity to taste and smell, the degree with which you enjoy food or take pleasure in music — all are changing throughout the day. Most of us seem to reach our peak of alertness around noon. Soon after that, alertness declines, and sleepiness may set in by mid-afternoon. 68. ______ Long-term memory is different. Afternoon is the best time for learning material that you want to recall days, weeks or months later. Politicians, business executives or others who must learn speeches would be smart to do their memorizing during that time of day. If you are a student, you would be wise to schedule your more difficult classes in the afternoon, rather than in the morning. You should also try to do most of your studying in the afternoon, rather than late at night. Many students believe they memorize better while burning the midnight oil because their short-term recall is better during the wee hours of the morning than in the afternoon. But short-term memory won"t help them much several days later, when they face the exam. 69. ______ Your manual dexterity — the speed and coordination with which you perform complicated tasks with your hand — peaks during the afternoon hours. Such work as carpentry, typing or sewing will be a little easier at this time of day. What about sports? During afternoon and early evening, your coordination is at its peak, and you"re able to react the quickest to an outside stimulus like a baseball toward you at home plate. Studies have also shown that late in the day, when your body temperature is peaking, you will perceive a physical workout to be easier and less fatiguing — whether it actually is or not. That means you are more likely to work harder during a late-afternoon or early-evening workout, and therefore benefit more from it. Studies involving swimmers, runners, shot-putters and rowing crews have shown consistently that performance is better in the evening than in the morning. In fact, all of your senses — taste, sight, hearing, touch and smell — may be at their keenest during late afternoon and early evening. That could be why dinner usually tastes better to us than breakfast and why night lights irritate us. Even our perception of time changes from hour to hour. Not only does time seem to fly when you"re having fun, but it also seems to fly even faster if you are having that fun in the late afternoon or early evening, when your body temperature is also peaking. While all of us follow the same general pattern of ups and downs, the exact timing varies from person to person. It all depends on how your "biological" day is structured and how much of a morning or night person you are. The earlier your biological day gets going, the earlier you are likely to enter — and exit — the peak times for performing various tasks. An extreme morning person and an extreme night person may have circadian cycles that are a few hours apart. 70. ______ A. Each of us can increase our knowledge about our individual rhythms. Learn how to listen to the inner beats of your body; let them set the pace of your day. You will live a healthier — and happier — life B. By contrast, we tend to do best on cognitive tasks — things that require the juggling of words and figures in one"s head — during the morning hours. This might be a good time, say, to balance a checkbook. C. With their new findings, they are teaching us things that can literally change our lives while helping us organize ourselves so we can work with our natural rhythms rather than against them. This can enhance our outlook on life as well as our performance at work and play. D. Your short-term memory is best during the morning — in fact, about 15 percent more efficient than at any other time of day. So, students, take heed when face with a morning exam, it really does pay to review your notes right before the test is given. E. After a time, the rhythms resynchronize and the problems disappear. But the various rhythms follow different time schedules in returning to normal. Thus, one rhythm may adjust within a matter of hours while another may require many days. F. Joseph, a 48-year-old engineer for a Midwestern computer company, feels cranky early in the morning. But as the day progresses, he becomes friendlier and more accommodating.