问答题Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Jiang Yu's Regular Press Conference on January 20, 2009 On January 20, 2009, Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Jiang Yu held a regular press conference and answered questions on Premier Wen Jiabao's visit to four European countries and the EU Headquarters and attendance to the annual meeting of Worm Economic Forum, China-US relations, the situation on the Korean Peninsula and etc. Jiang Yu: Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. I have an announcement to start with. At the invitation of President Merz of the Swiss Confederation, Chancellor Merkel of Germany, Prime Minister Zapatero of Spain, Prime Minister Brown of the United Kingdom, President Barroso of the European Commission and Executive Chairman Schwab of the World Economic Forum, Premier Wen Jiabao will pay official visits to the above four countries and the headquarters of the European Union, and attend the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2009 in Davos, Switzerland from January 27 to February 2, 2009. Now the floor is open. Q: Please brief us on the purpose of Premier Wen Jiabao's visit to Europe. A: We hope the visit could help the international community to boost confidence, consolidate consensus, cooperate in unity and work together to better tackle the current financial crisis. We also believe that the visit will strengthen strategic consensus between China and the four European countries, deepen bilateral pragmatic cooperation and promote the in-depth development of China-EU comprehensive strategic partnership. You are welcome to attend the briefing hosted by Assistant Foreign Minister Wu Hongbo on Premier Wen's visit after the regular press conference on Thursday, January 22. Q: It's been almost a year since the poisoned dumpling incident happened. Both China and Japan have victims. The unresolved incident has become a pending diplomatic issue between the countries. How do you comment on this? A: The Chinese Government attaches great importance to food safety and public health. We paid great attention to the issue you mentioned and conducted active and earnest investigation. Relevant authorities have also engaged in adequate communication with Japan. We hope relevant authorities from both countries could continue to strengthen investigation and cooperation and find out the truth as soon as possible. Q: Two questions. First of all, can you give us the precise dates of which Premier Wen Jiabao will visit each of the countries? Secondly on the question of North Korea. North Korea has recently made hostile remarks about South Korea and has also claimed that it has converted its plutonium stocks into weapons. Is it going to affect China' s friendly relations with North Korea? A: With regard to the arrangements of Premier Wen's visit to Europe, we are coordinating actively with relevant countries and parties. You may raise this question on Thursday's briefing. With regard to your second question, as a close neighbour of the Korean Peninsula, China always hopes that the north and south of the Korean Peninsula will improve relations through dialogue and achieve reconciliation and cooperation, which is in the common interests of the people of the peninsula and also the common expectation of the international community. It is the Chinese Government's consistent position to push forward the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula. Q: What does China hope for the bilateral relations under the new Obama Administration and what area does the Chinese Government foresee as the biggest source of potential tension with the U.S.? Is Taiwan going to continue to be an issue, in particular the sale of U.S. arms to Taiwan? A: A sound and developing Sino-U.S. relationship is not only in the fundamental interests of the two countries and peoples, but also conducive to peace, stability and development of the whole world. The current Sino-U.S. relations are at an important stage of serving as a link between the past and future. China is willing to work with the U.S. to view and handle bilateral relations from a strategic and long-term perspective, strengthen dialogue, exchanges and cooperation, respect and accommodate core interest of each other and promote the long-term, healthy and stable development of Sino-U.S. constructive relations of cooperation in the new period. With regard to U.S. arms sales to Taiwan, our position is clear and consistent. China strongly opposes U.S. arms sales to Taiwan. It is the obligation of the U.S. side to abide by the three joint communiqués between China and the U.S., especially August 17th Joint Communiqué, stop all arms sales and military contact with Taiwan, deal with the Taiwan issue cautiously and properly and take concrete actions to support the peaceful development of cross-strait relations. Q: Another person died today from bird flu and that's the third victim in just over two weeks in China. Is the Chinese Government concerned about the threat of bird flu as the lunar New Year is approaching? A: Cases of highly pathogenic bird flu have been reported recently and we have contacted the Ministry of Health for relevant information. The Ministry of Health has taken relevant prevention and control measures and reported to WHO and informed HK, Macao, Taiwan and some countries. The Chinese Government has always taken the issue seriously. Current cases are sporadic and individual. Q: The China-EU summit was cancelled last December. Is Premier Wen going to mend the relationship with the EU through his visit? A: China's determination and set policy on developing comprehensive strategic partnership with the EU remain unchanged. Premier Wen Jiabao will visit the EU Headquarters at the invitation of President Barroso. Both China and the EU hope the visit will further strengthen mutual understanding and trust, expand strategic consensus, deepen mutually beneficial cooperation and promote the continuous development of China-EU comprehensive strategic partnership in the new year. Q: Can you brief us on Chinese envoy's visit to the DPRK? Has he met with Kim Jong-il? A: I don't know which visit you are referring to. Are you talking about Assistant Foreign Minister Hu Zhengyue's visit to the DPRK lately? We have released information on that visit. As for other visits, I don't have information right now. This year marks the 60th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the DPRK. Having set Year 2009 as the Year of Friendship, the two countries will hold a series of colorful commemorative activities. We hope the contacts and exchanges will help to consolidate bilateral traditional friendship, deepen mutually beneficial cooperation, and promote China-DPRK friendly relations of cooperation. If there are no more questions, you are welcome to stay for the briefing by Ambassador Sun Bigan, Chinese Envoy on the Middle East Issue, on his recent visits to Middle East countries here at 3:30 p.m. See you in a moment!

问答题{{B}} 第二篇{{/B}} 本次会议是信息社会世界峰会的首次政府间筹备会议，既要处理程序性问题，又要处理实质性问题。开好筹备会，是峰会取得成功的重要保证。中国代表团愿就峰会筹备工作谈以下几点看法：// 一、要高度重视知识和人才问题。在未来信息社会中，知识和技能是促进经济发展的主要驱动力，是信息产业实现可持续发展的重要因素之一。广大发展中国家知识和人才的短缺是造成其在信息技术方面落后于发达国家的主要原因之一，也是解决数字鸿沟应重点考虑的一个环节。//峰会及筹备工作应研究建立人力资源开发创新机制，探讨如何通过各国现有的培训基地和培训资源以及互联网加强和改善人力资源开发工作，提高世界各国人民对信息通信技术的认识；政府、企业、学术机构应在人力资源开发培训方面建立一种新型的合作机制。// 二、消除数字鸿沟需要世界各国共同努力。特别是发达国家，应切实负起责任，在互利合作、注重实效、成果共享、促进发展的基础上采取实际行动，在资金支持、技术转让、人才培训等方面给予发展中国家以积极有效的帮助，为缩小数字鸿沟多做实事，帮助发展中国家加快信息化进程。峰会及筹备工作在此方面应取得实际进展。// 三、私营部门、民间团体在各国信息社会发展中具有重要作用，参与峰会及筹备活动也具有积极意义。同时，须注意的是，峰会为全球信息社会发展制定政策方向和目标，各国政府理应在筹备进程中发挥主导作用，只有这样，筹备活动才能达到预期目标。// (节选自中国代表团团长沙祖康大使在信息社会世界峰会第一次政府间筹备会议上的发言)

问答题主席先生，我怀着非常愉快的心情出席本次年会。值此大会开幕之际，我为能有机会就和平与发展问题进行发言，谨向东道主致以深深的谢意。与此同时，我向所有与会代表致以崇高的敬意。 这次会议为我们交换意见、消除误解、达成共识提供了理想的场所。我愿借此机会，就世纪之交建立一种世界政治与经济新格局，世界和平与发展的前景，以及联合国的作用等问题，阐述我国政府的立场和观点。

问答题{{B}} 第二篇 {{/B}} 尊敬的梅莱斯·泽纳维总理阁下， 尊敬的各位国家元首和政府首脑阁下， 尊敬的非洲联盟委员会主席阿尔法·乌马尔·科纳雷阁下， 各位代表团团长、部长和大使阁下， 女士们，先生们：// 我很高兴来到亚的斯亚贝巴，与出席中非合作论坛第二届部长级会议的各位朋友共商中非合作大计。作为本次会议共同主席国的总理，我谨代表中国政府，热烈欢迎各位与会代表，衷心感谢埃塞俄比亚政府为本届会议所做的大量工作和周到安排。// 三年前，中国和非洲国家的部长们聚首北京，共同创立了中非合作论坛，开启了中非合作新纪元，三年来，中非在各领域的合作不断加强，成果显著。双方之间的友谊和信任进一步加深，在国际事务中的合作卓有成效；双方经贸合作势头良好。// 中方采取积极措施，增加进口非洲商品，中非贸易以超过20%的速度增长：中国在非洲新设投资企业117家，双方在能源开发、高新技术等方面的合作开始起步；中非人力资源开发合作方兴未艾，中方通过各种形式，为非洲国家培养、培训近7000名各类人才；中国政府提前兑现承诺，减免了31个非洲国家10s亿元人民币的债务。三年来，中非合作论坛后续行动不仅有力地支持了兄弟的非洲国家和人民克服困难、实现振兴和发展，而且进一步证明，在新的历史条件下，中非友好合作有着广阔的前景和强大的生命力。// 女士们，先生们，朋友们， 中国和非洲的人口占世界人口总数的三分之一以上。中非友好合作，促进各国的发展与振兴，这本身就是对世界和平与发展事业的重要贡献。让我们在新的形势下，继往开来，携手前进，不断将中非友好合作提高到新的水平。 预祝本届部长级会议取得圆满成功! 谢谢大家。// (选自国务院总理温家宝在中非合作论坛第二届部长级会议开幕式上的讲话“继往开来，全面推进中非友好合作”)

问答题中国的社会主义制度和独立自主的和平外交政策，也决定了中国奉行积极防御的国防政策和军事战略方针。中国不搞霸权主义，不搞强权政治，不对外搞军事扩张。中国的战略疆界不会超出其自然疆界，中国军事力量的发展也不会超出防御和自卫的需要。中国多次进行裁军，充分显示了中国军事战略的和平宗旨和防御性质，同时也反映了在和平与发展的时代主题下，中国的理性战略思维和新的安全观念。 中国的裁军决策是由中国主动做出的，不是屈服于任何人的压力而被迫做出的；是自觉的，不是盲目的；是以对中国的发展、亚太地区安全以及世界持久和平高度负责的精神而采取的建设性举措。中国的裁军行动是单方面的，没有设置任何前提，不与他国相联系，不把裁军作为迫使他国同时裁军的筹码或先决条件。中国的裁军不是象征性的，而是实质性的，是大幅度的。中国以自己的裁军实际行动表达了中国不参加军备竞赛、努力缔造和平的诚意。

问答题{{B}} Passage 2{{/B}} Just a couple of days ago, climbers, backed by United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), returned from the Himalayas, where they gathered first-hand accounts from monks, local people and other travelers on the state of the environment of the world's most famous mountain range. They have recorded in words, in photographs, and on film, the dramatic impacts that global warming is having on glaciers, causing them to rapidly thaw, and build up melt waters in mountain lakes. As a result, these lakes could soon burst, sending millions of tons of water and rubble swirling down the valleys threatening life and limb. // The expedition has also looked at the impacts of tourism on the mountains, concluding that much of what is happening is environmentally damaging, and a burden on the people, wildlife and landscapes of these once pristine wilderness areas. // Every year World Environment Day is an occasion to pause and reflect on the state of the environment. This year especially, faced with the findings of our climbers, in the International Year of the Mountains, I urge you to "Give Earth a Chance". I ask you to look at our daily impact on the planet and its peoples, and to take action to improve our environmental behavior. // Although mountains have been revered since time began, such beliefs are no longer enough to preserve fragile mountain ecosystems, for the well-being of all. We face an immense challenge, the challenge of ensuring their stability and preservation for the generations to come. // Mountains are our water-towers. Mountains are a major source of energy. Mountains feed those living on them. Mountain ecosystems are linked to life in the lowlands, to freshwater and to the seas. Mountains are islands of rich biological and cultural diversity, home to unique plants, animals, languages and traditions. // Sustainable development is a must. We need to combine the environmental dimension with social activity and economic development. This must be our common target, especially in mountain regions. Without sustainable development we cannot solve the problems. It is not enough to simply say we have a conservation plan for nature, and natural resources. // We must give people a chance to live and survive in these regions, therefore we need jobs; we need a perspective for young people to remain there and not go to the big cities. Mountains are virtual treasure chests of untapped economic potential—vital to sustainable development. This was recognized by the Earth Summit in Rio. // Mountains attract tourists, but tourism has to be well managed to minimize impact on sensitive mountain environments. Respect should be the byword of the tourists, and tour operators, that bring people into contact with local people and landscapes, //The respect includes paying local people a decent wage, sourcing local food and materials where possible, and observing local customs, beliefs and traditions. Tourists are guests in other peoples' ecosystems and should behave as such. Mountains as a resource HAVE to be valued, and some of that value has to benefit mountain dwellers. Earnings from tourism should be shared equitably between all stakeholders. // Especially this year, the International Year of Ecotourism, every effort should be made to promote Ecotourism in mountains. For some communities and regions, sustainable tourism can be a first step towards sustainable development. Let us hope that all societies will come to revere mountains, and thus be motivated to invest in them, preserve this unique asset, and in turn reap benefit from it. // On this World Environment Day let us all begin to act for the conservation not only of the mountains, but the sea, the land, water and the air too. Let us act to give the Earth a chance. An unpolluted pristine environment is vital to our survival, a precious resource, which will only endure if we Give Earth a Chance. // "Give Earth a Chance" by of UNEP former Executive Director Klaus Toepfer on the occasion of World Environment Day 5 June, 2002)

问答题{{B}}Passage 1{{/B}} 在中美建交25周年前夕，我应布什总统的邀请正式访问贵国。纽约是我访美的第一站，在这里能与各位新老朋友欢聚一堂，我感到很高兴。在此我要特别感谢美国银行家协会的盛情款待，向多年来为推动中美经贸合作做出积极贡献的各位朋友表示敬意!并通过你们向伟大的美国人民致以诚挚问候和良好祝愿! // 近一段时间，中美贸易方面有些分歧和摩擦。各方面对我此次美国之行颇为关注。我首先要告诉诸位，我这次是为了寻求友谊与合作而来，不是来打“贸易战”的。有些分歧问题的产生，实际上是相互不了解。我深信，中美双方通过对话与磋商，可以缩小我们之间的分歧，扩大我们之间的合作。// 大家知道，经贸关系是两国关系的经济基础。互利共赢的中美经贸关系，不仅给两国人民带来了实实在在的经济利益，而且成为中美关系稳定发展的重要基础和强大动力。至于中美经贸合作的迅速发展，对于周边地区经济繁荣乃至世界经济增长所起的促进作用，更是有目共睹。// 中美贸易之所以能迅速发展，根本原因在于两国经济具有极大的互补性。这种互补性，很大程度上来自两国经济资源条件、经济结构以及消费水平存在着很大的差异。这种差异性和互补性，将在今后长期存在，在经济全球化的大背景下显得更加突出。我认为，这就是中美贸易能够持续快速发展的客观基础。//

问答题{{B}}Passage 2{{/B}} 下面你将听到外国媒体有关中国能源形势的一段讲话。 Tight electricity supply is constraining China's economic growth—a situation likely to persist for three to four years until new capacity comes online. The energy shortfall has not yet severely hampered U.S. business operations in China, but this remains a distinct possibility. Shortages have now spread to two-thirds of China's provinces, affecting Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and other first-tier cities. Plants in China's manufacturing heartland, the Pearl River Basin and East China now experience frequent mandatory shutdowns. Zhejiang and Jiangsu Provinces have imposed electricity rationing. Many plants have installed costly back-up diesel generators. Shanghai's demand for electricity outstrips supply by two to four million kilowatts. The tight supply is causing price increases at the front end of the manufacturing supply chain. High energy costs are a competitive disadvantage for China in the world marketplace. Quality, quantity, and security of supply also are essential for China's continued economic growth. Present restrictions on the direct sale of electricity, oil, and gas to industrial users promote inefficiency and non-competitiveness. Much of the current concern with the "overheating" of China's economy has been driven by the fear that the energy supply is not keeping up with the development of major energy-consuming industries. China's rapid economic growth, especially in the construction and manufacturing sectors, is behind the electricity shortage. China's energy industry has doubled in absolute terms during the last ten years, but such growth has been insufficient to meet demand. It takes five to seven years to design, construct, and commission a major thermal power plant, seven to ten years to explore and develop an oilfield, and five years to develop a coalmine. All require extremely large capital investment. Despite the fact that China has the world's second largest coal reserves and worldwide coal and coke prices are at eight-year highs, supply has not been able to keep up with demand. Efforts to raise electricity production in the near term have been hampered by deficient railroad capacity, which has prevented coal from reaching power stations. While coal price cycles usually do not coincide with oil prices, current high prices in both commodities have supply straining to meet demand. While China only imported 0.6 percent of world oil supplies in 1995, it now imports 3 percent of the world's oil. China, like the United States, is becoming increasingly vulnerable to disruptions in the world's supply of oil.

问答题1.Passage 1 It is a pleasure to be here today to commemorate the first Earth Day with you by looking through this "Window on the American Environment". While I have not yet viewed the television series, from the accompanying book I can see that it is a very ambitious effort. The producers have interviewed a large number of environmental leaders in the United States, from early founders back in the 1970s through those involved in the contemporary movement. // I am sure you will hear many different opinions, because the diversity of the American environmental movement is part of its strength. The ability of individuals and non-governmental organizations to express their opinions and make their voices heard in the press and in the electoral process is the root of the movement and why it flourishes today. I vividly remember going outdoors with my elementary school class on Earth Day 1970 to examine our environment by looking at what grew in the pond behind our school. The motto of that first Earth Day was "think globally, act locally", and our young teacher wanted us to better understand what was right around us. // Nowadays teachers have access to all sorts of wonderful educational materials to help students study the environment and learn about concepts like biodiversity, climate change and protection of the ozone layer that were still foreign to us in 1970. But we knew then about toxic chemicals, deforestation, water pollution—the subject of our pond study—and land use issues, and we were learning to understand how much of an impact these could make on our futures. // Earth Day 1970 was a novel idea proposed by individuals—not a government—that grew on its own, so that in that very first year, over 20 million Americans participated. We said, "think globally", but Americans were not yet thinking as much beyond their borders as we do today. Equally it would have been unimaginable in 1970 that China would air a 22-part television series on the United States. It would be another two years before the images of President Nixon's famous trip to China would be broadcast on our television screens in the United States and we started to have the opportunity to learn about each other. // Today the United States and China have a great deal to celebrate together for Earth Day. We are working together in areas from water conservation to the protection of endangered species to the development of new, cleaner sources of energy. We have an active program to work with Beijing to support its goal of a Green Olympics in 2008. Together we are researching climate change and exploring the possibilities for using hydrogen and fusion as energy sources. The United States government, through agencies like the Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of Energy, the Fish and Wildlife Service, the National Parks Service and dozens more has an active program of cooperation with its Chinese counterparts. //

问答题People have cooked over open fires and dirty stoves for all of human history, but the simple fact is they are slowly killing millions of people and polluting the environment. Engineers and development professionals have worked on this problem for decades. My own involvement stretches back many years, and I'm well aware that well-meaning efforts have been launched, but none have managed to match the scope of the challenge.

问答题1.Passage 2 我国金融改革的不断深化将为外资银行与中资银行的合作带来新的机遇。银监会鼓励外资银行通过参股中资银行，在业务、客户和市场方面获得突破；同时，在公司治理、内控、风险管理和经营理念方面带来先进的经验和做法，使中、外资银行在合作中共同获得发展。 作为深化金融改革的一个重要方面，我们欢迎合格的境外战略投资者按照自愿和商业原则，参与我国银行业余融机构的重组和改造。经国务院同意，银监会决定将单个外资机构入股的比例由原来规定的15%提高到20%；合计外资投资所占比例如低于 25%，被入股机构的性质和业务范围不发生改变。 截至目前，经国务院同意，我过已有5家股份制商业银行和城市商业银行获准吸收境外投资者入股，其中单个外资机构入股中资银行的最高比例为15%。吸收外资入股，在改善中资金融机构的资本结构，引进先进管理模式和经营理念，促进经营方式与国际接轨等方面发挥了明显和积极的作用。在这里举两个例子。 上海银行：上海银行吸收了国际金融公司、汇丰银行、香港上海商业银行投资入股，三个外方股东总共持股18%。外方股东通过提供各种技术援助和派驻董事发挥作用，使上海银行在完善治理结构、引进先进的经营管理理念和技术、加强内控等方面取得了很大进步，在城市商业银行中较早采用了规范的申报制度，披露经营管理状况。 南京市商业银行：吸收国际金融公司入股，持股比例为15%，是第三大股东。IFC入股后，在完善南京市商业银行的治理结构、经营管理体制、信贷结构、会计制度等方面提出了大量建议，其中很多建议已在实施之中，对促进南京市商业银行提高经营管理水平发挥了重要作用。

问答题2009年10月8日至10日，世界媒体峰会在中国北京举行。这是一次史无前例的世界传媒盛会，来自世界各地的通讯社、报刊、广播、电视、网络等各种媒体形态的170多家传媒机构参加了峰会。 我们以“合作、应对、共赢、发展”为主题，围绕八项议题进行了广泛而深入的交流，分析了世界传媒业的现状和发展趋势，着重探讨了国际金融危机、迅速变化的受众需求和不断涌现的高新科技背景下，传媒机构面临的一系列重大问题。我们相信本次峰会深化了认识，扩大了共识，加强了合作，取得了积极成果。 我们关注到，当今世界正经历着复杂而深刻的变革，经济全球化、全球信息化、传播技术新型化以及世界文化多样性与共通共融，为世界传媒业的发展提供了广阔前景，也为媒体报道世界事件和全球问题构建了重要舞台。我们希望，世界各地媒体向全世界传播真实、客观、公正、公平的新闻信息，促进政府和公共机构的透明度和公信力，促进世界不同国家和地区人民间的相互理解和交流。 我们密切关注国际金融危机给全球经济，特别是给世界传媒业造成的严重冲击。我们还就媒体应对危机、创新发展的策略和经验交换了意见。 我们认为，数字化、网络化时代，世界传媒业的环境与格局正在发生着深刻变化。挑战与机遇并存，机遇大于挑战。积极适应时代发展潮流，充分应用高新技术成果，加强与用户的互动，鼓励受众的参与，将有助于推动世界传媒业变革和进步。 我们希望，在世界传媒业发展进程中扮演着重要角色的各种形态媒体，相互学习，相互借鉴，功能互补，不断创新，共同发展。 我们相信，通过世界媒体峰会搭建的有效平台，各媒体之间加强沟通与交流，开展信息交流、人员交流、技术交流和经验交流，增进相互了解，分享机遇与成果。 我们确信，本次峰会的举行将对世界传媒业产生广泛、积极和深远的影响，推动世界各地媒体共同应对挑战、增进彼此合作、实现共赢发展。 本次峰会由新华通讯社、新闻集团、美联社、路透社、俄塔社、共同社、英国广播公司、时代华纳特纳广播集团和谷歌共同倡议发起，新华通讯社承办。

问答题{{B}}Passage 2{{/B}} The evidence that the Earth's atmosphere is warming continues to accumulate. A big issue is thus raised concerning the extent to which the warming is due to human activity and natural causes. Climate change scientists are looking for the answer. Following the periodic full-scale scientific assessments of global climate change, they have concluded that there is a "discernible human influence" on the global climate. Although a reliable estimate of the magnitude of human imprint on climate still remains some distance off, human activities may have been the dominant factor in the global warming of recent decades. Human factors appear to be playing a part, stemming mostly from emissions of waste industrial gases like carbon dioxide, which trap heat in the atmosphere, and sulfate aerosols from industrial smokestacks. Will the climate change lead to the earth's eventual extinction? We have no definite answer yet, at least not likely as far as our knowledge goes. The earth experienced a catastrophic extinction about 250 million years ago. In the space of a few thousand years, something terrible happened to our planet, something that wiped out 90% of earth's ocean species and about 70% of those that lived on land. It was the worst extinction in the history of the earth, known as the Great Dying. It eliminated whole communities of coral reefs, forests, giant amphibians and ferocious reptiles, swarms of insects and the ocean's ubiquitous triobites, those hard-shelled invertebrates that were never seen on the planet again. What caused that extinction? Any number of scenarios has been offered, ranging from the explosion of a nearby star to Ice Age cooling and greenhouse warming. None of them were entirely convincing. We tend to accept the most recent conclusion that the extinction was caused by the impact of an asteroid or comet or meteor, like the one that probably wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago. In each case the damage would have been done not by the explosive collision itself but by the series of global disasters it triggered, for example, furious volcanic eruptions, a rapid heating of the atmosphere and the depletion of life-giving oxygen from the ocean. We can't say exactly where this out-space visitor struck because the tectonic processes that rearrange the earth' surface have since churned up most of the evidence. But we can estimate its size. It probably measured roughly half the size of the island of Manhattan and it would have slammed into the earth with the force of a magnitude-12 earthquake. Of course, this does not give us an excuse to underestimate the destruction that human harmful activities have brought to the earth's climate change. We must realize that we are living the way beyond the limits of the capacity of this planet to sustain. There is almost nothing that we do that will not compromise the ability of humans to meet their needs in the future. Life ought to be enjoyable. But our destructive ways of life have serious consequences: new human diseases, strange animal and plant diseases, bizarre natural disasters, food shortages, etc. We must act now and channel our way of life in a healthy, sustainable direction.

问答题我怀着回报社会的想法，开始了教学生涯。我的一生中，得到的多于我付出的，所以我要回报社会。这就引出了这次演讲的最后一个乐章。首先我要讲一个了不起的科学发现，以及由此带来的新挑战。它是一个战斗的号令，到了做出改变的时候了。 过去几十年中，我们的气候一直在发生变化。气候变化并不是现在才有的，过去60万年中就发生了6次冰河期。但是，现在的测量表明气候变化加速了。北极冰盖在9月份的大小，只相当于50年前的一半。1870年起，人们开始测量海平面上升的速度，现在的速度是那时的5倍。一个重大的科学发现就这样产牛了。科学第一次在人类历史上，预测出我们的行为对50～100年后的世界有何影响。这些变化的原因是，从工业革命开始，人类排放到大气中的二氧化碳增加了。这使得地球的平均气温上升了0.8摄氏度。即使我们立刻停止所有温室气体的排放，气温仍然将比过去上升大约1度。因为在气温达到均衡前，海水温度的上升将持续几十年。 如果全世界保持现在的经济模式不变，联合国政府问气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)预测，本世纪末将有50%的可能，气温至少上升5度。这听起来好像不多，但是让我来提醒你，上一次的冰河期，地球的气温也仅仅只下降了6度。那时，俄亥俄州和宾夕法尼亚州以北的大部分美国和加拿大的土地，都终年被冰川覆盖。气温上升5度的地球，将是一个非常不同的地球。由于变化来得太快，包括人类在内的许多生物，都将很难适应。比如，有人告诉我，在更温暖的环境中，昆虫的个头将变大。我不知道现在身旁嗡嗡叫的这只大苍蝇，是不是就是前兆。 我们还面临另一个幽灵，那就是非线性的“气候引爆点”，这会带来许多严重得多的变化。“气候引爆点”的一个例子就是永久冻土层的融化。永久冻土层经过千万年的累积形成，其中包含了巨量的冻僵的有机物。如果冻土融化，微生物就将广泛繁殖，使得冻土层中的有机物快速腐烂。冷冻后的生物和冷冻前的生物，它们在生物学特性上的差异，我们都很熟悉。在冷库中，冷冻食品在经过长时间保存后，依然可以食用。但是，一旦解冻，食品很快就腐烂了。一个腐烂的永久冻土层，将释放出多少甲烷和二氧化碳?即使只有一部分的碳被释放出来，可能也比我们从工业革命开始释放出来的所有温室气体还要多。这种事情一旦发生，局势就失控了。 气候问题是我们的经济发展在无意中带来的后果。我们太依赖化石能源，冬天取暖，夏天制冷，夜间照明，长途旅行，环球观光。能源是经济繁荣的基础，我们不可能放弃经济繁荣。美国人口占全世界的3%，但是我们消耗全世界25%的能源。与此形成对照，全世界还有16亿人没有电，数亿人依靠燃烧树枝和动物粪便来煮饭。发展中国家的人民享受不到我们的生活，但是他们都看在眼里，他们渴望拥有我们拥有的东西。 这就是新的挑战。全世界作为一个整体，我们到底愿意付出多少，来缓和气候变化?这种付出至少在100年内，都不会有明显效果。代际责任深深植根于所有文化中。家长努力工作，为了让他们的孩子有更好的生活。气候变化将影响整个世界，但是我们的天性使得我们只关心个人家庭的福利。我们能不能把全世界看作一个整体?能不能为未来的人们承担起责任? 虽然我忧心忡忡，但是还是对未来持乐观态度，这个问题将会得到解决。我同意出任劳伦斯·伯克利国家实验室主任，部分原因是我想招募一些世界上最好的科学家，来研究气候变化的对策。我在那里干了4年半，是这个实验室78年的历史中，任期最短的主任，但是当我离任时，在伯克利实验室和伯克利分校，一些非常激动人心的能源研究机构已经建立起来了。 能够成为奥巴马施政团队的一员，我感到极其荣幸。如果有一个时机，可以引导美国和全世界走上可持续能源的道路，那么这个时机就是现在。总统已经发出信息，未来并非在劫难逃，而是乐观的，我们依然有机会。我也抱有这种乐观主义。我们面前的任务令人生畏，但是我们能够并且将会成功。 我们已经有了一些答案，可以立竿见影地节约能源和提高能源使用效率。它们不是挂在枝头的水果，而是已经成熟掉在地上了，就看我们愿不愿意捡起来。比如，我们有办法将楼宇的耗电减少80%，增加的投资在15年内就可以收回来。楼宇的耗电占我们能源消费的40%，节能楼宇的推广将使我们二氧化碳的释放减少三分之一。 我们正在加速美国这座巨大的创新机器，这将是下一次美国大繁荣的基础。我们将大量投资有效利用太阳能、风能、核能的新方法，大量投资能够捕获和隔离电厂废气中的二氧化碳的方法。先进的生物燃料和电力汽车将使得我们不再那么依赖外国的石油。 在未来的几十年中，我们几乎肯定会面对更高的油价和更严厉的二氧化碳限制排放政策。这是一场新的工业革命，美国有机会充当领导者。伟大的冰上曲棍球选手Wayne Gretzky被问到，他如何在冰上跑位，回答说：“我滑向球下一步的位置，而不是它现在的位置。”美国也应该这样做。 奥巴马政府正在为美国的繁荣和可持续能源，打下新的基础。但是我们无法为所有问题都找到答案。这就需要你们的参与。在本次演讲中，我请求在座各位哈佛毕业生加入我们。你们是我们未来的智力领袖，请花时间加深理解目前的危险局势，然后采取相应的行动。你们是未来的科学家和工程师，我要求你们给我们更好的技术方案。你们是未来的经济学家和政治学家，我要求你们创造更好的政策选择。你们是未来的企业家，我要求你们将可持续发展作为你们业务中不可分割的一部分。 最后，你们是人道主义者，我要求你们为了人道主义说话。气候变化带来的最残酷的讽刺之一，就是最受伤害的人，恰恰就是最无辜的人——那些世界上最穷的人们和那些还没有出生的人。 这个最后乐章的完结部是引用两个人道主义者的话。 第一段引语来自马丁·路德·金。这是1967年他对越南战争结束的评论，但是看上去非常适合用来评论今天的气候危机。 “我呼吁全世界的人们团结一心，抛弃种族、肤色、阶级、国籍的隔阂；我呼吁包罗一切、无条件的对全人类的爱。你会因此遭受误解和误读，信奉尼采哲学的世人会认定你是一个软弱和胆怯的懦夫。但是，这是人类存在下去的绝对必需。……我的朋友，跟前的事实就是，明天就是今天。此刻，我们面临最紧急的情况。在变幻莫测的生活和历史之中，有一样东西叫做悔之晚矣。” 第二段引语来自威廉·福克纳。1950年12月10月，他在诺贝尔奖获奖晚宴上发表演说，谈到了世界在核战争的阴影之下，人道主义者应该扮演什么样的角色。 “我相信人类不仅能忍耐，而且会获胜。人类是不朽的，这不是因为万物当中仅仅他会无穷尽地呼喊，而是因为他有一个灵魂，有同情心、牺牲精神和忍耐力。诗人和作家的责任就是写这些东西。他们的特权正是通过鼓舞人类，唤起人类原有的荣耀——勇气、荣誉、希望、自尊、怜悯之心和牺牲精神，去帮助人类学会忍耐。” 各位毕业生同学，你们在我们的未来中扮演举足轻重的角色。当你们追求个人的志向时，我希望你们也会发扬奉献精神，积极发声，在大大小小各个方面帮助改进这个世界。这会给你们带来最大的满足感。 最后，请接受我最热烈的祝贺。希望你们成功，也希望你们保护和拯救我们这个星球，为了你们的孩子，以及未来所有的孩子。

问答题I know that maybe this sounds hard to believe, but by upgrading these stoves, millions of lives could be saved and improved. This could be as transformative as bed nets or even vaccines. So today, I am very pleased to announce the creation of the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves. (Applause.) This is a public-private partnership led by the United Nations Foundation that will work toward the goal of 100 million homes adopting new clean stoves and fuels by 2020. Our long-term goal is universal adoption all over the world, and the alliance is a perfect CGI model of a public-private partnership that already includes governments such as the United States, Germany, Norway, and Peru, international development organizations and local NGOs, as well as foundations and private companies such as Morgan Stanley and Shell.

问答题{{B}}Passage 1{{/B}} 在冷战结束后的新形势下，两国要不要及如何发展双边关系，是中美两国面临的重大课题。“永久正常贸易关系”的通过表明，在美国，支持发展中美关系的力量占了上风，美国政府、国会、工商企业界和公众的主流都支持以建设性的态度与中国打交道。 其次，中美关系的内涵得到了丰富。经贸关系是两国总体关系的组成部分，中美互为重要贸易伙伴，美国还是中国的主要外资来源国，没有稳定、良好的经贸合作关系，政治关系就会空心化，就会缺乏前进的动力，失去公众的参与热情。良好的经贸合作关系可以对两国政治关系产生促进作用，特别是在政治关系出现波动时可发挥减震作用。 第三，增进了两国的互信和合作气氛。美国几乎给予世界上所有国家正常贸易关系的待遇，惟独将中国这样一个大国排除在外。这本身就是一种歧视，一种不信任。不解决这个问题，中国人民就无法理解中美关系的必要性，就会怀疑美国的合作诚意。没有人民的支持和参与，国家关系就难以发展。同时，建立正常贸易关系后，随着商品和人员往来的增加，投资和管理经验的引进，两国间的了解无疑会加深，误解也会减少。 第四，向中国在亚太地区的邻国发出积极的信号。中国是亚太大国，美国也自称是亚太国家，在地区有重要的影响力。中美友好，则亚太国家获益；中美敌对，则亚太国家遭殃。中美建立正常贸易关系，就是向亚太国家表明，两个大国愿意友好相处，有通过谈判解决分歧的意愿和能力。这对维护地区稳定，促进经济繁荣将产生长远影响。

问答题努力推进21世纪中美全面合作关系 ——在美国战略与国际问题研究中心的演讲 中华人民共和国外交部长杨洁篪 2009年3月12日 哈姆雷博士，傅强恩会长，女士们，先生们，朋友们： 感谢战略与国际问题研究中心和美中贸易委员会举办今天这个活动。很高兴再次见到各位新老朋友。多年来，战略与国际问题研究中心和美中贸委会站在中美交往的前沿，积极致力于增进两国人民之间的了解、友谊与合作，在座各位也长期为推动中美关系发展作出了积极努力。我愿借此机会，向你们表示崇高的敬意和衷心的感谢。 中国有句古语：“一年之计在于春。”意思是说，春耕播种是一年农业生产的基础，关系到一年收成的好坏。我在这个初春的时节来到美国，希望与美方一道，共同规划中美关系的美好未来。 我此次访美最重要的目的是为胡锦涛主席和奥巴马总统4月初在伦敦举行会晤做准备。昨天，我与希拉里·克林顿国务卿和盖特纳财长就包括双边议程及地区和国际事务在内的一系列广泛议题进行了良好的讨论，并达成许多共识。双方一致认为，双方已为两国元首将在伦敦举行的这次十分重要的会晤打下坚实基础。今天我将很荣幸地会见奥巴马总统和拜登副总统，也将见到总统国家安全事务助理琼斯将军。双方一致认为两国领导人将要在伦敦举行的会晤对于新时期的中美关系十分重要。双方都承诺致力于推进两国间这一至关重要的关系。 今年初，中美两国隆重纪念了建交30周年。我和许多新老朋友一道参加了各项活动。抚今追昔，感触很多。中美关系在过去30年的大发展，是当年对中美关系最乐观的人都没有预料到的。常有人问，在人类面临重大机遇和挑战的21世纪，中美关系的战略基础是什么?这也是我经常思考的问题。 我以为，中美关系的战略基础就是两国为维护世界和平稳定而承担的重大而特殊的责任。作为联合国安理会常任理事国成员，作为世界上最大的发展中国家和发达国家，中美一直在众多国际事务中保持着密切的磋商、协调与互利合作。从处理复杂棘手的地区热点问题到反恐、防扩散、打击跨国犯罪，从应对气候变化、能源环保等全球性挑战，到在公正、合理的基础上对国际体系进行必要的改革等等，几乎找不到不需要中美合作的领域。正是这种在全球范围的全面合作将中美两国和两国人民联系在一起。 我以为，中美关系的战略基础就是在促进全球经济可持续发展方面不断扩大的共同利益。当今世界各国相互依存、利益交融达到前所未有的程度，已经形成你中有我、我中有你的“利益共同体”。尤其是在当前国际金融危机不断扩散和蔓延的背景下，中美两国最大的共同利益就是同舟共济、相互支持、共渡难关，尽早走出当前危机，为实现世界经济新一轮增长作出应有的贡献。即使明天世界经济的列车驶入较为平坦的地区，它也需要中美两国的引擎联手拉动持续前进。 我以为，中美关系的战略基础就是两国人民源远流长的友好交往和文明互鉴。作为两个丰富多彩、民族多元的国家，中美两国人民了解对方的愿望都很强烈，我们两国在社会文化领域的交往日趋活跃、深入，十多个小时的空中距离阻挡不住每天5000多人次、每年200多万人次往返于太平洋两岸。中美两国人民这种日益密切的交往与互动所产生的能量巨大，影响深远，将会使人们更加懂得文明是五彩缤纷的，世界是多样化的，各国是应该和谐相处的。 面对深刻演变的国际形势和日益增多的全球性挑战，中美关系发展迎来了新的历史机遇。中美两国维护世界和平与稳定的责任更加重大，共同利益日益增多，合作空间无比广阔。21世纪的时代潮流是交流合作、互利共赢。那种损人利己、以邻为壑、你输我赢、你兴我衰的国与国竞争信念和模式应该成为历史，因为其鼓吹者必定是最大的输家。中美两国应当而且能够在实现中美双赢和共建美好世界方面作出更大的共同努力。 令人高兴的是，在美国新政府正式就职以来的50天里，中美双方共同努力，实现了两国关系的平稳过渡。两国高层和各部门之间已经建立起良好的工作关系。胡锦涛主席与奥巴马总统进行了通话，就推动新时期中美关系的发展达成了重要共识。克林顿国务卿访华取得了成功，增进了双方的相互了解与合作。两国在诸多双边和多边领域继续保持密切沟通与协调。“好的开始是成功的一半。”这一良好开局为新时期中美关系的发展奠定了基础。 现在，我们要把目光投向更长远的未来，设计好今后几年乃至更长时间的中美关系蓝图，共同推动两国关系沿着健康稳定的轨道不断向前发展。 推进新时期的中美关系，要坚持从战略高度和长远角度m发，牢牢把握两国关系的正确方向。 奥巴马总统在今年1月底与胡主席通话时表示，美方愿与中方发展更加积极和更富建设性的关系。克林顿国务卿上月访华时对我说，美中关系正迎来一个积极合作的新时代。对于美方的积极态度，我们表示欢迎。我们认为，面对当今世界一系列重大、紧迫议题，中美拥有更加广泛的共同利益和合作基础，中美关系的战略意义和全球影响进一步上升。新时期中美应更加全面、深入，两国应本着相互尊重、求同存异、合作共赢的原则，共同把中美关系提升到一个全面的新的合作水平。 “相互尊重”，就是尊重国际法和国际关系的基本准则，客观理性地看待对方，尊重对方选择的发展道路，尊重对方的核心关切，不做有损对方主权、安全和发展利益的事。“求同存异”，就是保持和突出两国关系积极面，对于分歧要力争解决，不能解决的可以暂时放一放。要努力防止中美合作大局受到干扰。“合作共赢”，就是要不断加强务实合作与利益交融，积极应对全球化带来的机遇与挑战，实现共同发展和进步，并为促进世界和平与发展作出积极贡献。 推进新时期的中美关系，要保持密切的高层交往和各级别对话交往，不断巩固两国关系的政治基础。 多年来，两国领导人通过访问、会晤、通话、通信等方式，就事关两国关系的重大问题保持着密切沟通，为两国关系持续健康稳定发展提供了重要保障。两国议会、军队和政府各部门之间也就共同关心的问题开展着富有成效的交流与合作。两国还建立了范围广泛、形式多样的对话合作机制。这些做法行之有效，应该坚持下去。 再过半个月，胡锦涛主席与奥巴马总统就要在伦敦举行会晤。这将是美新政府就职后两国元首第一次面对面接触，双方都高度重视，正加紧准备。我相信，在双方的共同努力下，此次会晤一定能取得成功，为中美关系今后的发展指明方向。胡主席也已邀请奥巴马总统在双方方便的时候访华，我们期待着他早日成行。 经过一段时间协商，中美双方已就建立“中美战略与经济对话机制”达成原则协议，并商定了该机制的有关安排。我们希望与美方共同努力，早日启动这一对话机制的运作，通过双方继续加强就共同关心的战略性、全局性、长期性问题的讨论，不断增进两国相互信任与合作。 推进新时期的中美关系，要积极拓展两国互利合作，为两国关系添加新动力。 当前优先重点是就应对国际金融危机加强合作，共同维护和促进世界金融经济稳定。今年，中国政府将重点实施4万亿元政府投资计划，其中中央政府拟新增1.18万亿元，从扩大内需、振兴产业、发展科技、完善社会保障等方面全面推进经济增长。有关措施已初见成效，近来中国经济已呈现回暖迹象。我们还将新增贷款5万亿元以上，以改善金融调控，保证货币信贷总量满足经济发展需求。我们对中国经济保持平稳较快发展是有信心的。我们高度关注美国政府为稳定金融市场、刺激经济复苏采取的有关举措，衷心希望这些措施收到良好效果，推动美国经济尽快好转。这有利于美国，有利于中国，也有利于世界。 金融危机爆发以来，中美进行了密切、有效的沟通与协调，为推动国际社会合作应对危机发挥了重要的作用。我们愿与美方一道，进一步加强宏观经济政策对话，共同反对保护主义，为稳定国际金融市场、促进世界经济增长作出新的贡献。我们也愿与美国等有关各方一道，推动伦敦金融峰会在华盛顿金融峰会的基础上取得积极成果。在困难形势面前，中美更需要努力扩大双边经贸合作的深度和广度，妥善处理摩擦和分歧，强化两国抵御危机冲击的纽带。 中美在气候变化和能源环境问题上拥有重要共同利益。我们两国政府都把维护能源安全、发展清洁能源和节能减排放在国家发展战略的突出位置。我们愿与美方就有关问题加强对话与磋商，积极开展在节能、新能源、可再生能源等领域的务实合作，并在“共同但有区别的责任”原则基础上，与有关各方一道推动年底哥本哈根会议取得成功。 双方还应继续深入拓展在反恐、防扩散、两军、科教、文卫等双边领域的合作，并进一步加强在朝鲜半岛核、伊朗核等国际地区问题上的协调合作。 中美在朝核问题上的协调合作已成为两同关系中的一大亮点。目前，六方会谈处于关键阶段。我们将与有关各方共同努力，保持耐心，显示灵活，克服困难，巩固成果，推动会谈进程向前迈进，争取早日实现半岛无核化目标和东北亚的长治久安。 推进新时期的中美关系，要切实尊重和照顾彼此核心利益，努力减少两国关系可能受到的干扰和损害。 台湾问题事关中国主权和领土完整，是中方核心利益所在。当前，两岸关系不断改善，步入和平发展的轨道。两岸同胞往来频繁，经济联系密切，文化交流活跃。我们将继续本着建立互信、搁置争议、求同存异、共创双赢的原则，推进两岸对活交流，开创两岸关系和平发展新局面。 无论台海局势如何变化，我们坚持一个中国原则绝不动摇，反对“台独”和“两个中国”、“一中一台”绝不妥协。希望美方恪守有关承诺，慎重妥善处理涉台问题，以实际行动支持两岸关系和平发展。 同样敏感的是涉藏问题，西藏是中国领土不可分割的一部分，西藏事务纯属中国内政。西藏民主改革半个世纪来，西藏发生了翻天覆地的发展变化：经济保持高速发展，各项事业蒸蒸日上，人均寿命增加近一倍，人民生活水平不断提高。西藏优秀传统文化得到保护，人民依法享有各项权利。希望美国各界了解这一客观事实，理解和尊重中国人民维护国家主权和领土完整的立场。 推进新时期的中美关系，要大力促进两国人民对话交流，增强支持两国关系发展的社会基础。 我们不会：忘记，当年中美关系的坚冰是从两国乒乓球队互访开始消融的。中美建交30年来的巨大进展，也离不开两国各界和人民的积极参与和支持。 我们要开拓思路，继续积极促进两国议会、地方、学术、工商、媒体等社会各界的对话交流，让更多的人成为中美关系的支持者和参与者。我们尤其要着眼未来，积极推动和大力支持两国青年开展交流合作，使中美友好事业后继有人、兴旺发达。 女士们，先生们，朋友们： 无论从中美两国和两国人民的根本利益出发，还是从世界和平、稳定与发展的需要看，中美双方都需要保持两国关系的持续健康稳定发展。事实已经反复证明，中美两国不是对手和敌人，而是可以合作的伙伴；中美和则两利，斗则俱伤。就像美国朋友经常说的：最伟大的成功源于合作而非冲突。让我们携起手来，合作共进，开创21世纪中美关系的美好未来! 谢谢大家。

问答题{{B}} Passage 4 {{/B}} By and large, governments of all persuasions, of all political persuasions in Australia have been reducing proportionately the amount of money that goes to education and many of us think that really is a great pity and shows a lack of foresight into what Australia really needs, but that nonetheless is what is happening. As a result of that many universities and schools are heavily dependent on overseas students to make up the shortfall. //I think we need to be really very careful in Australia that as this trend continues that overseas students who come to Australia not only to learn facts, but also to learn something about Australia and the Australian way of life otherwise they will have a very skewed view of what our Australia is about. Because I think it is important that if you go to an Australian university then at least you'd meet a reasonable number of Australians. // There is a big push from many universities to recruit more and more students and more and more overseas students, but in a climate when there isn't a lot of money for further strengthening of education and educational methods and facilities. If we all keep trying to recruit more and more students, then the experience is going to deteriorate and my university for example has decided to cap the number of students at the university. Because we believe that if we have many more students then we won't be able to do it properly. // There aren't many universities in the fortunate position of my own to be able to do that. And the reason why we can do it is if you take a couple of our more popular faculties to get to university, you need something which we call UAI (University of New South Wales Admission Index). To get into medicine at UNSW you need to have a pass mark of 99. 8%. To get into law and commerce you need a pass mark of 97.5%. Now a lot of you in this room tonight will know what I mean when I say that Chinese and Vietnamese especially value education and therefore it wouldn't be surprising to know that proportionally more Chinese and Vietnamese kids get their 99.8's and 97. 5's. // I took a university graduation on Friday before I came up here. It was a commerce graduation and of 200 graduates, 150 were Asian. Half of those were local kids, the other half were overseas. Commerce is something that is particularly popular, particularly in Hong Kong and Singapore, but it's probably a reasonable indication of what is happening. And all I am really trying to make a point about is that if we accept money from overseas students and from overseas families, then there is a responsibility that we give them the good education, the good experience. I'm not saying we don't do it, but I think what is important is that we recognize that the experience we are giving them is potentially threatened by the large numbers coming in which are not being matched by the provision of adequate resources to service them. I think it's great to take more and more students as long as we can service them properly. // (Excerpts from the speech delivered by Dr. John Yu, Chairman of the Australia-China Council, on the Australia-China Oration Series 2002, November 6, Beijing)

问答题Second, a broad-based campaign to create a commercial market for clean stoves, including reducing trade barriers, promoting consumer awareness, and boosting access to large-scale carbon financing. Now, no single stove will meet the needs of every community across the world. In fact, previous efforts have taught us that if local tastes and preferences are not considered, people will simply not use the stoves, and we'll find them stacked in piles of refuse. That's why a market-based approach that relies on testing, monitoring, and research is so important, because if we do this right, these new stoves will fit seamlessly into family cooking traditions while also offering a step up toward a better life.

问答题{{B}}第一篇{{/B}} 世界著名的《格萨尔王传》是藏族人民在漫长历史长河中创造出来的一部珍贵的长篇英雄史诗，是中国乃至世界文学宝库中少有的珍品，但一直是通过民间说唱艺人口头流传为了保护藏民族的这一文化瑰宝，西藏自治区于1979年成立了抢救、整理《格萨尔王传》的专门机构，进行全面搜集、采录、整理、研究和出版工作。国家将《格萨尔》列入“六五”、“七五”、“八五”三个五年计划的重点科研项目。//经过20年的努力，共搜集藏文手抄本、木刻本近300部，除去异文本约有100部，现已正式出版藏文本70余部，总印数达300余万册，使这一长期零散传唱的口头文学变成了一部系统完整、被称为“世界史诗之王”的文学巨著、同时还出版了20多部汉译本，并有若干种译成英、日、法文出版。这在藏族民间文艺遗产的保护以及出版史上都是前所未有的。// 西藏的现代文学艺术事业在同民族传统形式、风格和特色相结合的过程中得到了巨大发展。西藏和平解放后，一批从内地进藏的各族文艺工作者一边深入现实生活，一边发掘继承优秀的民族文艺传统，创作了一批诗歌、小说、歌舞、美术、电影、摄影等作品，给处于封闭和半封闭状态的西藏带来了新的文艺思想和文艺创作经验。//