填空题·is marked by its industry?

填空题The author found that his two fields of study did not mix well and he could not apply them easily.

填空题 At the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, psychology professor Bella DePaulo got 77 students and 70 townspeople to volunteer for an unusual project. All kept diaries for a week, recording the numbers and details of the lies they told. One student and six Charlottesville residents professed to have told no falsehoods. The other 140 participants told 1535. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}} Most strikingly, these tellers-of-a-thousand-lies reported that their deceptions caused them "little preoccupation or regret." Might that too be a lie? Perhaps. But there is evidence that this attitude toward casual use of prevarication is common. Last year, for example, 20,000 middle- and high-schoolers were surveyed by the Josephson Institute of Ethics — a nonprofit organization in Marina del Rey, Calif. devoted to character education. Ninety-two percent of the teenagers admitted having lied to their parents in the previous years, and 73 percent characterized themselves as "serial liars," meaning they told lies weekly. Despite these admissions, 91 percent of all respondents said they were "satisfied with my own ethics and character." Think how often we hear the expressions "I'll call you" or "The check is in the mail." And then there are professions — lawyers, experts, PR consultants — whose members seem to specialize in shaping or spinning the truth to suit clients' needs. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}} "What's wrong with that.'?" Tom asked Professor Josephson, president of the Josephson Institute. It's a question we might all ask. Josephson replied by asking Tom to consider the lie from his mother-in-law's point of view. Suppose that one day Tom' s child blurts out the truth, and she discovers the deceit. Will she tell her son-in-law, "Thank you for caring so much?" Or is she more likely to feel hurt and say, "How could you have misled me all these years? And what else have you lied to me about?" {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}} How often do we compliment people on how well they look, or express our appreciation for gifts, when we don't really mean it? Surely, these "nice lies" are harmless and well intended, a necessary social lubricant. But like Tom, we should remember the words of English novelist Sir Walt Scott, who wrote, "What a tangled web we weave, when first we practice to deceive." Even seemingly harmless falsehoods can have unforeseen consequences. Philosopher Sissela Bok warns us that they can put us on a slippery slope. "After the first lies, others can come more easily." {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}} Who believes it anymore when they're told that the person they want to reach by phone is "in a meeting"? By itself, that kind of lie is of no great consequence. Still, the endless proliferation of these little prevarication does not matter. Once they become common enough, even the small untruths that are not meant to hurt encourage a certain cynicism and loss of trust. Are all white lies to be avoided at all costs? Not necessarily. The most understandable and forgivable lies are an exchange of what ethicists refer to as the principle of trust for the principle of caring, "like telling children about the tooth fairy, or deceiving someone to set them up for a surprise party," Josephson says. "Still, we must ask ourselves if we are willing to give our friends and associates the authority to lie to us whenever they think it is for our own good." {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}} And if you' re not sure, Mark Twain has given us a good rule of thumb. "When in doubt, tell the truth. It will confound your enemies and astound your friends." A. When Tom tells a lie, his face may not show it, but certain other changes in his body take place that would give him away. His pulse would beat faster, his breath would come in gasps, and his blood pressure would change. B. The lies were most often not what most of us would call earth-shattering. Someone would pretend to be more positive or supportive of a spouse or friend than he or she really was, or feign agreement with a relative's opinion. C. Little white lies have become ubiquitous, and the reasons we give each other for telling fibs are familiar. For example, every year my friend, whom I'll call Tom, goes with his wife and son to his mother-in-law' s home for Thanksgiving for dinner. Tom doesn't quite like the pumpkin pie intensely, but he invariably tells her how wonderful the pie is to avoid hurting her feelings. D. Josephson suggests a simple test. If someone you lie to finds out the truth, will he thank you for caring? Or will he feel his long-term trust in you has been undermined? E. And what might Tom's mother-in-law suspect about her own daughter? And will Tom's boy lie to his parents and yet be satisfied with his own character? F. Take the pumpkin-pie lies. In the first place, it wasn't just that he wanted his mother-in-law to feel good. Whether he realized it or not, he really wanted her to think highly of him. And after the initial deceit he needed to tell more lies to cover up the first one.

填空题More than one thousand years ago, students were sent to China to study Confucianism. They came from

填空题has become one of the world's busiest ports.

填空题·has few large cities despite its great size?

填空题Wheredidriceoriginate?

填空题 Dolphins are not the only animals{{U}} (31) {{/U}}humans that use sounds in an apparently intelligent manner. Whales also use a complex system of sounds{{U}} (32) {{/U}}is similar in many ways to a human language. One type of whale even sings, and its songs can{{U}} (33) {{/U}}on for as long as three or four hours. What is more, they can be heard under water at{{U}} (34) {{/U}}of more than 300 kilometers. After analyzing one of these songs with the aid of a computer, Carl Sagan said it{{U}} (35) {{/U}}at least a million "bits" of information. This is approximately the same{{U}} (36) {{/U}}of "bits" as in a long poem like the Odyssey. Chimpanzees also use a system of different sounds to communicate with each{{U}} (37) {{/U}}. One type of cry{{U}} (38) {{/U}}to mean something like "danger in the air" or "big bird" and another apparently means "danger on the ground" or "snake". When they{{U}} (39) {{/U}}the first cry, they hide under trees or in holes and look up at the sky. The second cry causes them to hide in the upper{{U}} (40) {{/U}}of trees and to stare nervously at the grass. Chimpanzees are also{{U}} (41) {{/U}}of learning sign language. So are gorillas. One chimp called Washoe learned to{{U}} (42) {{/U}}about 160 separate signs meaning{{U}} (43) {{/U}}things as "Give me a drink" and "banana". Washoe even{{U}} (44) {{/U}}to swear. She had a teacher called Jack{{U}} (45) {{/U}}once refused to give her a drink. Washoe{{U}} (46) {{/U}}angrier and angrier and used several signs which{{U}} (47) {{/U}}"dirty Jack" ! A group of chimps at research institute in Atlanta, Georgia, have recently{{U}} (48) {{/U}}taught to type sentences, using a type of computer. The chimps' trainer was called Tim, and he kept correcting the{{U}} (49) {{/U}}one of the chimps made. The chimp obviously wanted Tim to stop{{U}} (50) {{/U}}him and typed out the following request: "Tim, please leave room!"

填空题The question of health care reform again wafts about the corridors of power in Washington. The revolutionary spirit of Thomas Jefferson is invoked with the language of a Patients' Bill of Rights. Life and liberty are again at stake, threatened by the tyrannical Chief Efficiency Officers of the managed care empires. 16. ______ Sadly, the answer is "no." Harry lost his management position three years ago in a downsizing applauded by Wall Street. He now works two jobs at $9 per hour and has no health benefits. Louise has metastatic breast cancer. They've re-mortgaged their house to pay her medical bills. They have no time for pointless political posturing. In 1993 the Clinton administration undertook an honest effort at health reform. It was flawed in many ways. But it was inspired by a genuine moral vision that a just and caring society ought to assure all of its citizens the right to health care. The defining moral features of the plan were: · Universality (no one would be uninsured). · Nearly equal access (a thick package of health benefits would be guaranteed to all; no segregation of the poor in dilapidated health plans). · No discrimination against the chronically ill (health plans could reject no one for pre-existing conditions). · Choice among health plans for virtually all (contrary to the Harry and Louise commercials). Cost control through managed competition (health plans would have to compete by improving quality and efficiency, not by dumping costly patients with the most serious health needs). The sad fact about the two proposals now before the U.S. Senate is that not a single one of the six moral goals above are advanced even minimally by either. Meanwhile, the ranks of the uninsured have grown by 7 million in the past six years during the most prosperous period we have ever enjoyed as a nation. 17. ______ These proposals are really just consumer protection bills, and there's nothing ignoble about that. The unmanaged competition among health plans that characterizes today's market has proven to be a real threat to the well-being of many less healthy middle class paytients. But for the uninsured who are merely "patients" -the sick and poor -what good is a right to sue for denied health benefits when you have no right to benefits to begin with? Speaking of which, what benefits do middle class patients in managed care plans have a right to? The answer to this question is a lot murkier than you may think. The technical answer usually given is that they're entitled to "all medically necessary care." But in 1994, the Clinton Health Reform Task Force spent days trying to attach a precise meaning to that phrase, and the phrase is again crucial to the Senate bills. Medical experts can surely tell us what care is medically necessary. And if medical care is really necessary (if some essential function or life itself may be lost without access to that care), then that seems to make a moral claim as well. That is, wouldn't it be indecent, unjust and lacking in compassion to deny sick and vulnerable persons access to care like that? The concept of "medically necessary care" is supposed to be the rational foundation for a middle class right to sue a provider when such care is denied. But if the middle class hopes to invoke this kind of moral argument to protect their own rights, then the very same argument requires that they put in place policies that would also guarantee the uninsured access to all medically necessary care. 18. ______ The Clinton administration is making the same mistake in this current bill that I believe was the fatal flaw in the earlier reform effort. That is, it believes some combination of experts and bureaucrats and organizational or legal wizardry can achieve health care reform, either wholesale or by increments. But I would contend that what we are faced with is fundamentally a moral problem: What does it mean to be a just and caring society when we have only limited resources to meet virtually unlimited needs? This moral problem can only be addressed through a national process of democratic deliberation aimed at explicitly deciding the difficult tradeoffs we're willing to make. 19. ______ A concluding example of the kind of thing we'd be discussing: In the past several months, researchers have perfected something called a left ventricular assist device. This device strengthens the part of the heart that is failing when patients are in congestive heart failure. Such patients are faced with death in a year or two. With the device, they may gain an extra year or two of life. The cost of the procedure to implant it is between $100,000 and $140,000. There are potentially 200,000 patients each year in the United States who could use the device, most of them on Medicare. If we did that many open heart surgeries, we would add $20 billion to $28 billion per year to the cost of health care in the United States, mostly in the Medicare program, where we are presently deciding whether to add a prescription drug benefit. 20. ______A. Both bills are misleadingly titled. A more honest name would be a "Bill of Rights for Mostly Healthy Middle Class'Paytients'".B. Private-sector insurers are more concerned with the so-called "medically necessary", for their health programs are more profit-oriented than providing health care for patients.C. Is this "medically necessary" care? Is it more important, morally speaking, to add this new device or a drug benefit to the Medicare program or to provide a good basic package of health benefits to the uninsured? I wonder what Harry and Louise would have to say about that.D. We have to decide for ourselves what we regard as medically necessary care-care that our moral ideals would require we guarantee to all. No experts can give this answer to us.E. If the middle class is unwilling to accept the logic of this moral argument, then the consequence is that managed care bureaucrats alone have the right to decide what they will or will not regard as medically necessary.F. Can we hope thatTV ad stars Harry and Louise will once again summon reserves of political courage and organize legions of patients to mount the ramparts against (this time) the corporate forces of death and denial?

填空题Not every President is a leader, but every time we elect a President we hope for one, especially in times of doubt and crisis. In easy times we are ambivalent -- the leader, after all, makes demands, challenges the status quo, shakes things up. Leadership is as much a question of timing as anything else. (67) And when he comes, he must offer a simple, eloquent message. Great leaders are almost always great simplifiers, who cut through argument, debate and doubt to offer a solution everybody can understand and remember. Churchill warned the British to expect "blood, toil, tears and sweat"; FDR told Americans that "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself"; Lenin promised the war-weary Russians peace, land and bread. Straightforward but potent messages. We have an image of what a leader ought to be. We even recognize the physical signs: Leaders may not necessarily be tall, but they must have bigger-than-life, commanding features--LBJ's nose and ear lobes, Ike's broad grin. A trademark also comes in handy: Lincoln's stovepipe hat, JFK's rocker. We expect our leaders to stand out a little, not to be like ordinary men. Half of President Ford's trouble lay in the fact that, if you closed your eyes for a moment, you couldn't remember his face, figure or clothes. A leader should have an unforgettable identity, instantly and permanently fixed in people's minds. It also helps for a leader to be able to do something most of us can' t: FDR overcame polio; Mao swam the Yangtze River at the age of 72. We don't want our leaders to be "just like us". We want them to be like us but better, special, more so. (68) Even television, which comes in for a lot of knocks as an image-builder that magnifies form over substance, doesn't altogether obscure the qualities of leadership we recognize, or their absence. Television exposed Nixon's insecurity, Humphrey's fatal infatuation with his own voice. A leader must know how to use power, but he also has to have a way of showing that he does. He has to be able to project firmness-- no physical clumsiness(like Ford., no rapid eye movements(like Carter). A Chinese philosopher once remarked that a leader must have the grace of a good dancer, and there is a great deal of wisdom to this. (69) He should be able, like Lincoln, FDR, Truman, Ike and JFK, to give a good, hearty, belly laugh, instead of the sickly grin that passes for good humor in Nixon or Carter. Ronald Reagan's training as an actor showed to good effect in the debate with Carter, when by his easy manner and apparent affability, he managed to convey the impression that in fact he was the President and Carter the challenger. If we know what we' re looking for, why is it so difficult to find? The answer lies in a very simple truth about leadership. People can only be led where they want to go. The leader follows, though a step ahead. (70) The British believed that they could still win the war after the defeats of 1940, and Churchill told them they were right. A leader rides the waves, moves with the tides, understands the deepest yearnings of his people. He cannot make a nation that wants peace at any price go to war, or stop a nation determined to fight from doing so. His purpose must match the national mood. His task is to focus the people's energies and desires, to define them in simple terms, to inspire, and make what people already want seem attainable, important, within their grasp. (71) Winston Churchill managed, by sheer rhetoric, to turn the British defeat and the evacuation of Dunkirk in 1940 into a major victory. FDR's words turned the sinking of the American fleet at Pearl Harbor into a national rallying cry instead of a humiliating national scandal. A leader must stir our blood, not appeal to our reason... A great leader must have a certain irrational quality, a stubborn refusal to face facts, infectious optimism, the ability to convince us that all is not lost even when we're afraid it is. Confucius suggested that, while the advisers of a great leader should be as cold as ice, the leader himself should have fire, a spark of divine madness. A. Yet if they are too different, we reject them. Adlai Stevenson was too cerebral. Nelson Rockefeller, too rich. B. The leader must appear on the scene at a moment when people are looking for leadership, as Churchill did in 1940, as Roosevelt did in 1933, as Lenin did in 1917. C. Americans wanted to climb out of the Depression and needed someone to tell them they could do it, and FDR did. D. Our strength makes him strong; our determination makes him determined; our courage makes him a hero. He is the symbol of the best in us. E. Above all, he must dignify our desires, convince us that we are taking part in the making of great history, give us a sense of glory about ourselves. F. A leader should know how to appear relaxed and confident. His walk should be firm and purposeful.

填空题

填空题·is not for boys?

填空题·has a limit in the age for those who will live on campus?

填空题Supermarket shoppers have never been more spoilt for choice. But just when we thought traditional systems of selective farming had created the most tempting array of foods money can buy, we are now being presented with the prospect of genetically created strains of cabbages, onion, tomato, potato and apple. It may not tickle the fancy of food purists but it fires the imagination of scientists, last week they discovered that the classic Parisian mushroom contains just the properties that, when genetically mixed with a wild strain of mushroom from the Sonora desert in California, could help it grow en masse while at the same time providing it with the resilience of the wild strain. 1 "We have found a way of increasing the success rate from one to 90 per cent." This is just one of the many products that, according to skeptics, are creating a generation of "Frankenfoods". The first such food that may be consumed on a wide scale is a tomato which bas been genetically manipulated so that it does not soften as it ripens. 2 Critics say that the new tomato—which cost $25 million to research—is designed to stay on supermarket shelves for longer. It has a ten-day life span. Not surprisingly, every-hungry US is leading the search for these forbidden fruit. By changing the genes of a grapefruit, a grower from Texas has created a sweet, red, thin-skinned grapefruit expected to sell at a premium over its California and Florida competitors. For chip fanatics who want to watch their waist-lines, new high-starch, low-moisture potatoes that absorb less fat when fried have been created, thanks to a gene from intestinal bacteria. The scientists behind such new food argue that genetic engineering is simply an extension of animal and plant breeding methods and that by broadening the scope of the genetic changes that can be made, sources of food are increased. Accordingly, they argue, this does not inherently lead to foods that are less safe than those developed by conventional techniques. But if desirable genes are swapped irrespective of species barriers, could things spiral out of control? "Knowledge is not toxic," said Mark Cantley, head of the biotechnology unit at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, "It has given us a far greater understanding of how living systems work at a molecular level and there is no reason for people to think that scientists and farmers should use that knowledge to do risky things." Clearly, financial incentive lies behind the development of these bigger, more productive foods. But we may have only ourselves to blame. In the early period of mass food commerce, food varieties were developed by traditional methods of selective breeding to suit the local palate. But as suppliers started to select and preserve plant variants that had larger fruit, consumer expectations rose, leading to the development of the desirable clones. Still, traditionalists and gourmets in Europe are fighting their development. 3 Even in the pre-packaged US, where the slow-softening tomato will soon be reaching supermarkets, 1,500 American chefs have lent their support to the Pure Food Campaign which calls for the international boycott of genetically engineered foods until more is known about the consequences of the technology and reliable controls have been introduced. In the short term, much of the technology remains untested and in the long term the consequences for human biology are unknown. Questions have arisen over whether new proteins in genetically modified food could cause allergies in some people. 4 Then there are the vegetarians who may be consuming animal non-vegetable proteins in what they think is a common tomato, or the practicing Jew who unknowingly consumes a fruit that has been enhanced with a pig"s gene. As yet, producers are under no obligation to label "transgenetic" products. Environmentalists worry that new, genetically engineered plants may damage natural environment. A genetically engineered pest-resistant strain of plant that contacts with a native strain, for example, could turn them into virulent weeds beyond chemical control. Animal welfare groups worry about the quality of life of farm animals manipulated so that they produce more meat, milk, and eggs but which may suffer physical damage in the process. 5 Many of these fears spring from ignorance. And although it is hard to separate the paranoia from the benefits, the fact remains that genetic engineering offers ways of solving serious medical and agricultural problems. A. Western farmers have already bred cattle with mare muscle than a skeleton can carry. B. Supporters say the tomato, unsurprisingly called Flaw Saw, will taste better because it will be able to mature on the branch longer. C. Consumer opposition means that there are genetically manipulated foods on the German markets, and the Norwegian government has recently put research into genetically engineered foods on hold. D. For example, if a corn gene is introduced into a wheat gene for pest resistance, will those who are allergic to corn then be allergic to wheat? E. "Mushrooms in the past were almost impossible to cross," says Philippe Callac, one of the three scientists working on the mushroom. F. Genetic engineering will interfere with the balance of nature.

填空题 Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with ONE suitable word. Write your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. One of the most important social developments{{U}} (31) {{/U}}helped to make possible a shift in thinking about the role of public education was the effect of the{{U}} (32) {{/U}}boom of the 1950's and 1960's on the schools. In the 1920's, but{{U}} (33) {{/U}}in the Depression conditions of the 1930's, the United States experienced a declining birthrate—every thousand women aged fifteen{{U}} (34) {{/U}}forty-four gave birth to about 118 live children in 1920, 89. 2 in 1930, 75.8 in 1936, and 80 in 1940. {{U}}(35) {{/U}}the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom that{{U}} (36) {{/U}}it, young people married and established households earlier and began to{{U}} (37) {{/U}}larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression. Birth{{U}} (38) {{/U}}rose to 102 per thousand in 1946, 106.2 in 1950, and 118 in 1955. Although economics was probably the most important determinant, it is not the only explanation for the baby boom. The increased value placed{{U}} (39) {{/U}}the idea of the family also helps to explain this rise in birth rates. The baby boomers began streaming into the first grade by the mid-1940's and became a flood{{U}} (40) {{/U}}1950. The public school system suddenly found itself overtaxed. While the number of schoolchildren{{U}} (41) {{/U}}because of wartime and postwar conditions, these same conditions made the schools even less prepared to cope{{U}} (42) {{/U}}the flood. The wartime economy meant that few new schools were built{{U}} (43) {{/U}}1940 and 1945. Moreover, during the war and in the boom times that followed, large{{U}} (44) {{/U}}of teachers left their profession for better-paying jobs elsewhere in the economy. Therefore, in the 1950's and 1960's, the baby boom hit an antiquated and inadequate school system. Consequently, the "custodial rhetoric" of the 1930's and early 1940's no longer made{{U}} (45) {{/U}}; that is, keeping youths aged sixteen and older out{{U}} (46) {{/U}}the labor market by keeping them in school could no{{U}} (47) {{/U}}be a high priority for an institution unable{{U}} (48) {{/U}}find space and staff to teach younger children aged five to sixteen. With the baby boom, the focus of educators and of laymen interested in education inevitably turned toward the lower grades and back to basic academic skills{{U}} (49) {{/U}}discipline. The{{U}} (50) {{/U}}no longer had much interest in offering nontraditional, new, and extra services to older youths.

填空题In July of 1994, an astounding series of events took (31) . The world anxiously watched as, every few hours, a hurtling chunk of comet plunged into the atmosphere of Jupiter. All of the twenty-odd fragments, collectively (32) comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 after its discoverers, were once part of the same object, now dismembered and strong out along the same orbit. This cometary train, glistening like a string of pearls, had been first glimpsed only (33) few months before its fateful impact with Jupiter, and rather quickly scientists had predicted (34) the fragments were on a collision course with the giant planet. The impact caused (35) explosion clearly visible from Earth, a bright flaming fire that quickly expanded as each icy mass incinerated itself. When each (36) shammed at 60 kilometers (37) second into the dense atmosphere, its immense kinetic energy was transformed (38) heat, producing a superheated fire ball that was ejected back through the tunnel the fragment had made a few seconds earlier. The residues from these explosions left huge black marks on the face of Jupiter, some of (39) have stretched out (40) form dark ribbons. Although this impact (41) was of considerable scientific import, it especially piqued public curiosity and interest. Photographs of each collision made the evening. television newscast and were posted (42) the Internet. This (43) possibly the most open scientific endeavor (44) history. The face of the largest planet in the solar system was changed before our very eyes. And (45) the very first time, most of humanity came to fully appreciate the fact (46) we ourselves live on a similar target, a world subject to catastrophe by random assaults (47) celestial bodies. That realization was a surprise to many, but it should not have been. One of the great truths revealed by the last few decades of planetary exploration is that collisions (48) bodies of all sizes are relatively commonplace, at least in geologic (49) , and were even more frequent in the early solar (50) .

填空题{{B}} A = Part Ⅰ B = Part Ⅱ C = Part Ⅲ D = Part Ⅳ Which part (s) say (s) that{{/B}} {{B}} A Part Ⅰ{{/B}} 1. Baghdad, capital of Iraq with about 7. 4 million inhabitants (2005 estimate), is situated in the interior of the country on the river Tigris at the point where land transportation meets river transportation, and where the distance between Tigris and the other main river of Iraq, Euphrates, is the shortest. The distance to the Persian Gulf is a sailing distance of about 900 km. The distance from Baghdad to the Euphrates is only 50 km. 2. Baghdad is the main transportation hub of Iraq, and is linked with the two most important neighbor countries, Jordan and Syria, with excellent highways. Connections from north to south in Iraq pass near Baghdad. The country's main airport, Baghdad International Airport, lies here as well, now back in use after more than a decade of sanctions on Iraq.{{B}} B Part Ⅱ{{/B}} 3. Baghdad has for centuries been the richest and economically most important city of Iraq. This has continued to be the case even after finding oil in other regions, since most of the trade is administered through Baghdad. Since the US/British-Iraq War of 2003 Baghdad has been through a period of much hardship, causing damage to both the production levels and infrastructure. But, except for governmental institutions, which have largely been dismantled and rebuilt, much of the activities of the city remains as before the war. Baghdad has a wide variety of industries, producing leather goods, furniture, wood products, chemicals, electrical equipment, 'textiles, clothing, bricks, cement, tobacco, processed food and beverages. Baghdad is also the centre of financial operations and the headquarters of the Central Bank of Iraq. 4. Most of the national bureaucracy is located here, and for the most part the state is the principal employer in Baghdad. The leading learning institutions are here as well, including 3 universities. Among the industries of Baghdad are oil refineries, food-processing, tanneries and textile mills. Baghdad still has extensive production f handicrafts, like cloth, household utensils, jewelry, leather, felt and rugs. 5. The population of Baghdad has increased dramatically over the last 100 years. As late as 1932, there were 358, 840 inhabitants. The majority are Muslims, and with an Arab identity. There is also a substantial Christian population, and a tiny Jewish population. The Jewish community was heavily decimated in the 1950's. Other ethnic groups come mainly from other regions within the borders of modem Iraq, like Kurds and Armenians. Most Iranians left for Iran in the 1970's and 80's. There are also groups of Indians, Afghans and Turks.{{B}} C Part Ⅲ{{/B}} 6. Baghdad is the most important centre of learning in Iraq with the University of Baghdad (established in 1957), al-Mustansiriyya University (established in 1963) and the University of Technology (established in 1974 ). There are more than 1,000 primary schools in the Baghdad governorate, hundreds of intermediate and secondary schools, several occupational schools, technical institutes, and in addition to the 3 universities, al-Bakr Military Academy. Education in Iraq is free on all levels. 7. Baghdad was, prior to the wars of the 1980's and 90's, one of the leading cultural centres of the Arab world. Some of the most famous sculptors, poets and writers have come from Baghdad, or worked in the city. In literature, Baghdad has earned fame for its free-verse poets. Painting is a popular art in Baghdad, and them were until the 2003 war numerous exhibitions well attended by the population. The National Theatre was earlier one of the best equipped in the Arab world, but continued its work even under the embargo. It was however looted during the 2003 war. Since the 2003 war, most of the institutions of Baghdad has suffered hard, especially in terms of finances, but the city has kept its communities of artists, and the major institutions are the process of being rebuilt and reestablished or already operative.{{B}} D Part IV{{/B}} 8. Baghdad's city structure is vast, with several centers. The main areas of activities are the quarters around Saadoun and al-Jamoun Streets, on the east hank of the Tigris. These were predominantly built up in the 1970's, but there are many examples of traditional architecture mainly in the outskirts. Along Rashid Street some of the nicest old town houses of Baghdad are found, even if many now are in bad condition. In between the streets, areas of typical Baghdad houses are found. These are distinguished by the 1st floor wooden bays with latticed windows, and inner open courtyards Roads of modern Baghdad are wide and many buildings stand free from other buildings. 9. This especially applies to the western side of the Tigris, with the many governmental buildings, hotels and middle and upper class mansions. Wide highways run through all parts of Baghdad, making it a city that is easy to move around in with a car. There are also tramways or subways in Baghdad. 10. Baghdad has many parks, of which Zawra Park is the most popular. There are also several great monuments, of which the Martyr's Monument of 1983 is the most impressive, with a 50 metre high split green dome at its centre. The areas beyond the Army Canal in the east have been allocated for low-income housing development, housing 20-30% of the city'spopulation.·the University of Technology was established in 1974? 71. ______.·most of trade is operated through Baghdad? 72. ______.·there are many parks and several great monuments in Baghdad? 73. ______.·Baghdad is linked with Jordan and Syria with excellent highways? 74. ______.·Baghdad is the most important centre of learning with three universities? 75. ______. 76. ______.·In literature, Baghdad has earned its fame? 77. ______.·the distance from Baghdad to the Euphrates is only 50km? 78. ______.·there are also groups of Indians, Afghans and Turks living in Baghdad? 79. ______.·In between streets, people can see areas of typical Baghdad houses? 80. ______.

填空题The author's thought processes are different when he studies literature and engineering respectively.

填空题 During 1958 the West German government caused some disappointment to the British and French aircraft industries by failing to order British or French interceptors for the re-established German Air Force. Instead they ordered the American Lockheed F-104 Starfighter. Even so it was well known beforehand that whatever aircraft were ordered would be regarded as interim equipment, against the day when a very high-speed vertical take-off aircraft became available—if ever.66. ______ A step towards this ideal interceptor seems to have been taken. It has just been reported that the Ministry of Defense in Bonn has awarded "a secret development contract to a French firm for a new type of vertical take-off fighter"—the coleopter.67. ______ Basically, tile Coleoptere is a jet engine, adapted to run in a vertical position while sitting on its tail, with a small cockpit on the top. Several aircraft of roughly this form have been flying for some time in the United States, but the Coleoptere is unique in that it has an annular wing; the aircraft stands inside it like a salt cellar inside a napkin ring. What is stopping the Coleoptere becoming a successful vertical take-off aircraft? The first difficulty has been to develop a precise and reliable method of balancing the aircraft on the column of air from its jet pipe during take-off and landing and, more particularly, during manoeuvres out of the vertical.68. ______ Another control difficulty was that of overcoming the torque imparted to a vertical engine by its own rotating compressor and turbine wheels.69. ______ A sensitive pilot can control the height of a unit such as this by careful operation of the throttle, so that the thrust of the jet balances its weight, but it would take a Superman to control pitching and rolling forces at the same time; automatic stabilisation has therefore to be introduced. This consists of a system of gyroscopes and gyrometers which sense the aircraft's movements and operate the jet steering system, the directional nozzle unit which counteracts tilting, and auxiliary air jets which compensate for any tendency to rotate.70. ______ Nevertheless, before a successful coleopter can be achieved it must be shown that the Atar Volant with an annular wing can make the transition from vertical to horizontal flight, that the annular wing can support the aircraft in horizontal flight, and also that the much more tricky transition from horizontal flight back to a tail-first landing can be successfully made. The C.400 P.3 has accordingly been built as a full-scale coleopter to carry out the appropriate test programme. No doubt we can look forward to seeing it in flight at the International Paris Air Salon, which will be held in June this year at Le Bourget.A. The engine produced by SNECMA engineers to overcome these problems was a straightforward turbojet in their "Atar" series, and in the logical French way it became known as the Atar Volant or C.400 P1. It was encased in a simple fairing which contained fuel and remote-control equipment. As the complete unit weighed 5600 pounds and the engine could produce a thrust of 6200 pounds, vertical lift was obviously feasible.B. The MiG-21 proved itself over and over as a formidable dogfighter against the heavier American fighters which was another reason for the success of the MiG-21. Its reliable engine, easy maintenance, rough field capabilities, and save flight characteristic made it the most successful jet aircraft of all times.C. Vertical take-off implies virtually indestructible air bases, because any piece of road or any field would serve for take-off. A fast climb to height is required since West Germany could expect only the shortest warning of an attack from the east.D. I was privileged to inspect the test rig in October 1956, but even that experience was no preparation for the fantastic impression created by the second Atar Volant (the C.400 P.2), which stole the show at the international air display at Le Bourget in June 1957. At that time the P.2 surmounted by Auguste Morel, the test pilot, rose in a cloud of dust, stalked across the main runway, tilted about 20 degrees, danced back and forth, spun rapidly on its vertical axis, shot up to about 500 feet and then withdrew, leaving a sophisticated audience gasping. On the face of it the aircraft seemed distinctly unsafe but, of course, the very fact that these manoeuvres were even possible, and in rapid succession, was a considerable achievement.E. SNECMA had already had experience of directional control of high-speed airflow by mechanical means—that is, metal spoilers inserted into the jet efflux. This method inevitably generated a delay of several seconds before an alteration of the controls by the pilot could be fully effective on the aircraft. This delay is unacceptable when the aircraft's stability depends entirely on the airflow from the engines. SNECMA therefore devised a directional nozzle unit consisting of a number of auxiliary jets of low output, bled from the engine compressor and sited round the outlet of the main jet. These deflect the main jet in order to steer the machine.F. Work on this very interesting project has been going on in France for the past six years. The "firm" concerned is the Societe National d'Etude et de Construction de Moteurs d'Aviation (SNECMA), working in conjunction with Nord-Aviation, both organisations being integrated parts of the nationalised French aircraft industry. The aircraft should make its first flight this spring.