填空题A=Hydro power B=Nuclear power C=Solar power D=Wind power Which power (power's) ... · was developed to provide electricity for satellites at the beginning? (71) · can promote tourism development? (72) · may give off dangerous radioactive pollution into the air? (73) · may affect the downstream water quality and have an impact on plant life? (74) · stations can increase to full power very quickly? (75) · produces small amounts of waste? (76) · is a good method of supplying energy to remote areas? (77) · provides around 20% of the world's electricity? (78) · can be used to heat your water at home instead of so much gas or electricity? (79) · is not renewable? (80) A Hydro power Introduction We have used running water as an energy source for thousands of years, mainly to grind corn. The first house in the world to be lit by hydroelectricity was Cragside House, in Northumberland, England, in 1878. In 1882 on the Fox River, in the USA, hydroelectricity produced enough power to light two paper mills and a house. Nowadays there are many hydro-electric power stations, providing around 20% of the world's electricity. The name comes from "hydro", the Greek word for water. How it works A dam is built to trap water, usually in a valley where there is an existing lake. Water is allowed to flow through tunnels in the dam, to turn turbines and thus drive generators. Advantages Once the dam is built, the energy is virtually free. No waste or pollution produced. Much more reliable than wind, solar or wave power. Water can be stored above the dam ready to cope with peaks in demand. Hydro-electric power stations can increase to full power very quickly, unlike other power stations. Disadvantages The dams are very expensive to build. Building a large dam will flood a very large area upstream, causing problems for animals that used to live there. Finding a suitable site can be difficult—the impact on residents and the environment may be unacceptable. Water quality and quantity downstream can be affected, which can have an impact on plant life. Is it renewable? Hydro-electric power is renewable. The Sun provides the water by evaporation from the sea, and will keep on doing so. B Nuclear power Introduction Nuclear power is generated using Uranium, which is a metal mined in various parts of the world. The first large-scale nuclear power station opened at Calder Hall in Cambria, England, in 1956. Some military ships and submarines have nuclear power plants for engines. How it works Nuclear power stations work in pretty much the same way as fossil fuel-burning stations, except that a "chain reaction" inside a nuclear reactor makes the heat instead. The reactor uses Uranium rods as fuel, and the heat is generated by nuclear fission. Neutrons smash into the nucleus of the Uranium atoms, which split roughly in half and release energy in the form of heat. Carbon dioxide gas is pumped through the reactor to take the heat away, and the hot gas then heats water to make steam. Advantages Nuclear power costs about the same as coal, so it's not expensive to make. Does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to the greenhouse effect. Produces huge amounts of energy from small amounts of fuel. Produces small amounts of waste. Disadvantages Although not much waste is produced, it is very, very dangerous. It must be sealed up and buried for many years to allow the radioactivity to die away. Nuclear power is reliable, but a lot of money has to be spent on safety. Is it renewable? Nuclear energy from Uranium is not renewable. C Solar power Introduction We've used the Sun for drying clothes and food for thousands of years, but only recently have we been able to use it for generating power. The Sun is 150 million kilometres away, and amazingly powerful. Just the tiny fraction of the Sun's energy that hits the Earth (around a hundredth of a millionth of a percent) is enough to meet all our power needs many times over. How it works There are two main ways that we use the Sun's energy. Solar Cells (really called "photovoltaic" or "photoelectric" cells) that convert light directly into electricity. In a sunny climate, you can get enough power to run a 100W light bulb from just one square metre of solar panel. This was originally developed in order to provide electricity for satellites, but these days many of us own calculators powered by solar cells. Solar water heating, where heat from the Sun is used to heat water in glass panels on your roof. This means you don't need to use so much gas or electricity to heat your water at home. Solar Furnaces use a huge array of mirrors to concentrate the Sun's energy into a small space and produce very high temperatures, Advantages Solar energy is free—it needs no fuel and produces no waste or pollution. In sunny countries, solar power can be used where there is no easy way to get electricity to a remote place. Handy for low-power uses such as solar powered garden lights and battery chargers. Disadvantages Doesn't work at night. Very expensive to build solar power stations. Solar ceils cost a great deal compared to the amount of electricity they'll produce in their lifetime. Can he unreliable unless you're in a very sunny climate. Is it renewable? Solar power is renewable. The sun will keep shining anyway, so it makes sense to use it. D Wind power Introduction We've used the wind as an energy source for a long time. Wind power was used in the Middle Ages, in Europe, to grind corn, which is where the term "windmill" comes from. How it works The sun heats our atmosphere unevenly, so some patches become warmer than others. These warm patches of air rise, other air blows in to replace them—and we feel a wind blowing. We can use the energy in the wind by building a tall tower, with a large propeller on the top. The wind blows the propeller round, which turns a generator to produce electricity. The more towers, the more wind, and the larger the propellers, the more electricity we can make. Advantages Wind is free, wind farms need no fuel. Produces no waste or greenhouse gases. The land beneath can usually still be used for farming. Wind farms can be tourist attractions. A good method of supplying energy to remote areas． Disadvantages The wind is not always predictable—some days have no wind． Suitable areas for wind farms are often near the coast，where land is expensive． Some people feel that covering the landscape with these towers is unsightly． Can kill birds—migrating flocks tend to like strong winds． Can affect television reception if you live nearby．

填空题A = John Gray B = Ayaan Hirsi C = Qinglian He D = Michael Walzer Which authou(s) believe(s) that the free market both damages and enhances moral character? 1 2 can bring the positive character of people into full play? 3 rewards those who are adventurous in the face of new challenges? 4 has flaws due to the human factor rather than the system itself? 5 6 causes people to behave immorally and justify such behavior? 7 cannot rectify itself as some theorists expect? 8 brings about more social and political advancement? 9 can provide better opportunities for those with abilities and intelligence? 10 A John Gray Free markets erode some aspects of character while enhancing others. Whether the result is good, on balance, depends on how one envisions a good life. Much also depends on whether one believes other economic systems can do better. The question can only be answered by comparing realistic alternatives and by understanding how different systems promote divergent types of human character. In real time, free markets rarely work according to the models Constructed by economists. There are booms and bubbles, busts and crashes. It is only in economics textbooks that markets are self-regulating. Against this background, the relation between economics and ethics can be seen more clearly. The traits of character most rewarded by free markets are entrepreneurial boldness, the willingness to speculate and gamble, and the ability to seize or create new opportunities. It is worth noting that these are not the traits most praised by conservative moralists. Prudence, thrift, and the ability to press on patiently in a familiar pattern of life may be admirable qualities, but they do not usually lead to success in the free market. B Ayaan Hirsi There is little consensus on what is moral, let alone on what erodes morality. A man of faith measures moral character by one"s ability to abide by the demands of his God. A socialist might measure moral strength by one"s dedication to the redistribution of wealth. A liberal—by which I mean a classical, Adam Smith or Milton Friedman liberal, not a liberal in its American meaning of "pro-big government"—might be religious, and he might see the merits of income equality, but he will always put freedom first. This is the moral framework to which I subscribe. According to this school of thought, freedom of the individual is the highest aim, and the ultimate test of a person"s character is his ability to pursue his own chosen goals in life without infringing upon the freedom of others to pursue their own goals. From this perspective, free economic activity among individuals, corporations, and nations boosts such desirable qualities as trust, honesty, and hard work. Producers are compelled to continually improve their goods and services. The free market establishes a meritocracy and creates opportunities for better jobs for those students who work hard at school. The same mechanism pushes parents to invest more time and money in the education of their children. Producers invest in research and innovation to beat their competitors in the marketplace. C Qinglian He Over the past several centuries, the world has seen the many ways in which an active free market spurs material and social progress while at the same time strengthening moral character. By contrast people who have lived under the free market"s primary modern rival, the ideologically-driven planned economy of state socialism, have suffered as economic performance stagnated, civil society withered, and morality was eroded. In recent decades, as planned economies collapsed under their own contradictions, this utopian experiment has proved to be a systematic failure. Citizens who had endured long years of economic, moral, and political disaster were eager to get rid of them. Of course, the market economy is not a perfect system. But the market"s flaws stem from the actions and motivations of its human participants rather than from its design. Experience has taught us that a free market is closely associated with a free society. And in free societies, people are better able to act in concert to improve their lives. Free societies afford people the opportunity to make their own political and social systems more just. In general, these activities support rather than erode morality. D Michael Walzer Competition in the market puts people under great pressure to break the ordinary rules of decent conduct and then to produce good reasons for doing so. It is these rationalizations—the endless self-deception necessary to meet the bottom line and still feel okay about it—that erode moral character. But this isn"t in itself an argument against the free market. Think about the ways that democratic politics also erodes moral character. Competition for political power puts people under great pressure—to make promises they can"t keep, to take money from shady characters, to compromise principles that shouldn"t be compromised. All this has to be defended somehow, and moral character doesn"t survive the defense—at least, it doesn"t survive intact. But these obvious flaws don"t constitute an argument against democracy. To be sure, economic and political competition also produce cooperative projects of many different sorts—partnerships, companies, parties, unions. Within these projects, empathy, mutual respect, friendship, and solidarity are developed and reinforced. People learn the give-and-take of collective deliberation. They stake out positions, take risks, and forge alliances. All these processes build character. But because the stakes are so high, participants in these activities also learn to watch and distrust one another, to conceal their plans, to betray their friends. They become "characters" in familiar stories of corporate corruption, political scandal, defrauded stockholders, and deceived voters.

填空题A=Charles Ⅰ B=Charles Ⅱ C=Charles Ⅴ Which king... ● came to the throne in 15257 1 ● was Emperor of the HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE? 2 ● did not become king until the monarchy was restored in 16607 3 ● was often forced to temporize in one place while he reached his goal elsewhere? 4 ● was dominated by his friend during the first years of his reign? 5 ● outlawed Luther? 6 ● wanted toleration for Roman Catholics? 7 ● wanted to reunite the Germans in a Catholic church? 8 ● was very fond of hunting? 9 ● was unable to compromise? 10 Charles Ⅰ (1600～49). Charles is the only English King who was tried and executed by his subjects. His father, James Ⅵ of Scotland, had succeeded his cousin ELIZABETH I as James Ⅰ of England, thus uniting Cue two kingdoms, and Charles himself came to the throne in 1625. During the first years of his reign Charles was dominated by George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, his father"s favourite and his own close friend, whose advice led Charles into many difficulties. They waged war on both Spain and France, the expeditions against both countries being costly failures. Quarrels with Parliament soon started about Charles"s choice of councillors and commanders (in particular Buckingham), about taxation and other means of raising money, and about religion. Charles was remarkable among the kings of his time as being a good husband and father, faithful and devoted; he was dignified, upright, and well-meaning towards his subjects, but he was unable to compromise. He believed MONARCHY to be the only true form of government—a trust to the King from God, and he considered himself to be above the law and the common rules of conduct which are binding to ordinary people. The King and his people, therefore drifted apart. Charles patronized literature and the arts, but he suppressed political and religious opposition, and thousands emigrated to New England. Charles meant to rule in the interests of all classes and to protect the poor, but the more progressive business and farming people, with their interest in moneymaking, opposed him. Religious disputes between High Church and Puritan grew more frequent. Charles Ⅱ (1630～85). The son of CHARLES I executed in 1649, Charles Ⅱ did not become king until the monarchy was restored in 1660. From the age of 16 he was in exile, except when, shortly after his father"s execution, he came to terms with the Scots. He invaded England from Scotland, but was decisively defeated by Oliver Cromwell at Worcester, and escaped back to France only after a series of adventures. After the death of Cromwell, when the country was near to anarchy, General Monk took control, and a new Parliament was elected. This at once voted for return of the Monarchy, and Charles, already in communication with Monk, returned to England on May 29, 1660. He was welcomed with tremendous enthusiasm. Charles"s policy when he returned to the throne was in the first place to keep his throne—never, as he expressed it, to go on his travels again. Beyond that, he wanted toleration for Roman Catholics (his brother, later James Ⅱ, was an open Catholic and Charles himself a secret one); to be independent of Parliament in money matters and foreign policy; and to enjoy himself without criticism or interference. Charles was very fond of hunting and enjoyed gay and rather coarse company. Charles had no legitimate son, and the crisis of the reign arose over the question of the succession. In 1678 a so-called Popish plot was discovered to kill the King and seize power, and this led to a fierce persecution of Catholics. Charles Ⅴ (1500～58). This Hapsbure Emperor ruled over one of the greatest accumulations of territories in history. As heir to the Hapsburgs, he inherited Austria and the Netherlands. In 1519 he was elected to succeed his grandfather, Maximilian I, as Emperor of the HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE. As heir to Ferdinand and Isabella through his mother, he succeeded to the Spanish Crown with its South American colonies and the kingdoms of Sicily and Naples. He was of medium stature, with little personal charm; his pale face was disfigured by the protruding Hapsburg underlip, but enlivened by bright and intelligent eyes. The diversity of Charles"s realms in race and religion involved him in so many problems that he was often forced to temporize in one place while he reached his goal elsewhere. As soon as he became Emperor, he was faced with the religious problem in Germany, where Martin Luther was beginning his Protestant activities. Charles summoned his first Diet (parliament) at Worms in Germany in 1521, before which Luther had to appear to defend himself. Charles outlawed Luther, but gave him a safe conduct. Charles"s aim was to reunite the Germans in a Catholic Church, which he wanted to reform by means of a General Council—a policy unpopular, not only with the Lutherans, but also with the Catholics who resented reform, and Charles dared not undertake it while other dangers threatened him.

填空题In July of 1994, an astounding series of events took (31) . The world anxiously watched as, every few hours, a hurtling chunk of comet plunged into the atmosphere of Jupiter. All of the twenty-odd fragments, collectively (32) comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 after its discoverers, were once part of the same object, now dismembered and strong out along the same orbit. This cometary train, glistening like a string of pearls, had been first glimpsed only (33) few months before its fateful impact with Jupiter, and rather quickly scientists had predicted (34) the fragments were on a collision course with the giant planet. The impact caused (35) explosion clearly visible from Earth, a bright flaming fire that quickly expanded as each icy mass incinerated itself. When each (36) shammed at 60 kilometers (37) second into the dense atmosphere, its immense kinetic energy was transformed (38) heat, producing a superheated fireball that was ejected back through the tunnel the fragment had made a few seconds earlier. The residues from these explosions left huge black marks on the face of Jupiter, some of (39) have stretched out (40) form dark ribbons. Although this impact (41) was of considerable scientific import, it especially piqued public curiosity and interest. Photographs of each collision made the evening television newscast and were posted (42) the Internet. This (43) possibly the most open scientific endeavor (44) history. The face of the largest planet in the solar system was changed before our very eyes. And (45) the very first time, most of humanity came to fully appreciate the fact (46) we ourselves live on a similar target, a world subject to catastrophe by random assaults (47) celestial bodies. That realization was a surprise to many, but it should not have been. One of the great truths revealed by the last few decades of planetary exploration is that collisions (48) bodies of all sizes are relatively commonplace, at least in geologic (49) , and were even more frequent in the early solar (50) .

填空题·tells us that the government will give support to employers, who offer part-time jobs?

填空题 (31) the National Cranberry Assn. held its 29th annual meeting in 1959, food writer Clementine Paddleford made the rounds. Or, (32) she described it, she "went begging ideas from growers' wives. "This was not unusual, really, (33) the food editor of This Week magazine, a Sunday supplement to The Times. For years she had scoured the country, (34) for new ways to turn simple ingredients into (35) dishes. One year before her cross-country journeys would end, Paddleford (36) that 150"ladies had gone traveling with their husbands" to the Hanson, Mass. , cranberry meeting. So she would not let the (37) pass to find "new ways to use the bouncy little berry." (38) she had a "chat" with Mrs. Milton Reeves of New Lisbon, N. J. , who advised that fresh cranberries be (39) in the freezer for year-round use. Then she spoke with Mrs. Thomas B. Darlington Jr. , who (40) her cranberry pudding recipe—"a hand-down from old times." Cranberry pie and cranberry torte recipes quickly followed. These were (41) by Mrs. Newell Jasperson of Wisconsin Rapids, Wis. , whose husband was a third generation cranberry grower. (42) in her office, Paddleford reprinted the recipes in This Week magazine on Nov. 15, 1959. (43) the headline, Cranbernes Don't Need Turkey! she reported that the 1959 cranberry crop was estimated at 1 263 000 barrels, (44) 100 pounds to a barrel. (According to the U. S. Department of Agriculture, the forecast (45) 1999 is "a record high" of 5.81 million barrels. ) Also, 60% of those 1959 cranberries would be used for jellies, sauces and cranberry cocktails. (Today, about 95% of the cranberry crop is processed (46) juice and sauce, while only 5% is (47) for hand-to-mouth eating. ) As for Mrs. Jasperson's cranberry torte, the cranberries are combined with dates, walnuts and orange zest, which gives the dessert a hearty, fruity and decidedly California (48) . We'd call it a cake instead of a torte, however, since it contains a fair amount of flour and makes do (49) a butter cream or jam filling. In fact, we bet some might call it a terrific Thanksgiving (50) .

填空题Perhaps shyness would be less of a problem if we considered it a special grace to be celebrated, rather than a disease to be cured. Shyness may even be a necessary element in developing and maintaining intimacy. And, paradoxically, maybe we can only act publicly in a vital way so long as shyness guards the sanctuary of our privacy. To offer a panacea to shyness, to sing of its virtues, may allow it to assume an honored place within the economy of emotions. Before we begin, let us eliminate certain extremes from our definition of shyness. At times of disease, tragedy, and radical transitions, most of us have flashes of rampant paranoia, when the world seems hostile, other people are strangers, and we are too vulnerable to be open to chaos. Fortunately, these moments pass, for all except those who become imprisoned within neurosis or psychosis. But momentary fear is not to be confused with its distant relative-shyness-nor can it be eliminated by any means short of lobotomy. Normal shyness is, at worst, a tendency to withdraw from contact with anything that is strange, it is rooted in feelings of inferiority and low self-esteem. But, at best, shyness may be inexperience, modesty, or reserve, an inner trembling in the face of novelty. If the social situation demands that we move toward intimacy more rapidly than is comfortable, shyness is a painful reminder of the distance between social demands and our private rhythms. All of us are shy at times, because the world is full of wonders, and we are small and relatively ignorant. To value shyness is to cherish the interior life it protects. Within each of us is a private world filled with vulnerable and savage thoughts, feelings, and dreams. It is within this inner wilderness that the uniqueness of the self dwells. Beneath the social roles we have agreed to play, beneath the personality, the essential self remains free. The will and the imagination are untamed. To be a person is to know that the sum of my behaviors is only a small part of my self. In my solitude, I may entertain thoughts as intricate as Aristotle's or as twisted as de Sade's, or watch a conflict between duty and desire as fierce as any civil war. We are poverty-stricken when we are conditioned to assume only an extroverted social identity and to neglect the inner life. Shyness is a natural defense of our vulnerable sanctuary of self against the intrusion of insensitive and careless strangers. Nobody but a fool keeps open house for all comers. Friendship requires time and commitment. And the barriers of shyness fall of their own accord when a relationship lengthens and deepens in trust. A look at the social and psychological imperatives in a technological culture shows why shyness has come to be considered a disease that must be cured. Technology conditions us to believe that speed, efficiency, and productivity are of prime value. Hence, we come to understand ourselves on the model of the machine: our brains are elaborate biocomputers housed in a feedback apparatus called a body. To exist in this Brave New World, we have learned to divide our time into convenient segments(40-hour weeks) for efficient management and to develop enough aggression to beat the competition. To prepare ourselves to live in a competitive world, we adopt what Erich Fromm called a"marketing orientation." We construct personalities that are stylish and conform to the demands of a market economy.

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填空题"How are you keeping?" "Look (31) yourself. " "Good Health. ""Here's your health." "Health, wealth and happiness." "If you're healthy, you're (32) " It's amazing how many greetings, wishes and general expressions turn on health. Health is something healthy people hardly ever think about (33) they're (34) When that happens they think about little else. Then their visits to the doctor, the hospital; if they're really unwell, medicines, pills, bottles, ointments, injections, having their temperature taken, and the worry (35) expense. Well, (36) least in Britain the last part isn't too bad under the National Health Service. This is a Government enforced scheme whereby everyone pays in a small percentage of their earnings each week (37) month, and is then entitled to free medical treatment when they are ill. This doesn't include medicines, which have to be paid (38) , but at a considerably reduced rate. Everybody (39) Britain is advised (40) have a local doctor. When a person moves (41) a district, one of the first things they do is to find a (42) doctor and get on his list or panel. There (43) lists of NHS doctors in the local post offices and everybody has a (44) card. Most British (45) are already registered with a doctor and moving into a new district entails no more than finding a new doctor and transferring (46) his panel. The National Health doctor will treat, and prescribe for, the more usual illnesses. Any cases that are beyond the scope of the local surgery he will (47) to the nearest hospital, Again, in hospital, the (48) is free. The only drawback is that a great many people are in, or attending, hospital (49) that most would-be patients have to go on a waiting list before they can (50) hospital treatment.

填空题Depression Problem in the UK The Depression Report, 1 was published on Monday, argues that everyone 2 from severe anxiety and depression should be offered psychotherapy. According to the report, one 3 six people in the UK will be 4 with chronic depression or anxiety, 5 , it argues, are "the biggest causes of misery in Britain today". 6 , only few of these seek help. The report argues that this is because the main treatment currently available is anti-depressants, with limited counselling offered only in some parts of the UK. This is 7 the fact that most people say they would 8 to talk to someone, and notwithstanding existing guidelines from the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) which advise that talking therapies work 9 . The guidelines are not being adhered to, the report says, 10 to lack of funds and a 11 of therapists. There are currently one million people in the UK 12 incapacity benefit—more than the 13 number of unemployed people. The report"s authors, led by Professor Richard Kurtiz, say more than half of these people could be cured if they 14 to receive some form of talking cure, including cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). 15 to whether or not the country could 16 the extra expenditure, Professor Layard argues that the 17 cost to the UK in lost income from those who suffer from severe anxiety and depression is ￡12 billion—the 18 of 1 per cent of the national income every year. The report argues that, 19 patients to be given a course of 16 12 CBT would have an almost instant impact on the UK economy.

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填空题America—the great "melting pot"—has always been a rich blend of cultural traditions from all over the world. Many American families can trace their histories 1 immigrant ancestors who traveled great 2 , enduring risk and hardship, to make a home 3 they would be guaranteed basic freedoms. And for many American families, these freedoms came 4 a struggle. Their parents and grandparents were deprived of the basic rights we value. American society was founded 5 freedom from religious persecution and on tolerance of 6 in beliefs and cultural heritage. The differences (or diversity) that come 7 people from all over the world enrich our culture, bringing new ideas and energy. Today, more than 8 , children have opportunities to interact with 9 of differing ethnicities, religions, and cultures. Classrooms are increasingly 10 , reflecting the communities where families live and work. Some parents welcome the fact that we live in an increasingly diverse 11 Others may feel more hesitant, especially if they have not had much exposure 12 people different from 13 . Many children are way ahead of their 14 in terms of exposure to cultural differences. Their circle of friends, their schoolmates, and their athletic teams are much more varied than 15 of even a generation ago. Why is it important for parents to 16 their children prepare to live, learn and work in communities that will become even more diverse? Teaching tolerance is important 17 just because it is part of our American heritage but 18 the person who learns to be open to differences will have more opportunity in education, in business, and in so many 19 ways. In 20 , your child"s success depends on it. Success in today"s world—and tomorrow"s—depends on being able to understand, appreciate, and work with others.

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填空题WheredidPollybringhispetdogto?

填空题FranklinRooseveltbecamepresident______.

填空题 You will hear a talk about American diet. As you listen, you must answer Questions 21-30 by writing NO MORE THAN THREE words in the space provided on the right. You will hear the talk TWICE.{{B}} You now have 60 seconds to read Questions 21-30.{{/B}}

填空题·was most popular in Tennessee at first?

填空题·offers a poor view even when the mirrors are used?

填空题·has the best engine design in terms of saving money?

填空题·is among the oldest sections and played an important role in American history?