填空题Bush's MBA Twenty-six of 42 presidents, including Bill Clinton, were lawyers. Seven were generals. George W. Bush becomes the first with an MBA. Those who have had Bush for a boss since the mid-1980s—in the (1) of oil, baseball and Texas state government—describe his management (2) as straight from the pages of the organizational-behavior (3) he studied while getting his masters of business administration (4) at Harvard University in 1975. He manages by what is known (5) "walking around," having learned that sitting behind a desk and passing out memos does (6) to energize anyone. He has a reputation for fueling "creative tension" (7) his subordinates, encouraging them to take and defend opposing (8) . That sacrifices harmony, but puts ideas to the test and lets Bush (9) above the fray, where he can offer guidance instead of barking (10) . Imagine the creative tension that may erupt (11) the likes of Secretary of State-designate Colin Powell and Defense Secretary— (12) Donald Rumsfeld. Above all, former employees say that he is a master at delegating (13) installing measures of accountability—ways of knowing (14) subordinates are getting the job done without looking (15) any shoulders. That frees Bush for strategic thinking—perhaps (16) two words hammered into MBA students most—which means thinking (17) to seize opportunities and to derail threats to the best of plans. "George was my (18) ," says Tom Schieffer, who served as president of the Texas Rangers under Bush (19) 1991 and 1995. "But he never made me feel that way. He went out of his way to treat me as a (20) , not a subordinate." That's one trait that might be of concern, says Michael Useem, director of the Wharton Center for Leadership and Change at the University of Pennsylvania. It's important for subordinates to feel part of the team, but not just because the boss craves popularity. Just as in the military, it must be understood who is in charge when the final order is given.

填空题It never occurred to him that he and his doing were not of the most intense and fascinating interest to anyone with whom he came in contact. He had theories about almost any subject under the sun, including vegetarianism, the drama, politics, and music; and in support of these theories he wrote pamphlets, letters, books.., thousands upon thousands of words, hundreds and hundreds of pages. He not only wrote these things, and published them—usually at somebody else"s expense—but he would sit and read them aloud, for hours, to his friends and his family. He had the emotional stability of a six-year-old child. When he felt out of sorts, he would rave and stamp, or sink into suicidal gloom and talk darkly of going to the East to end his days as a Buddhist monk. Ten minutes later, when something pleased him, he would rush out of doors and run around the garden, or jump up and down on the sofa, or stand on his head. He was almost innocent of any sense of responsibility. Not only did he seem incapable of supporting himself, but it never 1 to him that he was under any obligation to do so. He was convinced that the 2 owed him a living. In support of this belief, he borrowed 3 from everybody who was good for a loan—men, women, friends, or 4 . He wrote begging letters by the score, sometimes groveling 5 shame, at others loftily offering his intended benefactor the privilege of 6 to his support, and being mortally offended if the recipient declined the 7 . I have found no record of his ever paying or repaying money to 8 who did not have a legal claim upon it. The name of this monster was Richard Wagner. Everything that I have said about him you can find 9 record: in newspapers, in police reports, in the testimony of people who knew him, in his own letters, 10 the lines of his autobiography. And the curious thing about this record is 11 it doesn"t matter in the least. Because this undersized, sickly, 12 , fascinating little man was right all the time. The joke was 13 us. He was one of the world"s greatest dramatists; he was a great 14 ; he was one of the most stupendous musical geniuses that, up to now, the world has 15 seen. The world did owe him a living. When you consider what he wrote: thirteen operas and 16 dramas, eleven of them still holding the stage, eight of them unquestionably 17 ranking among the world"s great musical-dramatic masterpieces: when you listen to 18 he wrote, the debts and heartaches that people had to endure from him don"t 19 much of a price. Think of the luxury with which for a time, at least, fate 20 Napoleon, the man who ruined France and looted Europe; and then 21 you will agree that a few thousand dollars" worth of debts were not too 22 a price to pay for the Ring trilogy. Listening to his music, one does not forgive him for what he 23 or may not have been. It is not a matter of forgiveness. It is a 24 of being dumb with wonder that his poor brain and body didn"t burst 25 the torment of the demon of creative energy that lived inside him, 26 , clawing, scratching to be released; tearing, shrieking at him to 27 the music that was in him. The miracle is that what he did in the little 28 of seventy years could have been done at all, even by a great 29 . Is it any wonder that he had no time to be a man?

填空题Holiday Blues For most of us, the purpose of the holidays is to bring peace, love and goodwill towards all. Yet, for many, the holiday season often means stress, fatigue, pressure, disappointment and loneliness. These feelings, often known as the "holiday blues," may be even more 1 this year, due to the emotional turmoil of the past few months, not to 2 the unsteady economy. Experts say even the more ritual tasks of shopping, 3 , late-night parties, cooking, planning and family 4 can be holiday stressors. In addition, the psychological phenomenon known as 5 affective disorder, or SAD, may bring a specific type of depression 6 to winter"s shorter days and longer nights. "Certainly just because it"s the 7 which doesn"t mean people are going to be happy," says Dr. Doug Jacobs of Harvard University. "And 8 will be a particularly hard holiday for some who are dealing with a 9 job, debt, or even a lost loved one." And with family reunions becoming less frequent 10 over the years, there is now the added pressure of getting just one 11 to get it all right. "Families are much more disparate now," says John Stutsman, a 12 psychologist at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago. The 13 and sense of alienation that often results from family gatherings, he 14 , is actually a realization that "the fantasy is not met." Still, say experts, the 15 should be addressed. The most essential step, says Stutsman, is for the individuals to 16 their feelings and the reason for their withdrawal. "Denial will only 17 the stress they"re feeling." Stutsman also advises that 18 "avoidance is actually not such a bad idea." In some situations, fulfilling social 19 "may be self-destructive when the best thing may be to just stay home." The healthy 20 has to do with taking care of oneself.

填空题Some consumer researchers distinguish (1) "rational" motives and "emotional" (or "non-rational") motives. They use the term "rationality" (2) the traditional economic sense that assumes (3) consumers behave rationally when they carefully consider all alternatives (4) choose those that give them the greatest utility (i.e., satisfaction). (5) a marketing context, the term "rationality" implies that the consumer selects goods based (6) totally objective criteria, such (7) size, weight, price, and so on. "Emotional" motives imply the selection of goods (8) to personal or subjective criteria—the desire (9) individuality, pride, fear, affection or status. The assumption underlying this distinction is (10) subjective or emotional criteria do not maximize utility or satisfaction. (11) , it is reasonable to assume that consumers always attempt to select alternatives that, (12) their view, serve to maximize satisfaction. Obviously, the assessment of satisfaction is a very personal process, based (13) the individual's own needs as (14) as on past behavioral, social, and learning experiences. What may appear (15) irrational to an outside observer may be perfectly rational (16) the context of the consumer's own psychological field. For example, a product purchased to enhance one's self-image (such as a fragrance) is a perfectly rational form of consumer behavior. (17) behavior did not appear rational to the person who undertakes it (18) the time that it is undertaken, obviously he or she would not do it. (19) the distinction between rational and emotional motives does not appear to be warranted. Some researchers go so far (20) to suggest that emphasis (21) "needs" obscures the rational, or conscious, nature of most consumer motivation. They claim that consumers act consciously (22) maximize their gains and minimize their losses; that they act not (23) subconscious drives but from rational preferences, (24) what they perceive to be (25) their own best interests.

填空题Some consumer researchers distinguish_____(1) "rational" motives and "emotional" (or "non-rational") motives. They use the term "rationality"_____(2) the traditional economic sense that assumes_____(3) consumers behave rationally when they carefully consider all alternatives_____(4) choose those that give them the greatest utility (i.e., satisfaction). _____(5) a marketing context, the term "rationality" implies that the consumer selects goods based_____(6) totally objective criteria, such_____(7) size, weight, price, and so on. "Emotional" motives imply the selection of goods____(8) to personal or subjective criteria — the desire_____(9) individuality, pride, fear, affection or status. The assumption underlying this distinction is____(10) subjective or emotional criteria do not maximize utility or satisfaction. _____ (11), it is reasonable to assume that consumers always attempt to select alternatives that, ____(12) their view, serve to maximize satisfaction. Obviously, the assessment of satisfaction is a very personal process, based_____(13) the individual''s own needs as_____(14) as on past behavioral, social, and learning experiences. What may appear_____(15) irrational to an outside observer may be perfectly rational ______(16) the context of the consumer''s own psychological field. For example, a product purchased to enhance one''s self-image (such as a fragrance) is a perfectly rational form of consumer behavior. ____(17) behavior did not appear rational to the person who undertakes it_____ (18) the time that it is undertaken, obviously he or she would not do it._____(19) the distinction between rational and emotional motives does not appear to be warranted. Some researchers go so far_____(20) to suggest that emphasis_____ (21) "needs" obscures the rational, or conscious, nature of most consumer motivation. They claim that con?sumers act consciously____(22) maximize their gains and minimize their losses; that they act not____(23) subconscious drives but from rational preferences,____(24) what they perceive to be_____(25) their own best interests.

填空题Immorality in Afghanistan Many aid organizations in Kabul have suspended their programmes after the arrest of two French aid workers by the Taliban, the Afghan capital"s new rulers. Some are wondering whether to pull out altogether. Most of the problems facing the aid workers 1 the Taliban"s attitude to women. The two Frenchmen and five of their 2 staff were arrested at a lunch party on February 21st given by the 3 expatriate staff for their Afghan women workers. The fate of the local 4 is not known, but the Frenchmen are under investigation for 5 the Taliban consider immorality: being in the same compound as 6 women. The veils they insist upon have a small patch of gauze 7 the eyes; Saudi-style veils, which show the eyes, are unacceptable. The Taliban are 8 that aid organizations buy mini-buses with curtains to transport 9 female staff. Local drivers are afraid of carrying women workers—whether 10 or local—in case they are stopped by armed patrol and accused of immoral 11 . Almost half of Kabul"s mother-and-child health clinics run by aid workers have 12 their operations. At first the Taliban, who occupied Kabul in September, turned a 13 eye to the fate that many Afghan woman were working for aid 14 . Since the arrest, the agencies have sought written guarantees 15 their work will not be impeded. The Taliban will not give them. Even if they would, the 16 would not necessarily be honoured by street patrols. There is a big difference between what is 17 by those supposedly in authority and what happens in reality. The Taliban have said that 18 are allowed to work in medical services, subject to certain restrictions. Yet 19 carrying women to and from work have been stopped, the drivers harassed and the women 20 home. A pull-out by aid agencies would be a serious blow to Kabul"s citizens. International organizations provide more than 90% of medical supplies in Kabul, and almost half the city"s population receives some kind of food aid. ( The Economist )

填空题Philanthropy It has become an American tradition that those who attain great wealth return some of it to the public through philanthropy. An early example of this was the generosity of Amos Lawrence of Massachusetts, a wealthy merchant who in the 1830s and afterwards contributed much money for famine relief in Ireland. He also donated generously to educational and other humanitarian causes. In the early years of the twentieth century several men who had amassed vast 1 likewise became great philanthropists. Andrew Carnegie, an exceptionally energetic man, 2 has begun working twelve hours a day when he was only fourteen years old, 3 one of the world"s richest men by pioneering in the steel 4 . After his retirement in 1900 he devoted his time and his wealth to the 5 of free public libraries. He also set up foundations for medical research and 6 world peace. Carnegie"s belief, as he expressed it in an essay, was 7 the wealthy person must "consider all surplus revenues 8 come to him simply as "trust funds" which is strictly bound as a matter of 9 to administer in the manner best calculated to produce the most 10 results for the community—the man of wealth thus becoming the mere 11 and agent for his poorer brethren." John D. Rockefeller, who also began as a poor boy, became 12 rich through oil refineries and other enterprises. In his 13 age, in the early 1900"s, he began to donate millions for beneficial 14 . The various Rockefeller Foundations support research as well as 15 causes in the United States and in other parts of the world. Rockefeller funds are now fighting hunger through the so-called "green revolution," whereby new agricultural techniques have greatly multiplied the yield of food crops in Mexico, India, Pakistan, and parts of Africa. Through the Ford Foundation, and based on automobile profits, Henry Ford Ⅱ donated $500 million in 1950 to universities and hospitals for improving education and health. This likewise became a world-famous foundation, whose activities have spread far and wide. Some of this money was effectively spend fight cholera and typhus in far-off Nepal.

填空题Darwin—The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection The main conclusion arrived at in this work, namely, that man is descended from some lowly organised form, will, I regret to think, be highly distasteful to many. But there can hardly be a doubt that we are descended from barbarians. The astonishment which I felt on first seeing a party of Fuegians on a wild and broken shore will never be {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}by me, for the reflection at once rushed into my mind—such {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}our ancestors. These men were absolutely naked and {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}with paint, their long hair was tangled, their mouths {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}with excitement, and their expression was wild, startled, and {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}. They possessed hardly any arts, and like wild animals {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}on what they could catch; they had no government, and were {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}to every one not of their own small tribe. He who has seen a {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}in his native land will not feel much shame, if forced to {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}that the blood of some more humble creature flows in his {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}. For my own part I would as soon be descended from that heroic {{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}monkey, who braved his dreaded enemy in order to save the life of {{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}keeper, or from that old baboon, who descending from the mountains, {{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}away in triumph his young comrade from a crowd of {{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}dogs—as from a savage who delights to torture his {{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}, offers up bloody sacrifices, practices infanticide without remorse, treats his wives like slaves, knows no decency, and is haunted by the grossest superstitions.

填空题World Water Shortage A new study warns that about thirty percent of the world's people may not have enough water by the year 2025. A private American organization called (1) Action International did the new study. It says (2) than three-hundred-thirty-five-million people (3) enough water now. The people live in twenty-eight (4) . Most of the countries are in Africa or the (5) East. P-A-I researcher Robert Engelman says (6) the year 2025, about three-thousand-million people (7) lack water. At least 18 more countries are (8) to have severe water problems. The demand (9) water keeps increasing. Yet the amount of water on Earth (10) the same. Mr. Engelman says the population in countries that lack water is (11) faster than in other parts of the world. He says (12) growth in these countries will continue to (13) . The report says lack of water in the future may (14) in several problems. It may increase health (15) . Lack of water often means drinking (16) not safe. Mr. Engelman says there are problems (17) over the world because of diseases, such as cholera, (18) are carried in water. Lack of water may also result (19) more international conflict. Countries may have to (20) for water in the future. Some countries now get sixty percent of their fresh water from other countries. This is true of Egypt, the Netherlands, Cambodia, Syria, Sudan, and Iraq. And the report says lack of water would affect the ability of developing to improve their economies. This is because new industries often need a large amount of water when they are beginning.

填空题Web Business In the first year or so of web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make 1 because business people typically know what product they"re looking for. Nonetheless, many 2 still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its 3 . "Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the 4 ," says senior analyst Blaine Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are 5 the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business 6 who are given access to the company"s private internet. Another major shift in the model for 7 commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet 8 activities have focused on strategies to "pull" customers into 9 . In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools 10 allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, 11 marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most 12 , the PointCast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually 13 stream of news and advertisements to subscribers" computer 14 . Subscribers can customize the information they want to 15 and proceed directly to a company"s Web site. Companies 16 as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technology to push 17 to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other 18 . But push technology has earned the contempt of many 19 users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information 20 onto the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and the television 21 . That"s a prospect that horrifies Net purists. But it is hardly 22 that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to 23 money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon. com, and other 24 show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of 25 , hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.

填空题 A patrol team of sea lions and dolphins featured in a large-scale military exercises being conducted by the U. S. and its allies in the Pacific Ocean. The machine{{U}} (1) {{/U}}took part in simulated mine recovery and mine detection missions during the biennial Rim of the Pacific Exercise (RIMPAC) war games. The{{U}} (2) {{/U}}started on June 19 and will run{{U}} (3) {{/U}}Friday. "There are a number of mechanical systems that work in those areas.{{U}} (4) {{/U}}high-tech gadgets deployed by the military can't{{U}} (5) {{/U}}the natural skills of dolphins and lions," said Tom Lapuzza, spokesman for UN Navy's Marine Mammal Program. Sea lions have "incredible good underwater{{U}} (6) {{/U}}" and can dive down to 300 meters to catch a recovery line to a mine, he said. Dolphins use sonar to{{U}} (7) {{/U}}mine. Human beings have a long{{U}} (8) {{/U}}of training animals to join the military. Horses have been the most widely-used animals{{U}} (9) {{/U}}the recorded history of{{U}} (10) {{/U}}. In early times, horses were used to{{U}} (11) {{/U}}chariots or to{{U}} (12) {{/U}}armored forces. With the development of modem weapons and motorized{{U}} (13) {{/U}}, the use of horses for military purposes fell into{{U}} (14) {{/U}}.{{U}} (15) {{/U}}, horses were still used {{U}}(16) {{/U}} by the German army during World War II for transporting{{U}} (17) {{/U}}and equipment, including artillery. During World War II,{{U}} (18) {{/U}}with explosives strapped to their backs were used as anti-tank weapons. In other{{U}} (19) {{/U}}, they were used for detecting mines. Some dogs were also used as messengers. Other animals have also{{U}} (20) {{/U}}in the military. Recorded history shows the use of elephants for military purposes as early as 1,100 B. C.. They were employed during World War II by both the Japanese army and the{{U}} (21) {{/U}}. There are records showing that over 100,000 reindeer were used by Finland to tow sleds during World War II. They carried the{{U}} (22) {{/U}}to hospitals, brought supplies to the troops and moved heavy anti-tank weapons. It is well documented that oxen have been{{U}} (23) {{/U}}used in war as improvised beasts of burden. During World War II, spiders were employed by the Allies to spin silk for{{U}} (24) {{/U}}in cross-hairs on bomb scopes and other optical instruments. People also are finding that Vampire bats' ability to use echolocation is very interesting as we{{U}} (25) {{/U}}to learn how it works and it may benefit the army.

填空题China"s One-child-per-couple Policy Has Inflamed the Ancient Preference for Sons The letter from a Chinese woman to her American friend reflected her torment and tears. "I told you I wish a baby girl, because nothing can compare with one"s love of a baby, especially mother and daughter," she wrote in broken English. Instead of bringing joy, however, the birth of a daughter was destroying her family. "My husband wants to divorce me," she continued. "When he knew the baby was a girl, he left quickly." Reluctant to blame only her husband, she pointed to her in-laws. "He is the only boy, so his having a son is more important for his parents," she explained. "Although he had been hoping for a boy, I never thought he would act like this." Old attitudes die hard in a society that has been a bastion of male 21 for 22 centuries. Until a few decades ago, the drowning of 22 girls was tolerated in poor rural areas as an economic necessity. A girl was just another 23 to feed, another dowry to pay, a temporary family member who would eventually 24 to serve her husband"s kin. A boy, on the other hand, meant more muscle for the 25 work, someone to care for aged parents and bum offerings to ancestors. The Communists 26 to change all that in 1949 by freeing women from the household, putting them to work in 27 and factories and giving them the right to inherit property. Suddenly a girl could have 28 economic value. Still, feudal tradition has resisted change in many 29 , and the government"s draconian one-child-per-couple population policy, 30 in 1979, has inflamed age-old prejudices against females. Rural and minority families 31 lie, cheat or pay fines in order to try a second pregnancy in the 32 of having a son. And female infanticide—plus its modem variation, the 33 of amniocentesis to identify female fetuses in order to abort them—continues. The problem is so 34 that government campaigns urge parents to "Love your daughter" and allow girl 35 to live. Even in enlightened circles, condolences are in order for a couple 36 newborn is a girl. Over dinner in the Beijing apartment of a liberal-party cadre, a young 37 proudly passes around color photos of her infant son, lying spread-eagled on a 38 , his genitals prominently displayed. Seated beside her, the new mother of a baby girl 39 on in wistful silence. She carries no pictures. Jiang Junsheng, a 40 engineer in a Beijing auto-parts factory, says he wasn"t upset when his 41 child, a daughter, was born, but "my mother did not like it." That"s an 42 , says his wife Chen Yiyun, 50, a well-known sociologist. "His 43 would not take care of our daughter," she says. "Yet when my husband"s brother had a boy, she 44 him with attention." Social observers believe a daughter"s lot will 45 as women become more valuable to China"s growing economy and as the one-child policy eventually makes every scion—male and female—precious to parents. Chen"s own daughter Jiang Xu, 19, reflects changing attitudes when she expresses her preference for a daughter: "To have a boy means happiness for a moment. To have a girl means a lifetime of good fortune."

填空题A Great Friendship Thomas Jefferson and James Madison met in 1776. Could it have been any other year? They worked together starting then to further American Revolution and later to shape the new scheme of government. From the work sprang a friendship perhaps incomparable in intimacy and the trustfulness of collaboration and induration. It lasted 50 years. It included pleasure and utility but 1 and above them, there were shared purpose, a common end 2 an enduring goodness on both sides. Four and a half months 3 he died, when he was ailing, debt-ridden, and worried about his impoverished 4 , Jefferson wrote to his longtime friend. His words and Madison"s reply remind us 5 friends are friends until death. They also remind us that 6 a friendship has a bearing on things larger than the 7 itself, for has there ever been a friendship of 8 public consequence than this one? "The friendship which has subsisted 9 us now half a century, the harmony of our political 10 and pursuits have been sources of constant happiness to me through 11 long period. It"s also been a great solace to me to believe that you"re 12 in vindicating to posterity the course that we"ve pursued for preserving to them, 13 all their purity, their blessings of self-government, 14 we had assisted in acquiring for them. If ever the earth has beheld a 15 of administration conducted with a single and steadfast eye to the general 16 and happiness of those committed to it, one 17 , protected by truth, can never known reproach, it is that to which our 18 have been devoted. To myself you have been a pillar of 19 throughout life. Take care of me when dead and be assured that I 20 leave with you my last affections." A week later Madison replied—"You cannot look back to the long period of our private friendship and political harmony with more affecting recollections than I do. If they are a source of pleasure to you, what aren"t they not to be to me? We cannot be deprived of the happy consciousness of the pure devotion to the public good with which we discharge the trust committed to us and I indulge a confidence that sufficient evidence will find in its way to another generation to ensure, after we are gone, whatever of justice may be withheld whilst we are here."

填空题"History doesn"t repeat itself," argued Mark Twain, "but it does rhyme." In this instance, history"s echo could scarcely be more depressing. In 1993 Jamie Bulger, a two-year-old boy, was abducted, tortured and murdered by two ten-year-olds. The gruesome details of the Bulger case shocked the national psyche. Yesterday two brothers were sentenced to an indefinite period of detention for torturing two boys in Edlington last April. Aged 10 and 12, they beat, strangled and sexually degraded their victims, before putting a plastic sheet over them and setting it on fire. It was only tiredness that caused them to abandon their victims, they presumed, to die. It was a chance blessing that a passing walker stumbled across one of the boys alive. It is impossible to 1 shock and desperation. But there is nothing new about children committing 2 . In 1748 the ten-year-old William York killed the five-year-old girl who shared his 3 . There has always been a strand of evil that courses through humanity. But in two respects the Edlington case may 4 a critical moment. First, is Britain prepared to accept that it does 5 have a violent underclass, a problem that successive governments have 6 to ameliorate? And will David Cameron succeed in his argument 7 the Edlington case confirms his claims about "broken Britain"? The social context of the Edlington case is as 8 as the crime itself. The court heard that brothers had a "toxic 9 life" marked by "routine aggression, violence and chaos". One brother watched 10 violent movies. He also drank routinely and smoked cannabis grown 11 his father"s allotment. There was also a chronic failure by the social services. A leaked 12 by local care authorities—to which the judge was denied access—reveals 13 there were 31 occasions on which nine different agencies failed to take action 14 the brothers" behaviour. Broken Britain? The phrase is an oversimplification. But 15 does have a depressingly static underclass. The most telling detail 16 the case was one torturer"s explanation of his actions. He was 17 . "There was not else to do." The political consequences may also 18 parallels with the Bulger case. In 1993 a young, charismatic Shadow Home Secretary 19 the opportunity. Tony Blair"s catchphrase "Tough on crime, tough on the 20 of crime" allowed him to capture public sentiment. Mr. Blair argued 21 the Bulger case demonstrated that Britain had descended into "moral 22 " caused by the long-serving Conservative Government. Today"s 23 Conservatives have long been fascinated by what they regard as that pivotal 24 in Tony Blair"s career—the first sign that he could catch the national mood. So it 25 unsurprising that David Cameron has immediately woven the Edlington case 26 his narrative of abject social breakdown. "Look at the wreckage of our 27 society. See Britain through the eyes of our children. Are we really proud of our 28 today?" Those were Mr. Blair"s words before being elected. We can 29 to hear many similar phrases from Mr. Cameron in the run-up to 30 election. Yesterday he warned that Britain was 31 an "irresponsible society." He is right. Britain is not broken, 32 it will have failed in its most basic responsibilities if it looks the other way 33 Edlington. The violence and depravity of the torturers was exceptional. The 34 —by parents, by the community, by government—was all too 35 . These are not easy issues. They will not be solved by a politician"s neat catchphrase. But nor will they be solved by looking the other way. (from The Times, January 23, 2010)

填空题Exercising to music pumps up brain power If music makes you smarter, and exercise helps brain function, can exercising to music really boost brainpower? Some researchers said it can. Volunteers who listened to Vivaldi's "Four Seasons" while working out on a treadmill did much better on a test of (1) ability than when they exercised without music, a team (2) Ohio State University found. "Evidence suggests that exercise improves the (3) performance of people with coronary artery (4) ," said psychologist Charles Emery, who led the study. "And listening to music is (5) to enhance brainpower. We wanted to put the two results together," Emery (6) in a statement. Writing in the latest issue of the journal Heart & Lung, Emery and (7) said they studied 33 men and women taking (8) in a cardiac rehabilitation program after having bypass (9) , angioplasty or other procedures to treat clogged arteries. The (10) said they felt better emotionally and mentally after working out (11) or without the music. But their improvement on the (12) fluency test doubled after listening to music on the treadmills. "Exercise seems to (13) positive changes in the nervous system, and these changes may have a (14) effect on cognitive ability," Emery said. "Listening to music may (15) cognitive function through different pathways in the brain. The combination of music (16) exercise may stimulate and increase cognitive arousal (17) helping to organize cognitive output." Emery said he now wanted to (18) people using music of their own choice. "We used the 'Four Seasons' because of its (19) tempo and positive effects on medical patients in previous (20) ," Emery said. "But given the range of music preferences among patients, it's especially important to evaluate the influence of other types of music on cognitive outcomes./

填空题It never occurred to him that he and his doing were not of the most intense and fascinating interest to anyone with whom he came in contact. He had theories about almost any subject under the sun, including vegetarianism, the drama, politics, and music; and in support of these theories he wrote pamphlets, letters, books.., thousands upon thousands of words, hundreds and hundreds of pages. He not only wrote these things, and published them—usually at somebody else"s expense—but he would sit and read them aloud, for hours, to his friends and his family. He had the emotional stability of a six-year-old child. When he felt out of sorts, he would rave and stamp, or sink into suicidal gloom and talk darkly of going to the East to end his days as a Buddhist monk. Ten minutes later, when something pleased him, he would rush out of doors and run around the garden, or jump up and down on the sofa, or stand on his head. He was almost innocent of any sense of responsibility. Not only did he seem incapable of supporting himself, but it never 51 to him that he was under any obligation to do so. He was convinced that the 52 owed him a living. In support of this belief, he borrowed 53 from everybody who was good for a loan—men, women, friends, or 54 . He wrote begging letters by the score, sometimes groveling 55 shame, at others loftily offering his intended benefactor the privilege of 56 to his support, and being mortally offended if the recipient declined the 57 . I have found no record of his ever paying or repaying money to 58 who did not have a legal claim upon it. The name of this monster was Richard Wagner. Everything that I have said about him you can find 59 record: in newspapers, in police reports, in the testimony of people who knew him, in his own letters, 60 the lines of his autobiography. And the curious thing about this record is 61 it doesn"t matter in the least. Because this undersized, sickly, 62 , fascinating little man was right all the time. The joke was 63 us. He was one of the world"s greatest dramatists; he was a great 64 ; he was one of the most stupendous musical geniuses that, up to now, the world has 65 seen. The world did owe him a living. When you consider what he wrote: thirteen operas and 66 dramas, eleven of them still holding the stage, eight of them unquestionably 67 ranking among the world"s great musical-dramatic masterpieces: when you listen to 68 he wrote, the debts and heartaches that people had to endure from him don"t 69 much of a price. Think of the luxury with which for a time, at least, fate 70 Napoleon, the man who ruined France and looted Europe; and then 71 you will agree that a few thousand dollars" worth of debts were not too 72 a price to pay for the Ring trilogy. Listening to his music, one does not forgive him for what he 73 or may not have been. It is not a matter of forgiveness. It is a 74 of being dumb with wonder that his poor brain and body didn"t burst 75 the torment of the demon of creative energy that lived inside him, 76 , clawing, scratching to be released; tearing, shrieking at him to 77 the music that was in him. The miracle is that what he did in the little 78 of seventy years could have been done at all, even by a great 79 . Is it any wonder that he had no time to be a man?

填空题 How many of us would temp for three years while we waited for the perfect job? Not many of us, perhaps. But Wentworth Miller, the "Prison Break" star, said he chose to wait even longer time{{U}} (1) {{/U}}he found the right job. "Actually I think it might have been three or four years until I was lucky enough to get guest{{U}} (2) {{/U}}on TV shows," said Miller, 34, who rose to international stardom{{U}} (3) {{/U}}to "Prison Break" in 2006. That kind of patience and strong will was portrayed in "Prison Break". Miller{{U}} (4) {{/U}}engineering wizard Michael Scofield, who tries everything to break out of a Chicago{{U}} (5) {{/U}}with his brother. Miller said he was fond of his character,{{U}} (6) {{/U}}he said "exists in shades of grey". Miller comes from a{{U}} (7) {{/U}}of teachers. He said he didn't seem fated for a career in the arts,{{U}} (8) {{/U}}his passion for acting. After{{U}} (9) {{/U}}from Princeton with an English degree, he moved{{U}} (10) {{/U}}his parents' request to Los Angeles to look for a stable life. He started{{U}} (11) {{/U}}in a little company that made television movies. This{{U}} (12) {{/U}}simply faxing, filing, walking the boss' dog and going to the store for the boss' lunch. Every weekend during the summer, Miller{{U}} (13) {{/U}}go to the office{{U}} (14) {{/U}}he didn't have air-conditioning. "I would hang{{U}} (15) {{/U}}in the conference room and set up camp and rob the company kitchen," recalled Miller. {{U}} (16) {{/U}}, Miller realized he still had questions about his choice. He decided to quit. But the boss said he was making a mistake and offered him a well-paid assistant position. "I eventually{{U}} (17) {{/U}}that if I did the corporate job, it would be great if I was successful, but I would always wonder about the{{U}} (18) {{/U}}. If I did the acting and was successful, I would never wonder{{U}} (19) {{/U}}that job," he explained. He quit and temped{{U}} (20) {{/U}}many people in the entertainment industry. Now, he's a hot star and has people coming up to him at film festivals saying, "Weren't you the one who{{U}} (21) {{/U}}to stand by the copy machine?" "That was tough, but I'm glad I have that perspective. Because now I'm at a point{{U}} (22) {{/U}}big shots laugh at all my jokes and I think, You know, I got coffee for people like you for six years'. So I know what's{{U}} (23) {{/U}}, because I've seen the other side." But what if, when he was offered the corporate job, there had been more money? "It was never about the{{U}} (24) {{/U}}There's a kind of excitement that comes along with acting. I can't find it anywhere else. Even if I had to go back to temping, even if this is not the beginning of an amazing career, I would not{{U}} (25) {{/U}}making that jump."

填空题A Great Friendship Thomas Jefferson and James Madison met in 1776. Could it have been any other year? They worked together starting then to further American Revolution and later to shape the new scheme of government. From the work sprang a friendship perhaps incomparable in intimacy and the trustfulness of collaboration and induration. It lasted 50 years. It included pleasure and utility but 16 and above them, there were shared purpose, a common end 17 an enduring goodness on both sides. Four and a half months 18 he died, when he was ailing, debt-ridden, and worried about his impoverished 19 , Jefferson wrote to his longtime friend. His words and Madison"s reply remind us 20 friends are friends until death. They also remind us that 21 a friendship has a bearing on things larger than the 22 itself, for has there ever been a friendship of 23 public consequence than this one? "The friendship which has subsisted 24 us now half a century, the harmony of our political 25 and pursuits have been sources of constant happiness to me through 26 long period. It"s also been a great solace to me to believe that you"re 27 in vindicating to posterity the course that we"ve pursued for preserving to them, 28 all their purity, their blessings of self-government, 29 we had assisted in acquiring for them. If ever the earth has beheld a 30 of administration conducted with a single and steadfast eye to the general 31 and happiness of those committed to it, one 32 , protected by truth, can never known reproach, it is that to which our 33 have been devoted. To myself you have been a pillar of 34 throughout life. Take care of me when dead and be assured that I 35 leave with you my last affections." A week later Madison replied—"You cannot look back to the long period of our private friendship and political harmony with more affecting recollections than I do. If they are a source of pleasure to you, what aren"t they not to be to me? We cannot be deprived of the happy consciousness of the pure devotion to the public good with which we discharge the trust committed to us and I indulge a confidence that sufficient evidence will find in its way to another generation to ensure, after we are gone, whatever of justice may be withheld whilst we are here."

填空题Bertrand Russell—The Analysis of Mind (Truth and Falsehood) On the features which distinguish knowledge from accuracy of response in general, not much can be said from a behaviourist point of view without referring to purpose. But the necessity of SOMETHING besides accuracy of response may be brought out by the 1 consideration: Suppose two persons, of whom one believed 2 the other disbelieved, and disbelieved whatever the other 3 . So far as accuracy and sensitiveness of response alone are concerned, 4 would be nothing to choose between these two persons. A thermometer 5 went down for warm weather and up for cold might be just as 6 as the usual kind; and a person who always believes falsely is just as 7 an instrument as a person who always believes truly. The 8 and practical difference between them would be that the one 9 always believed falsely would quickly come to a bad end. This 10 once more that accuracy of response to stimulus does not alone 11 knowledge, but must be reinforced by appropriateness, i. e. suitability for 12 one"s purpose. This applies even in the apparently simple 13 of answering questions: if the purpose of the answers is to deceive, their 14 , not their truth, will be evidence of knowledge. The proportion of the 15 of appropriateness with accuracy in the definition of knowledge is difficult; it seems that both enter in, but that appropriateness is only required as regards the general type of response, not as regards each individual instance.

填空题Our Global Village Science and technology has turned our world into a global village. The term—global village—was coined by Marshall Mcluhan. It is used to describe the shrinking of the world as a result of the mass media. Nowadays, the mass media is able to bright events from all corners of the globe into people"s homes. Communication technologies make it possible to connect with people in other countries on the telephone and Internet. Modern transportation systems also contribute to the creation of the global village. Now astronauts can circle around the globe in eighty minutes. The moon is already within our 36 of travel, and the addition of Mars is just a 37 of time. A visit to major cities such as New York, London and Tokyo 38 that movement of people from one country and 39 to another has become commonplace. People everywhere are gaining 40 , and this is just the beginning. Out mobility places us in 41 with people from other cultures. And when we meet, we 42 to communicate. In fact, we must communicate. This communicative 43 is called intercultural communication. It occurs whenever a message 44 is a member of one culture and a message receiver is of 45 . We may find intercultural communication difficult. Even 46 we overcome the natural barriers of language differences, we may 47 to understand and to be understood. Misunderstanding may even become the 48 rather than the exception. In order to communicate effectively and 49 in English, we need, therefore, to become aware of the 50 between language and culture. Language is part of culture and plays an important role in it. Without language, culture would not be possible. One the other hand, language is influenced and shaped by culture; it reflects culture. In the broad sense, language is the symbolic representation of a people, and it comprises their historical backgrounds as well as their approach to life and their ways of living the thinking. It needs to be stressed here that language and culture interact, and that understanding of one requires understanding of the other.