填空题According to the American Academy of Dermatology, an estimated 10 to 50 million people in this country have an allergic reaction to poison ivy each year. Poison ivy is often very difficult to spot. It closely resembles several other common garden plants, and can also blend in with other plants and weeds. But if you come into contact with it, you'll soon know by the itchy, blistery rash that forms on your skin. Poison ivy is a red, itchy rash caused by the plant that bears its name. Many people get it when they are hiking or working in their garden and accidentally come into direct contact with the plant's leaves, roots, or stems. The poison ivy rash often looks like red lines, and sometimes it forms blisters. 66. ______ About 85 percent of people are allergic to the urushiol in poison ivy, according to the American Academy of Dermatology. Only a tiny amount of this chemical—1 billionth of a gram—is enough to cause a rash in many people. Some people may boast that they've been exposed to poison ivy many times and have never gotten the rash, but that doesn't necessarily mean they're not allergic. Sometimes the allergy doesn't emerge until you've been exposed several times, and some people develop a rash after their very first exposure. It may take up to ten days for the rash to emerge the first time. 67. ______ Here are some other ways to identify the poison ivy plant. It generally grows in a cluster of low, weed-like plants or a woody vine which can climb trees or fences. It is most often found in moist areas, such as riverbanks, woods, and pastures. The edges of the leaves are generally smooth or have tiny "teeth". Their color changes based on the season—reddish in the spring; green in the summer; and yellow, orange, or red in the fall. Its berries are typically white. 68. ______ The body's immune system is normally in the business of protecting us from bacteria, viruses, and the foreign invaders that can make us sick. But when urushiol from the poison ivy plant touches the skin, it instigates an immune response, called dermatitis, to what would otherwise be a harmless substance. Hay fever is another example of this type of response; in the case of hay fever, the immune system overreacts to pollen, or another plant-produced substance. 69. ______ The allergic reaction to poison ivy is known as delayed hypersensitivity. Unlike immediate hypersensitivity, which causes an allergic reaction within minutes of exposure to an antigen, delayed hypersensitivity reactions don't emerge for several hours or even days after the exposure. 70. ______ In the places where your skin has come into contact with poison ivy leaves or urushiol, within one to two days you'll develop a rash, which will usually itch, redden, burn, swell, and form blisters. The rash should go away within a week, but it can last longer. The severity of the reaction often has to do with how much urushiol you've touched. The rash may appear sooner in some parts of the body than in others, but it doesn't spread—the urushiol simply absorbs into the skin at different rates in different parts of the body. Thicker skin such as the skin on the soles of your feet, is harder to penetrate than thinner skin on your arms and legs. A. Because urushiol is found in all parts of the poison ivy plant the leaves, stems, and roots—it's best to avoid the plant entirely to prevent a rash. The trouble is, poison ivy grows almost everywhere in the United States (with the exception of the Southwest, Alaska, and Hawaii), so geography won't help you. The general rule to identify poison ivy, "leaflets three, let it be, " doesn't always apply. Poison ivy usually does grow in groups of three leaves, with a longer middle leaf—but it can also grow with up to nine leaves in a group. B. Most people don't have a reaction the first time they touch poison ivy, but develop an allergic reaction after repeated exposure. Everyone has a different sensitivity, and therefore a slightly different reaction, to poison ivy. Sensitivity usually decreases with age and with repeat exposures to the plant. C. Here's how the poison ivy response occurs. Urushiol makes its way down through the skin, where it is metabolized, or broken down. Immune cells called T lymphocytes (or T-cells) recognize the urushiol derivatives as a foreign substance, or antigen. They send out inflammatory signals called cytokines, which bring in white blood cells. Under orders from the cytokines, these white blood cells turn into macrophages. The macrophages eat foreign substances, but in doing so they also damage normal tissue, resulting in the skin inflammation that occurs with poison ivy. D. Poison ivy's cousins, poison oak and poison sumac, each have their own unique appearance. Poison oak grows as a shrub (one to six feet tall). It is typically found along the West Coast and in the South, in dry areas such fields, woodlands, and thickets. Like poison ivy, the leaves of poison oak are usually clustered in groups of three. They tend to be thick, green, and hairy on both sides. Poison sumac mainly grows in moist, swampy areas in the Northeast, Midwest, and along the Mississippi River. It is a woody shrub made up of stems with rows of seven to thirteen smooth-edged leaflets. E. The culprit behind the rash is a chemical in the sap of poison ivy plants called urushiol. Its name comes from the Japanese word "urushi, " meaning lacquer. Urushiol is the same substance that triggers an allergic reaction when people touch poison oak and poison sumac plants. Poison ivy, Eastern poison oak, Western poison oak, and poison sumac are all members of the same family—Anacardiaceae. F. Call your doctor if you experience these more serious reactions: ·Pus around the rash (which could indicate an infection). ·A rash around your mouth, eyes, or genital area. ·A fever above 100 degrees. ·A rash that does not heal after a week.

填空题is the second largest city in population in U. S. A..

填空题WhatdoyouknowaboutBeethoven'smusictalentwhenhewas7?

填空题 Aspects That May Facilitate Reading Ⅰ. Determining your purpose A. Reading for (1) ______: like reading the latest Harry Potty Novel (1) ______ B. Reading for information: like reading in a (n) (2) ______ of the library (2) ______ Ⅱ. Prior knowledge A. An initial key in helping you (3) ______ (3) ______ —what the article will be about —whether it will interest you —whether it is familiar to you B. A help for the reader to —find some material easy to understand —build his or her (4) ______ of the new text (4) ______ Ⅲ. Interest A. providing you with an extra (5) ______ for reading (5) ______ B. making you care more about what the author has to say Ⅵ. (6) ______ your progress (reading with a pencil) (6) ______ A. asking questions on headlines and rifles B. noting words you don’t understand C. (7) ______ ideas you like (7) ______ Ⅴ. Summarizing the main points A. listing the (8) ______ of each paragraph (8) ______ B. lumping together paragraphs with similar ideas C. putting key ideas into your own words D. (9) ______ the common thoughts or thread (9) ______ Ⅵ. Mapping out the essay A. creating a visual representation of the essay B. having a picture of something in your mind in various shapes e.g., lists, diagrams, (10) ______ (10) ______

填空题PresidentKennedydied______yearsbeforethedaythespeechwasmade.

填空题During 1958 the West German government caused some disappointment to the British and French aircraft industries by failing to order British or French interceptors for the re-established German Air Force. Instead they ordered the American Lockheed F-104 Starfighter. Even so it was well known beforehand that whatever aircraft were ordered would be regarded as interim equipment, against the day when a very high-speed vertical take-off aircraft became available—if ever.66. ______ A step towards this ideal interceptor seems to have been taken. It has just been reported that the Ministry of Defense in Bonn has awarded "a secret development contract to a French firm for a new type of vertical take-off fighter"—the coleopter.67. ______ Basically, tile Coleoptere is a jet engine, adapted to run in a vertical position while sitting on its tail, with a small cockpit on the top. Several aircraft of roughly this form have been flying for some time in the United States, but the Coleoptere is unique in that it has an annular wing; the aircraft stands inside it like a salt cellar inside a napkin ring. What is stopping the Coleoptere becoming a successful vertical take-off aircraft? The first difficulty has been to develop a precise and reliable method of balancing the aircraft on the column of air from its jet pipe during take-off and landing and, more particularly, during manoeuvres out of the vertical.68. ______ Another control difficulty was that of overcoming the torque imparted to a vertical engine by its own rotating compressor and turbine wheels.69. ______ A sensitive pilot can control the height of a unit such as this by careful operation of the throttle, so that the thrust of the jet balances its weight, but it would take a Superman to control pitching and rolling forces at the same time; automatic stabilisation has therefore to be introduced. This consists of a system of gyroscopes and gyrometers which sense the aircraft's movements and operate the jet steering system, the directional nozzle unit which counteracts tilting, and auxiliary air jets which compensate for any tendency to rotate.70. ______ Nevertheless, before a successful coleopter can be achieved it must be shown that the Atar Volant with an annular wing can make the transition from vertical to horizontal flight, that the annular wing can support the aircraft in horizontal flight, and also that the much more tricky transition from horizontal flight back to a tail-first landing can be successfully made. The C.400 P.3 has accordingly been built as a full-scale coleopter to carry out the appropriate test programme. No doubt we can look forward to seeing it in flight at the International Paris Air Salon, which will be held in June this year at Le Bourget.A. The engine produced by SNECMA engineers to overcome these problems was a straightforward turbojet in their "Atar" series, and in the logical French way it became known as the Atar Volant or C.400 P1. It was encased in a simple fairing which contained fuel and remote-control equipment. As the complete unit weighed 5600 pounds and the engine could produce a thrust of 6200 pounds, vertical lift was obviously feasible.B. The MiG-21 proved itself over and over as a formidable dogfighter against the heavier American fighters which was another reason for the success of the MiG-21. Its reliable engine, easy maintenance, rough field capabilities, and save flight characteristic made it the most successful jet aircraft of all times.C. Vertical take-off implies virtually indestructible air bases, because any piece of road or any field would serve for take-off. A fast climb to height is required since West Germany could expect only the shortest warning of an attack from the east.D. I was privileged to inspect the test rig in October 1956, but even that experience was no preparation for the fantastic impression created by the second Atar Volant (the C.400 P.2), which stole the show at the international air display at Le Bourget in June 1957. At that time the P.2 surmounted by Auguste Morel, the test pilot, rose in a cloud of dust, stalked across the main runway, tilted about 20 degrees, danced back and forth, spun rapidly on its vertical axis, shot up to about 500 feet and then withdrew, leaving a sophisticated audience gasping. On the face of it the aircraft seemed distinctly unsafe but, of course, the very fact that these manoeuvres were even possible, and in rapid succession, was a considerable achievement.E. SNECMA had already had experience of directional control of high-speed airflow by mechanical means—that is, metal spoilers inserted into the jet efflux. This method inevitably generated a delay of several seconds before an alteration of the controls by the pilot could be fully effective on the aircraft. This delay is unacceptable when the aircraft's stability depends entirely on the airflow from the engines. SNECMA therefore devised a directional nozzle unit consisting of a number of auxiliary jets of low output, bled from the engine compressor and sited round the outlet of the main jet. These deflect the main jet in order to steer the machine.F. Work on this very interesting project has been going on in France for the past six years. The "firm" concerned is the Societe National d'Etude et de Construction de Moteurs d'Aviation (SNECMA), working in conjunction with Nord-Aviation, both organisations being integrated parts of the nationalised French aircraft industry. The aircraft should make its first flight this spring.

填空题Besidesthefunctionsasavitalentertainmentmedium,whatelsecanpeopleuseaTVas?

填空题Pollution is a "dirty" word. To pollute means to contaminate--to spoil something by introducing impurities which make 1 unfit or unclean to use. Pollution comes in many forms. We see it, smell it, 2 it, drink it, and stumble through it. We literally lived in and breathe pollution, and 3 surprisingly, it is beginning to 4 our health, our happiness, and our very civilization. Once we thought of pollution 5 meaning simply smog--the choking, stinging, dirty 6 that hovers over cities. But air pollution, while it is 7 the most dangerous, is only one type of contamination among several 8 attack the most basic life functions. Through the uncontrolled use of insecticides, man has polluted the land, 9 the wildlife. By 10 sewage and chemicals into river and lakes, we have contaminated our 11 water. We are polluting the oceans, too, killing the fish and 12 depriving ourselves 13 an invaluable food supply. Part of the problem is our exploding 14 . More and more people produce more wastes. But this problem is intensified by our "throw-away" technology. Each year Americans 15 of 7 million autos, 20 million tons of waste paper, 25 million pounds of toothpaste tubes and 48 million cans. We throw away gum wrappers, newspapers, and paper plates. It is no longer fashionable to 16 anything. Today almost everything is disposable. 17 of repairing a toaster or a radio, it is easier and cheaper to buy a new one and discard the old, even 18 95 percent of its parts may still be functioning. Baby diapers, which used to be made of reusable cloth, are now paper throw-aways. Soon we will wear clothing made of 19 :"Wear it once and throw it away, "will be the slogan of the fashion. Where is this all to end? Are we turning the world into a gigantic dump, or is there hope that we can solve the pollution problem? 20 solutions are in sight. A few of them are positively ingenious.

填空题It was a moment most business executives would pause to savor: late last year, German sporting goods pioneer Adidas learned that after years of declining market share, the company had sprinted past U. S. Reebok International to take second place behind Nike in the race for worldwide sales. But Robert Louis-Dreyfus, the rumpled Frenchman who now runs Adidas, didn't even stop for one of his trademark Havana cigars in celebration, worried that the company would grow complacent. Instead, he and a group of friends bought French soccer club Olympique de Marseille "Now that's something I have dreamed about since I was a kid, " Louis-Dreyfus says with an adolescent grin. 66. ______ With sales in the first three quarters of 1996 at $2.5 billion, up a blistering 30.7% over 1995, it's hard to recall the dismal shape Adidas was in when Louis-Dreyfus took over as chairman in April 1993. Founded in 1920 by Adi Dassler, the inventor of the first shoes de- signed especially for sports, the company enjoyed a near monopoly in athletic shoes until an upstart called Nike appeared in the 1970s and rode the running fad to riches. By the early 1990s Adidas had come under the control of French businessman Bernard Tapie, who was later jailed for bribing three French soccer players. Although the company tried to spruce up its staid image with a team of American designers, Adidas lost more than $100 million in 1992, prompting the French banks that had acquired control of the company from Tapie to begin a desperate search for a new owner. 67. ______ The poker-loving Louis-Dreyfus knew he had been dealt a winning hand. Following the lead set by Nike in the 1970s, he moved production to low-wage factories in China, Indonesia and Thailand and sold Adidas' European factories for a token one Deutsche mark apiece. He hired Peter Moore, a former product designer at Nike, as creative director, and set up studios in Germany for the European market and in Portland, Oregon, for the U. S. He then risked everything by doubling his advertising budget. "We went from a manufacturing company to a marketing company, " says Louis-Dreyfus. "It didn't take a genius--you just had to look at what Nike and Reebok were doing. It was easier for someone coming from the outside, with no baggage, to do it, than for somebody from inside the company. " 68. ______ "The marketing at Adidas is very, very good right now, " says Eugenio Di Maria, editor of Sporting Good Intelligence, an industry newsletter perceives Adidas as a very young brand. The company is particularly strong in apparel, much stronger than Nike and Reebok. Although 90% of Adidas products for wear on the street instead of sports fields, LouisDreyfus felt the previous management had lost sight of Adidas' roots as a sporting goods company. After all, Adi Dassler invented the screw-in stud for the soccer shoe and shod American champion Jesse Owens in the 1936 Olympics. So he sold off or folded other noncore brands that Adidas had developed, including Le Coq Sportif, Arena and Pony. Europe is still the company's largest market because Adidas dominates the apparel industry and thanks to soccer's massive popularity there. Louis-Dreyfus is quick to share credit for the turnaround with a small group of friends who bought the company with him in 1993. One of those fellow investors is a former IMS colleague, Christian Tourres, now sales director at Adidas. "We' re pretty complementary because I'm a bit of a dreamer, so it's good to have somebody knocking on your head to remind you there's a budget, " says Louis-Dreyfus. Commuting to the firm's headquarters in the Bavarian town of Herzogenaurach from his lakeside house outside Zurich, Louis-Dreyfus also transformed Adidas from a stodgy German company into a business with a global outlook. Appalled on his first day at work that the chief executive had to sign a salesman's travel voucher for $ 300, he slashed the company's bureaucracy, adopted American accounting rules and brought in international management talent. The company's chief financial officer is Australian and the international marketing manager is a Swede. English is the official language of the head office and no Germans remain on the managing board of the company, now whittled down to just himself and a few trusted aides. "It was clear we needed decentralization and financial controls, "recalls LouisDreyfus. "With German accounting rules, I never knew if I was making money or losing. " 69. ______ "He gives you a lot of freedom, " says Michael Michalsky, a 29-year-old German who heads the company's apparel design team. "He has never interfered with a decision and never complained. He's incredibly easy to work for. " 70. ______ The challenge for Louis-Dreyfus is to keep sales growing in a notoriously trend-driven business. In contrast to the boom at Adidas, for example, Reebok reported a 3% line in sales in the third quarter. Last fall Adidas rolled out a new line of shoes called "Feet You Wear" which are supposed to fit more comfortably than conventional sneakers by matching the natural contour of the foot. The first 500, 000 sold out. Adidas is an official sponsor of the World Cup, to be held next June in France, which the company hopes to turn to a marketing bonanza that will build on the strength of soccer worldwide. But Reebok also has introduced a new line called DMX Series 2000 and competition is expected to be tough come spring. A. Just as the transition was taking place, Adidas had a run of good luck. The fickle fashion trendsetters decided in early 1993 that they wanted the "retro look, " and the three stripes Adidas logo, which had been overtaken by Nike swoop, was suddenly hot again. Models such as Cindy Crawford and Claudia Schiffer and a score of rock idols sported Adidas gear on television, in films and music videos, giving the company a free publicity bonanza. Demand for Adidas products soared. B. Louis-Dreyfus, scion of a prominent French trading dynasty with an M. B. A. from Harvard, earned a reputation as a doctor to sick companies after turning around Londonbased market research firm IMS--a feat that brought him more than $10 million when the company was eventually sold. He later served as chairman of Saatchi & Saatchi, then the world's largest ad agency, which called him in when rapid growth sent profits into a tailspin. With no other company or entrepreneur willing to gamble on Adidas, Louis-Dreyfus got an incredible bargain from the banks: he and a group of friends from his days at IMS contributed just $10, 000 each in cash and signed up for $100 million in loans for 15% of the company, with an option to buy the remainder at a fixed price 18 months later. C. In another break with the traditional German workplace, Louis-Dreyfus made corporate life almost gratingly informal, employees ostentatiously called him "Rowbear" as he strides down the corridors, and bankers are still amazed when counterparts from Adidas show up for negotiations wearing sweatshirts and sneakers. D. The company's payroll, which had reached a high of 14, 600 in 1986, was pared back to just 4, 600 in 1994. It has since grown to over 6, 000. E. A sports addict who claims he hasn't missed attending a soccer World Cup final since the 1970s or the Olympic Games since 1968, the 50-year-old Louis-Dreyfus now is eminently well placed to live out many of his boyhood fantasies. Not only has he turned Adidas into a global company with market capitalization of $ 4 billion (he owns stock worth $ 250 million), but he also has endorsement contracts with a host of sports heroes from tennis great Steffi Graf to track' s Donovan Bailey, and considers it part of the job to watch his star athletes perform on the field, "There are very few chances in life to haw: such fun, " he says. F. After reducing losses in 1993, Adidas turned a profit in 1994 and has continued to surge: net income for the first three quarters in 1996 was a record $ 214 million, up 29% from the previous year. Louis-Dreyfus and his friends made vast personal fortunes when the company went public in 1995. The original investors still own 26% of the stock, which sold for $ 46 a share when trading has doubled to $ 90.

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填空题Whatdidthespeakertalkaboutlasttime?

填空题Questions 1--2 Choose the best answer.

填空题Parent-students are different from other students in class in that they participate more in class discussion.

填空题 You will hear a long talk. As you listen, you must answer Questions 21～30 by writing NO MORE THAN THREE words in the space provided on the right. You will hear the talk TWICE.

填空题Many parents who welcome the idea of turning (31) the TV and (32) more time with the family are still worried that (33) TV they would constantly be on call as entertainers for their children. They remember (34) Up all sorts of things to do when they were kids. But their own kids seem (35) , less resourceful, somehow. When there's nothing to do, these parents observe regretfully, their kids seem unable to come up with anything to do (36) turning on the TV. One father, for example, says, "When I was a (37) , we were always thinking up things to do, projects and games. We certainly never complained (38) an annoying way (39) our parents, 'I have nothing to do !' "He compares this with his own children today: "They are simply lazy. If someone (40) entertain them, they'll happily sit there watching TV all day. " There is one word for this father's disappointment; unfair. (41) is as if he (42) disappointed in them for not reading Greek though they have never studied the language. He deplores his children's (43) of inventiveness, as if the ability to play was missing. In fact, (44) the tendency to play is built into the human species, the actual ability to play-to imagine, to invent, to elaborate on reality in a playful way-and the ability to (45) fulfillment from it, these are skills that have to be (46) and developed. Such disappointment, however, is not only (47) , it is also destructive. Sensing their parents' disappointment, children come to believe that they are. (48) , lacking something, and that this (49) them less worthy of admiration and respect. Giving children the opportunity to develop new resources, to enlarge their horizons and discover the pleasures of doing things (50) their own is, on the other hand, a way to help children develop a confident feeling about themselves as capable and interesting people.

填空题 Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with ONE suitable word. “Down-to-earth”means someone or something that is honest. realistic and easy to deal with. It is a pleasure to find{{U}} (31) {{/U}}who is down-to-earth. A person who is down-to-earth is easy to talk{{U}} (32) {{/U}}and accepts other people as equals. A down-to-earth person is just the{{U}} (33) {{/U}}of someone who acts important or proud. Down-to-earth persons may be{{U}} (34) {{/U}}members of society, of course. But they do not let their importance“{{U}} (35) {{/U}} to their heads”. They do not consider themselves to be better persons than{{U}} (36) {{/U}} of less importance. Someone who is filled with his own importance and pride, {{U}}(37) {{/U}}without cause, is said to have“his nose in the air”. There is{{U}} (38) {{/U}}way a person with his nose in the air Can be down-to-earth. Americans{{U}} (39) {{/U}}another expression that means almost the same as“down-to-earth”. The expression is“both-feet-on-me-ground”. Someone{{U}} (40) {{/U}}both-feet-on-me-ground is a person with a good understanding{{U}} (41) {{/U}}reality. He has what is called“common sense, ”he may have dreams, {{U}}(42) {{/U}}he does not allow them to block his knowledge of{{U}} (43) {{/U}}is real. The opposite kind of{{U}} (44) {{/U}}is one who has his“head-in-the-clouds”. A man with his head-in-the-clouds is a dreamer{{U}} (45) {{/U}}mind is not in the real world. {{U}} (46) {{/U}}, such a dreamer can be brought back to earth. Sharp words from teacher Can usually{{U}} (47) {{/U}}a day-dreaming student down-to-earth. Usually．the person who is down-to-earth is very{{U}} (48) {{/U}}to have both feet on the ground. {{U}}(49) {{/U}}we have both our feet on the ground, when we are down-to-earth, we act honestly and openly{{U}} (50) {{/U}}others. Our lives are like the ground below US, solid and strong.

填空题Besidestheformofreports,inwhatotherformscanwegiveoralpresentations?

填空题 Hotels were{{U}} (31) {{/U}}the earliest facilities{{U}} (32) {{/U}}bound the United States together. They were both creatures and creators of communities, as{{U}} (33) {{/U}}as symptoms of the frenetic quest for communities. {{U}}(34) {{/U}}in the first part of the nineteenth century, Americans were already forming the{{U}} (35) {{/U}}of gathering from all corners of the nation for both public and{{U}} (36) {{/U}}business and pleasure purposes. Conventions were the new occasions, and hotels were distinctively American facilities{{U}} (37) {{/U}}conventions possible. The first national convention of a major party to choose a{{U}} (38) {{/U}}for President (that of the Clay for President) was held in Baltimore, at a hotel that was then reputed to be the best in the country. The presence in Baltimore{{U}} (39) {{/U}}Barnum's City Hotel, a six-storey building with two hundred apartments, helps explain{{U}} (40) {{/U}}many other early national political conventions were held there. In the long run, too, American hotels made other. national conventions not only possible{{U}} (41) {{/U}} pleasant. The growing custom of regularly assembling{{U}} (42) {{/U}}afar the representatives of all kinds of groups — not only for political conventions, but also for commercial, professional, learned, and avocational{{U}} (43) {{/U}}—in{{U}} (44) {{/U}}supported the multiplying hotels. By mid-twentieth century, conventions accounted{{U}} (45) {{/U}}over a third of the yearly room occupancy of all{{U}} (46) {{/U}}in the nation, about eighteen thousand different conventions were held annually{{U}} (47) {{/U}}a total attendance of about ten million persons. Nineteenth-century American hotelkeepers, {{U}}(48) {{/U}}were no longer the genial, deferential "hosts" of the eighteenth-century European inn, became leading citizens. Holding a large stake in the community, they exercised power to make{{U}} (49) {{/U}}prosper. As owners or managers of the local "palace of the public", they were makers and shapers of a principal community attraction. Travelers from{{U}} (50) {{/U}}were mildly shocked by this high social position.

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