填空题·has won the national award?

填空题 Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards, from {{U}}(31) {{/U}} praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, {{U}}(32) {{/U}} research the relation {{U}}(33) {{/U}} actions and their consequences argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain {{U}}(34) {{/U}} rewards often destroy creativity {{U}}(35) {{/U}} encouraging dependence {{U}}(36) {{/U}} approval and gifts from others. The latter view has gained many supporters, especially {{U}}(37) {{/U}} educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks {{U}}(38) {{/U}} in grade-school children, suggesting {{U}}(39) {{/U}} properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, {{U}}(40) {{/U}} to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. "If kids know they're working for a {{U}}(41) {{/U}} and can focus {{U}}(42) {{/U}} a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity", says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for {{U}}(43) {{/U}} performance or creating too {{U}}(44) {{/U}} anticipation for rewards." A teacher {{U}}(45) {{/U}} continually draws attention to rewards or who hands {{U}}(46) {{/U}} high grades for ordinary achievement ends up {{U}}(47) {{/U}} discouraged students, Eisenberger holds. {{U}} (48) {{/U}} an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing {{U}}(49) {{/U}}. In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in {{U}}(50) {{/U}} students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.

填空题 Married mothers who also hold jobs, despite having to juggle career and home, enjoy{{U}} (31) {{/U}}health than their underemployed or childless peers. Data from a long-term study launched in the UK in 1946 shows that such working moms are the{{U}} (32) {{/U}}likely to be obese{{U}} (33) {{/U}}middle age and the most likely to report generally good health. And this result cannot be explained simply{{U}} (34) {{/U}}the healthiest women take on the most. Epidemiologist Anne McMunn of University College London drew more than 1,400 female{{U}} (35) {{/U}} from a study of 5,362 Britons born during the first week of March 1946. Followed{{U}} (36) {{/U}}their lives, including face-to-face interviews at{{U}} (37) {{/U}}26, 36, 46 and 53, the women provided data from both their own views of their health as well as{{U}} (38) {{/U}}measures such as body-mass index. By assessing both{{U}} (39) {{/U}}and objective information, the researchers hoped to discover{{U}} (40) {{/U}} working moms undertook such multitasking because of their inherent{{U}} (41) {{/U}}or achieved good health because of their multiple roles. Of the 555 working mothers, only 23 percent proved obese{{U}} (42) {{/U}}age 53, compared to 38 percent of the 151 full-time homemakers,{{U}} (43) {{/U}}also averaged the highest body-mass index of all six categories of{{U}} (44) {{/U}}, rounded out by single working mothers, the childless, multiply-married working moms and intermittently-employed married mothers. In{{U}} (45) {{/U}}, full-time homemakers reported the most poor health, {{U}}(46) {{/U}}by single mothers and the childless. Of course, the data do not show{{U}} (47) {{/U}}working moms are healthiest but the women's view of their own health at 26 did not correlate{{U}} (48) {{/U}}whether they undertook{{U}} (49) {{/U}}careers and families, seeming to discount a definitive role for good health in determining a woman's choices. Working correlated with low body mass{{U}} (50) {{/U}}all groups, including single moms and childless women.

填空题Parent-students cherish their chance to study in school again.

填空题The press is constantly reminding us that the dramatic increase in the age of our population over the next 30 or so years will cause national healthcare systems to collapse, economies to crumple under the strain of pension demands and disintegrating families to buckle under increasing care commitments. Yet research at Oxford is beginning to expose some of the widespread myths that underlie this rhetoric. Demographic ageing is undoubtedly a reality. Life expectancy in developed countries has risen continuously over the past century, increasing the percentage of those over the age of 60 relative to those under the age of 15. By 2030 half the population of Western Europe will be over the age of 50, with a predicted average life expectancy of a further 40 years. By then, a quarter of the population will be over 65 and by 2050 the UK's current number of 10,000 centenarians are predicted to have reached quarter of a million. Some demographers have even suggested that half of all baby girls born in the West today will live to see the next century. (66) Indeed, if this could be achieved throughout the world, it would surely count as the success of civilization, for then we would also have conquered the killers of poverty, disease, famine and war. Decreasing mortality rates, increasing longevity and declining fertility mean smaller percentages of young people within populations. Over the past 20 years life expectancy at birth in the UK has risen by four years for men (to 75) and three years for women (to 80). Meanwhile fertility rates across Europe have declined more or less continuously over the past 40 years and remain well below the levels required for European populations to be able to replace themselves without substantive immigration. But again, rather than seeing this as a doom and gloom scenario, we need to explore the positive aspects of these demographics. The next 50 years should provide us with an opportunity to enjoy the many advantages of a society with a mature population structure. (67) The first of these is the current political rhetoric which claims that health services across the Western world are collapsing under the strain of demographic ageing. (68) The second myth is the view that the ratio of workers to non-workers will become so acute that Western economies will collapse, compounded by a massive growth in pension debt. While there are undoubted concerns over current pension shortfalls, it is also clear that working fives will themselves change over the next few decades, with a predicted increase in flexible and part-time work and the probable extension of working life until the age of 70. Indeed, we have to recognize that we cannot expect to retire at the age of 50 and then be able to support ourselves for another 40 or so years. Neither a solid pension scheme nor savings can carry people that long. (69) A further myth is that we will all live in loose, multigenerational families, experiencing increased emotional distancing from our kin. Evidence from a variety of studies across the developed world suggests that, if anything, the modern family is actually becoming more close-knit. Work carried out by the Oxford Institute in Scandinavia and in a Pan-European Family Care Study, for example, shows that despite the influence of the welfare state, over the past 10 years, people have come to value family relationships more than previously. (70) In the developed world, therefore, we can see actual benefits from population ageing: a better balance between age groups, mature and less volatile societies, with an emphasis on age integration. The issues will be very different in other parts of the world. Herein lies another myth: that the less developed world will escape from demographic ageing. Instead, the massive increase in the age of populations facing these countries-predicted to be up to one billion older people within 30 years—is potentially devastating. The problem is not only that demographic ageing is occurring at a far greater pace than we have seen in Western nations, but also that few if any developing countries have the economic development and infrastructure necessary to provide widespread public pensions and healthcare to these growing elderly populations. As a result, older people are among the poorest in every developing country. They have the lowest levels of income, education and literacy, they lack savings and assets, have only limited access to work, and even in times of crisis are usually the last to be cared for under emergency aid programmes. Perhaps of most concern is healthcare, for as we conquer acute diseases, we are going to see a rapid increase in levels of chronic illness and disability, but no long-term care programmes or facilities to tackle this. A. Since it is likely that a longer active working life will coincide with a predicted labor shortage resulting from a lack of younger workers, we need to provide the opportunities and training to encourage older men and women to remain economically productive. Our studies show that there are benefits from having an age-integrated workforce. It is another myth that older workers are less productive than younger ones. In fact, the combined energy of younger workers with the experience of older ones can lead to increased productivity—something from which young and old alike will benefit. B. In 2001, in recognition of the significance of these demographic changes and the global challenges and opportunities that will accompany them, the Oxford Institute of Ageing was established at the University. It is made up of researchers in demography, sociology, economics, social anthropology, philosophy and psychology, with links to other specialists in medicine, biology, law and policy in research units across the University. This cross-disciplinary approach has made it possible to challenge some of the most pervasive myths about ageing societies. C. As Institute healthcare ethicist Kenneth Howse points out, family obligations towards older relatives may change over the next 20 years, but current indications are that families are retaining a strong responsibility to care. Furthermore, as societies age, the contributory role of older people as grandparents becomes more important. Work by Institute researchers on another European Union study on multi-generational families has highlighted the role that grandparents play by freeing up the responsibilities of the younger reproductive population. D. It is clear that the changing demographic landscape poses challenges for the future. The necessity now is to develop appropriate economic, social and political structures to take advantage of the opportunities that mature societies will bring, while ensuring that there are appropriate safety nets for those left vulnerable within these populations—which will include both young and old alike. E. Rather than fearing such a future, however, we should see this trend as a great success. It must undoubtedly be a major achievement of civilization that most individuals within a society can expect to enjoy a long and healthy lifespan. F. George Leeson, a demographer at the Institute, points out that while a number of cross-national studies have considered the determinants of spiraling healthcare costs, only one has found the explanatory factor to be the proportion of the population aged 65 and over. Rather, it is growth in income, lifestyle characteristics and environmental factors such as technology and drugs that are driving up healthcare costs. In addition, the costs are shifting between population groups. The key here, he adds, is to develop sufficiently flexible health service structures to shift not only economic resources but also personnel.

填空题The life of Albert Einstein is a model in many ways (31) both natural and political scientists. First of all, he always employed the scientific method of (32) truth from facts. He firmly believed (33) he put it, that "there is nothing incomprehensible (34) the universe", and through painstaking work explained many of the phenomena thought to be "incomprehensible" in his day. Einstein was also never afraid to (35) mistakes when facts (36) his theories wrong. Second, Einstein's contributions showed the great importance of theoretical work to scientific effort. (37) he himself rarely worked in laboratories, the concepts he developed led (38) many of the scientific advances (39) have shaped modem technology. Third, Einstein believed very deeply that scientists must (40) a moral and social consciousness. (41) this way, he provided inspiration for a whole generation of scientists who became active in the communist movement. Einstein is often portrayed in bourgeois writings (42) a "Genius" whose theories are (43) complicated that no one (44) a few best scientists can understand them. But he (45) rejected the efforts to (46) him in a position far (47) other people. He was well-known for his (48) manner and often stressed to in terviews that his accomplishments would certainly have been achieved by others had he never lived. Actually, Einstein's (49) of relativity and his other scientific works are not that hard to understand with a little study. But beyond learning Einstein's theories, his overall attitude (50) science as a tool to liberate humanity is something from which everyone can and should learn.

填空题Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards, from (32) praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, (33) research the relation (34) actions and their consequences argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain (35) rewards often destroy creativity (36) encouraging dependence (37) approval and gifts from others. The latter view has gained many supporters, especially (38) educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks (39) in grade-school children, suggesting (40) properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, (41) to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. "If kids know they're working for a (42) and can focus (43) a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity", says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for (44) performance or creating too (45) anticipation for rewards." A teacher (46) continually draws attention to rewards or who hands (47) high grades for ordinary achievement ends up (48) discouraged students, Eisenberger holds. (49) an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing (50) . In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in (51) students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.

填空题Text 1 Opinion polls are now beginning to show a reluctant consensus that, whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shall have to find ways of sharing the available employment more widely. But we need to go further. We must ask some fundamental questions about the future of work. Should we continue to treat employment as the norm? Should we not rather encourage many other ways for self-respecting people to work? Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves, rather than for an employer? Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighborhood, as well as the factory and the office, as centers of production and work? The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most people's work has taken the form of jobs. The industrial age may now be coming to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. This seems a daunting thought. But, in fact, it could offer the prospect of a better future for work. Universal employment, as its history shows, has not meant economic freedom. Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from people's homes. Later, as transport improved, first by rail and then by road, people commuted longer distances to their places of employment until, eventually, many people's work lost all connection with their home lives and the places in which they lived. Meanwhile, employment put women at a disadvantage. In pre-industrial times, men and women had shared the productive work of the household and village community. Now it became customary for the husband to go out to paid employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and family to his wife. Tax and benefit regularities still assume this norm today, and restrict more flexible sharing of work roles between the sexes. It was not only women whose work status suffered. As employment became the dominant form of work, young people and old people were excluded — a problem now, as more teenagers become frustrated at school and more retired people want to live active lives. All this may not have to change, the time has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away from the Utopian goal of creating jobs for all, to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full-time jobs.

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填空题A = Nathaniel Hawthorne B = Galph Waldo Emerson C = Henry David Thoreau D = Herman Melville Who... ※ kept a journal throughout his life. (71) ※ had Nathaniel Hawthorne as his neighbor. (72) ※ met Wordsworth when on a tour of Europe. (73) ※ wrote as a moralist. (74) ※ was born where many of the literary figures (75) of the 19th century lived. ※ completed a novelette just before his death. (76) ※ was concerned with the abolition of slavery. (77) ※ worked as a customs inspector in New York. (78) ※ his "Dr. Heidegger's Experiment" is a study of (79) right and wrong in human Conduct. ※ thought a minimum of material kept men (80) closer to nature. Nathaniel Hawthorne Hawthorne was imbued with an inquiring imagination, an intensely meditative mind, and an unceasing interest in the ambiguity of man's being. He was an anatomist of "the interior of the heart," conscious of the loneliness of man in the universe, of the darkness that enshrouds all joy,and of the need of man to look into his own soul. In both his novels and his short stories, Hawthorne wrote essentially as a moralist. He was interested in what happened in the minds and hearts of men and women when they knew they had done wrong. He focused his examination on the moral and psychological consequences that manifested themselves in human beings as a result of their vanity, their hatred, their egotism, their ambition, and their pride. He was intrigued by the way they felt and the way they acted when they knew they had done wrong. In "Dr. Heidegger's Experiment," Hawthorne illustrates several sides of his writing: his disenchanted view of human nature, his use of symbolism, and his interest in the supernatural. In addition, the story treats one of the new nineteenth century ideas that concerned Hawthorne: scientific experiment. The story itself is a stimulating and rewarding study of right and wrong in human conduct. Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson was born in Boston, where his father was a Unitarian clergyman, as six generations of Emersons had been before him. While a student at Harvard he began keeping journals—records of his thoughts — a practice he continued throughout his life. He later drew on the journals for material for his essays and poetry. After graduating, he ran a school for young ladies for a time, but eventually he returned to Harvard to study for the ministry. Following his second graduation he served as pastor of a church for a few years, but finally resigned his position because he had doubts about the beliefs of the church. In 1832 Emerson toured Europe, meeting such major English poets as Wordsworth, Carlyle, and Coleridge. Through his acquaintance with these men he became closely involved with German idealism and Transcendentalism. Returning to Boston, he devoted most of his time to lecturing. An address that he delivered at the Harvard Divinity School in 1838 in which he attacked formal religion and defended intuitive spiritual experience aroused such an adverse reaction that he was not invited back to Harvard for 30 years. Emerson was concerned with many reform movements, among them the abolition of slavery. In 1840 he joined with other Transcendentalists in an attempt to spread ideas through publication of a small magazine named The Dial. Henry David Thoreau Thoreau(1817—1862) was born in Concord, a village near Boston where many of the literary figures of the 19th century, including Emerson, lived. After graduating from Harvard and teaching school for a few years, Thoreau went to live with Emerson both to study with him and to work as a handyman. Later in his life he traveled a little, but in general Thoreau stayed near his home. He had a strong attachment to his family, and he preferred to travel vicariously through books. The trips he did take were often camping trips, for he enjoyed the outdoors and was skillful woodsman. Through his writing Thoreau wanted to illustrate that the pursuit of material things had no value. He desired a life of contemplation, of being in harmony with nature, and of acting on his own principles. His study of Eastern religions contributed to his desire for a simple life, while his reaction against such Yankee pragmatists as Benjamin Franklin is also apparent. Both Franklin and Thoreau advocated thrift and hard work, but while Franklin expected the frugal to get richer and richer, Thoreau thought physical labor and a minimum of material goods made men more sensitive and kept them closer to nature. Herman Melville In 1841 Melville went to the South Seas on a whaling ship, where he gained the information about whaling that he later used in Moby-Dick. After jumping ship in teh Marquesa Islands, he and a friend were captured by some of the islanders. They lived with these people for a month, then escaped on an Australian ship, deserting the latter in Tahiti, where they worked for a time as field laborers. Melville finally returned to the United States as a seaman on an American ship. These experiences provided material for his first and most popular books, which are primarily adventure stories. In 1850 Melville moved to a farm in Massachusetts where Nathaniel Hawthorne was his neighbor. The latter soon became a confidant with whom Melville often discussed his work. As he changed from writing adventure stories to philosophical and symbolic works, Melville's popularity began to wane. From the writing of complex novels such as Mob? Dick, Pierre and The Confidence Man, Melville turned to writing poetry. But unable to support himself by his writing, he secured a political appointment as a customs inspector ill New York. When he retired from that job, after 20 years, he wrote the novelette, Billy Budd, completing it just before his death, it was not until the i920s that his work again came to the attention of literary scholars anti the public. His reputation now rests not only on his rich, poetic prose, but also on his philosophy and his effective use of symbolism.

填空题has served as the capital of the country.

填空题Questions 1--3 Choose the best answer.

填空题How Poison Ivy Works According to the American Academy of Dermatology, an estimated 10 to 50 million people in this country have an allergic reaction to poison ivy each year. Poison ivy is often very difficult to spot. It closely resembles several other common garden plants, and can also blend in with other plants and weeds. But if you come into contact with it, you'll soon know by the itchy, blistery rash that forms on your skin. Poison ivy is a red, itchy rash caused by the plant that bears its name. Many people get it when they are hiking or working in their garden and accidentally come into direct contact with the plant's leaves, roots, or stems. The poison ivy rash often looks like red lines, and sometimes it forms blisters. 1. ______ About 85 percent of people are allergic to the urushiol in poison ivy, according to the American Academy of Dermatology. Only a tiny amount of this chemical -- 1 billionth of a gram -- is enough to cause a rash in many people. Some people may boast that they've been exposed to poison ivy many times and have never gotten the rash, but that doesn't necessarily mean they're not allergic. Sometimes the allergy doesn't emerge until you've been exposed several times, and some people develop a rash after their very first exposure. It may take up to ten days for the rash to emerge the first time. 2. ______ Here are some other ways to identify the poison ivy plant. It generally grows in a cluster of low, weed-like plants or a woody vine which can climb trees or fences. It is most often found in moist areas, such as riverbanks, woods, and pastures. The edges of the leaves are generally smooth or have tiny "teeth". Their color changes based on the season -- reddish in the spring; green in the summer; and yellow, orange, or red in the fall. Its berries are typically white. 3. ______ The body's immune system is normally in the business of protecting us from bacteria, viruses, and other foreign invaders that can make us sick. But when urushiol from the poison ivy plant touches the skin, it instigates an immune response, called dermatitis, to what would otherwise be a harmless substance. Hay fever is another example of this type of response; in the case of hay fever, the immune system overreacts to pollen, or another plant-produced substance. 4. ______ The allergic reaction to poison ivy is known as delayed hypersensitivity. Unlike immediate hypersensitivity, which causes an allergic reaction within minutes of exposure to an antigen, delayed hypersensitivity reactions don't emerge for several hours or even days after the exposure. 5. ______ In the places where your skin has come into contact with poison ivy leaves or urushiol, within one to two days you'll develop a rash, which will usually itch, redden, burn, swell, and form blisters. The rash should go away within a week, but it can last longer. The severity of the reaction often has to do with how much urushiol you've touched. The rash may appear sooner in some parts of the body than in others, but it doesn't spread -- the urushiol simply absorbs into the skin at different rates in different parts of the body. Thicker skin such as the skin on the soles of your feet, is harder to penetrate than thinner skin on your arms and legs. A Because urushiol is found in all parts of the poison ivy plant -- the leaves, stems, and roots -- it's best to avoid the plant entirely to prevent a rash. The trouble is, poison ivy grows almost everywhere in the United States (with the exception of the Southwest, Alaska, and Hawaii), so geography won't help you. The general rule to identify poison ivy, "leaflets three, let it be," doesn't always apply. Poison ivy usually does grow in groups of three leaves, with a longer middle leaf -- but it can also grow with up to nine leaves in a group. B Most people don't have a reaction the first time they touch poison ivy, but develop an allergic reaction after repeated exposure. Everyone has a different sensitivity, and therefore a slightly different reaction, to poison ivy. Sensitivity usually decreases with age and with repeated exposures to the plant. C Here's how the poison ivy response occurs. Urushiol makes its way down through the skin, where it is metabolized, or broken down. Immune cells called T lymphocytes (or T-cells) recognize the urushiol derivatives as a foreign substance, or antigen. They send out inflammatory signals called cytokines, which bring in white blood cells. Under orders from the cytokines, these white blood cells turn into macrophages. The macrophages eat foreign substances, but in doing so they also damage normal tissue, resulting in the skin inflammation that occurs with poison ivy. D Poison ivy's cousins, poison oak and poison sumac, each have their own unique appearance. Poison oak grows as a shrub (one to six feet tall). It is typically found along the West Coast and in the South, in dry areas such as fields, woodlands, and thickets. Like poison ivy, the leaves of poison oak are usually clustered in groups of three. They tend to be thick, green, and hairy on both sides. Poison sumac mainly grows in moist, swampy areas in the Northeast, Midwest, and along the Mississippi River. It is a woody shrub made up of stems with rows of seven to thirteen smooth-edged leaflets. E The culprit behind the rash is a chemical in the sap of poison ivy plants called urushiol. Its name comes from the Japanese word "urushi", meaning lacquer. Urushiol is the same substance that triggers an allergic reaction when people touch poison oak and poison sumac plants. Poison ivy, Eastern poison oak, Western poison oak, and poison sumac are all members of the same family -- Anacardiaceae. F Call your doctor if you experience these more serious reactions: Pus around the rash (which could indicate an infection). A rash around your mouth, eyes, or genital area. A fever above 100 degrees. A rash that does not heal after a week.

填空题Text 3 Since the mid-1960s Southeast Asia has faced a potentially wide-ranging security threat. Well before the events of September 11, the region was enduring a slump in exports and a falloff in foreign investment as Western firms headed to China. Even Singapore's economy, the region's strongest, probably shrank by 2% in 2001, while Indonesia, the weakest player, is struggling to avert a new foreign debt crisis. Now the region is being seen overseas as a breeding ground for international terrorists. Foreign businesses have stopped sending execs to the region to explore new opportunities, while companies are beefing up security at their offices and homes. Clearly, the region's governments need to show the world they can keep the peace. That requires achieving a tricky balancing act: Authorities must provide adequate security to foreign firms without being alarmist and scaring them off completely. Also vexing for Southeast Asian governments is how to deal with US offers of military assistance. Nations with large Muslim populations cannot afford to make open appeals to the US for help. Nowhere is this more true than in Indonesia, the most likely spot for A1 Qaeda to operate. Indonesia is resisting pressure from the US because it can ill afford a nationalist revenge. Southeast Asia's ailing economies won't easily weather another round of investor disenchantment. As it is, foreign businesspeople are becoming increasingly jittery. The perceived growth of radical Islam is clearly having a deleterious impact on the Indonesian economy. To be sure, the weak global economy is responsible for some of the dropoff in orders. But the numbers make grim reading. Indonesian exports fell from $3.6 billion in October to $3 billion in November, 2001, a drop of 16% in one month, according to the Central Bureau of Statistics. Foreign direct investment plunged from $1.9 billion in November, 2001 to $630 million in December of the same year. Meanwhile, Indonesia's domestic economy is feeling increasingly vulnerable. Wanandi, the CEO of an auto assembling company, believes the government is not doing enough! Like most Indonesians, Wanandi agrees that inviting in US troops is politically impossible. He is calling instead for the Indonesian military to be given greater powers to crack down on militant groups. "There is a lot of competition between the army and the police," he says. "That's why a lot of bombing is going on. No one is being punished." The trouble is, the foe is maddeningly elusive. But until the threat fades, Southeast Asia will have to deal with declining foreign investment, jittery execs, and, in Indonesia, rising poverty and instability — the very environment in which terror groups thrive.

填空题Whatdidthespeakertalkaboutlasttime?

填空题Perhaps (31) are far more wives that I imagine who take it for (32) that housework is neither satisfying nor even important once the basic demands of hygiene and feeding have been (33) . But home and family is the one realm in (34) it is really difficult to shake free of one's upbringing and create new values. My parents' house was impeccably kept; cleanliness (35) a moral and social virtue, and personal untidiness, visibly old clothes, or long male hair provoked biting jocularity. If that (36) been all, maybe I could have adapted myself (37) housework on (38) easy-going, utilitarian basis, refusing the moral overtones but still believing in it as something constructive (38) it is part of creating a home. But at the same time my mother used to resent (40) it, called it drudgery, and convinced me that it wasn't fit activity for an intelligent being. I was the only child, and once I was at school there was no (41) why she should have continued (42) her will to remain housebound, unless, as I suspect, my father would not hear of her having a job of her own. I can now begin to understand why a woman in a small suburban house, with no infants to look (43) , who does not (44) reading because she has not had much of an education, and who is intelligent (45) to find neighborly chit-chat boring, should carry the pursuit of microscopic specks of dust to the (46) of fanaticism in an (47) to fill hours and salvage her self-respect. My parents had not even the status-seeking impetus to send me to university that Joe's had; my mother (48) me to be "a nice quiet person who wouldn't be noticed (49) a crowd", and it was feared that university education (50) in ingratitude (independence).

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填空题Massive Growth of Ecotourism Worries Biologists Something weird is happening in the wilderness. The animals are becoming restless. Polar bears and penguins, dolphins and dingoes, even birds in the rainforest are becoming stressed. They are losing weight, with some dying as a result. The cause is a pursuit intended to have the opposite effect: ecotourism. 1. ______ Ecotourism has clear benefits. Poor countries that are rich in biodiversity benefit from the money tourists bring in, supposedly without damaging the environment. "Ecotourism is an alternative activity to overuse of natural resources," says Geoffrey Howard of the East Africa office of IUCN (the World Conservation Union) in Nairobi, Kenya. "Many of our projects encourage ecotourism so that rural people can make a living out of something apart from using too much of the forests or fisheries or wetlands." 2. ______ What is not considered are less obvious impacts. "Transmission of disease to wildlife, or subtle changes to wildlife health through disturbance of daily routines or increased stress levels, while not apparent to a casual observer, may translate to lowered survival and breeding," says Philip Seddon of the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand. 3. ______ Such changes in behaviour "are potentially serious for the population", says Gordon Hastie, a marine mammal expert at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada. Hastie and his team have found that dolphins in the Moray Firth in Scotland spend significantly more time surfacing synchronously in the presence of boats than they do otherwise. This could lead to the animals resting more at night, possibly reducing the time they spend socialising and foraging. 4. ______ Markus Dyck and Richard Baydack of the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, have found that signs of vigilance among male bears increased nearly sevenfold when vehicles were around. Just one vehicle could disturb the bears. 5. ______ Such effects are seen among yellow-eyed penguins in the Otago peninsula in New Zealand. Observations by Seddon"s team, also to be published in Biological Conservation, show that chicks in areas frequently visited by tourists weigh on average 0.76 kilograms less than chicks in an area not visited, a fall of over 10 per cent. This could be a result of parents taking longer to reach the chicks after they finish foraging at sea. "Yellow-eyed penguins tend to delay landing if people are clearly visible at their beach landing sites," says Seddon. "Penguins will run back into the sea if approached on the beach, and will wait beyond the breakers until a beach is clear." Such delays could mean that the birds digest some of the food that they would otherwise regurgitate to feed their chicks. Seddon found that the lighter chicks were less likely to survive, and he fears that heavy tourist traffic could ultimately spark the failure of a colony. A For instance, Rochelle Constantine of the University of Auckland, New Zealand, and her colleagues have been monitoring schools of bottlenose dolphins along the country"s north-eastern coast since 1996. In an upcoming paper in Biological Conservation, they report that the dolphins become increasingly frenetic when tourist boats are present. They rest for as little as 0.5 per cent of the time when three or more boats are close, compared with 68 per cent of the time in the presence of a single research boat. B Like dolphins, the bears may pay a heavy price for such altered behaviour. The tourist visits could be increasing the animals" heart rates and metabolism when they ought to be conserving their energy, and this could be reducing their body fat and individual fitness, the researchers argue. "For slow-breeding animals the effects could take years to detect, by which time it may be too late to reverse the damage," says Constantine. C The massive growth of the ecotourist industry has biologists worried. Evidence is growing that many animals do not react well to tourists in their backyard. The immediate effects can be subtle -- changes to an animal"s heart rate, physiology, stress hormone levels and social behaviour, for example -- but in the long term the impact tourists are having could endanger the survival of the very wildlife they want to see. D Ecotourism can have an even more detrimental effect in the wilderness regions of Africa and South America. "In more remote places such as the Amazon, there"s not much control," says ecologist Martin Wikelski of Princeton University in New Jersey. E Land animals are affected too. Since the early 1980s, specialised vehicles have been taking people to watch polar bears during October and November in Manitoba, Canada, a time when the animals should be resting and waiting for Hudson Bay to freeze over so they can start hunting seals. But often the bears are not resting as they should. F But while the IUCN and other organisations, and governments of nations such as New Zealand and Australia, try to ensure that their projects are ecologically feasible, many ecotourist projects are unaudited, unaccredited and merely hint they are based on environmentally friendly policies and operations. The guidelines that do exist mostly address the obvious issues such as changes in land use, cutting down trees, making tracks, or scaring wildlife.

填空题 You will hear a talk about computers. As you listen, you must answer Questions 21-30 by writing NO MORE THAN THREE words in the space provided on the right. You will hear the talk TWICE. You now have 60 seconds to read Questions 21-30.