单选题He must have been very hard to please, indeed, if he did not approve the salary of he job.

单选题"Such a link" in the passage refers most probably to ______.

单选题Today, the Tower of London is one of the most popular tourist 1 and attracts over three million visitors a year. It was occasionally used as a Royal Palace for the Kings and Queens of England 2 the time of James I who 3 from 1603 to 1625, but is 4 , known as a prison and execution place. Within the walls of the Tower, princes have been murdered, traitors 5 , spies shot, and Queens of England beheaded. One of the most famous executions was that of Anne Boleyn in 1536. She was the second wife of Henry Ⅷ. He wanted to 6 her because she could not give him a son, so he accused her of adultery. She was tried and found guilty. She asked to be beheaded with a sword. 7 the usual axe, which can still be seen in the Tower. The sword and executioner were 8 over specially from France and with one 9 the executioner cut off her head. The Tower was also the 10 of one of London"s most famous mysteries. King Edward Ⅳ died in 1483. His eider son, Edward, became king 11 his father"s death. Young Edward lived in the Tower, and the Duke of Gloucester, 12 protector, persuaded Edward"s brother, Richard, to come and live there so that they could play together. But then the Duke 13 that he was the new king, and he was crowned instead of the twelve-year-old Edward, 14 himself Richard Ⅲ. After that, the boys were seen less and less and eventually disappeared. 15 said that they were suffocated in bed by pillows being 16 their mouths. It is believed that Richard ordered their deaths, 17 it has never been proved. In 1674, workmen at the Tower discovered two 18 which were taken away and buried in Westminster Abbey in 1678. The 19 were examined in 1933 and were declared to be those of two children, 20 the age of the Princes.

单选题They are at the moment working ______ time to get everything ready for the conference.

单选题In order to live the kind of life we want and to be the person we want to be, we have to do more than just ______ with events.

单选题Erik Erikson Born at the tun of the century, Erik Erikson spent his early years in Europe. As a son of well-to-do parents, he received an education that was both formal and informal. Like other upper class children, when he finished his regular schoolwork, he traveled the Continent. He described this period as his moratorium—a term he used in his later theory of human development to describe a temporary life space that adolescents go through between the completion of general academic education and the choice of a life career. He noted that at the time of his own young adulthood, it was fashionable to travel through Europe, gaining a perspective on civilization and one's own possible place in it. He chose the avocation of portrait painting as an activity during this time. It permitted maximum flexibility for travel and yielded some productive output as well. Obviously talented, he soon gained a reputation as a promising young artist, especially for his portraits of young children. The turning point in his life came when he was invited to a villa in Austria to do a child's portrait. He entered the villa and was introduced to the child's father, Sigmund Freud. These began a series of informal discussions as he completed his work. A few weeks later, he received a written invitation from Freud to join the psychoanalytic institute of Vienna and study for child analysis. Erikson has commented that that at this point he confronted a momentous decision: the choice between a continued moratorium with more traveling and painting, and commitment to a life career pattern. Fortunately for psychology and particularly for our eventual understanding of children and adolescents, Erikson ended the moratorium. After completing his training, he migrated to this country and served from 1936 to 1939 as a research associate in psychiatry at Yale, and he worked with Henry Murray of TAT fame (Thematic Apperception Test) at Harvard. From 1939 to 1951 he served as professor at the University of California and then moved to the Austen Riggs Clinic in Pittsburgh. With each move, his reputation grew in significance. His theoretical framework was adopted by the White House Conference on Children in 1950. The conference report, a national charter for child and adolescent development in this country, was almost a literal repetition of his thoughts. In 1960 he was offered a university professorship a Harvard in recognition of his national and international stature in the field of human development. The career that started so informally that day at Freud's villa culminated with almost unprecedented eminence as a professor in one of the country's oldest and most prestigious institutions of higher education-all without the benefit of a single earned academic degree. Ironically, he was offered only associate status in the American Psychological Association as late as 1950. This oversight was partially removed in 1955 when he was elected as a Fellow of the Division of Developmental Psychology, without ever having been a member. His work, as we have noted in the text, has made a major contribution to our understanding of healthy psychological growth during all aspects of the life cycle. In addition to the high quality of his insight, Erikson possessed a genuine flair in linguistic expression, both spoken and written. In fact, one could almost compare his command of the English language with the benchmark established in this century by Winston Churchill. In many ways Erikson's scope was as broad and comprehensive as that of Churchill. Erikson's genius has been his ability to see the threefold relationship among the person, the immediate environment, and historical forces. Thus, each human is partially shaped by environmental and historical events, but each human, in turn, shapes the environment and can change the course of history. Erikson is equally at home describing the balance of individual strengths and problems for a single "verage" child or teenager as with an analysis of major historical figures such as Martin Luther and Mahatma Gandihi. He shows through personal history how events and reactions during childhood and adolescence prepare humans to be adults. Ralph Waldo Emerson said there is no history, only biography. Erikson's work attests to this wisdom. If there were a criticism of his overall framework, it would concern his differentiation between the sexes. As might be expected, he was conditioned and shaped by the major historical and psychological forces of his own time, following in the tradition of a predominantly male oriented theory for psychology. This reminds us of the limits set by historical circumstances, which impinge on all humans. He was able to break with many of the limiting traditions of his time, particularly to move the concept of development from an exclusive pathological focus to a view that emphasized the positive and productive aspects of growth. He was, however, not successful in breaking with the cultural stereotypes regarding female growth.

单选题This book is about how these basic beliefs and values affect important {{U}}sides{{/U}} of American life.

单选题George Ernest Morrison, an Australian, traveled the "five-foot roads," or foot paths, from Shanghai to Rangoon in 1894, ______ China before it was engulfed in a century of revolution, war and political tumult.

单选题The list of things we need to think about which will be______by climate change is endless.

单选题Mary must have received my mail; otherwise she would have replied before now.

单选题Sigmund Freud If there is a single name in all psychology that is synonymous with personality theory, it is Sigmund Freud. Born on the Continent in 1856, he spent his early years as a member of a tightly knit family in Central Europe. Reportedly, his youth was marked by serious personality problems, including severe bouts with depression and anxiety states. These difficulties apparently started him on a journey of discovery aimed at understanding the roots of personality and gaining insight into the relationship between personality structure and actual behavior. It was to be a long and productive professional journey, beginning with his graduation from medical school at the University of Vienna in 1881. His career extended all the way to the beginning of World War Ⅱ in 1939. After completing his medical studies, he became increasingly interested in diseases of the nervous system. Instead of continuing to look for physical and physiological reasons, he shifted his attention toward a new arena, the mind. If diseases such as hysteria, high-anxiety states, and deep personal depression were not connected to a physical cause, then the usual types of medical treatment, from actual operations on nerves to prescriptions for drugs, were bound to fail. Such activities were merely treating symptoms. Often, after these treatments, patients simply developed a new set of symptoms. As a result of these ideas, Freud decided to study with Joserf Breuer, a physician famous for his treatment of hysteria through hypnosis. Freud found that inducing hypnotic trances was somewhat limited as a treatment of choice. Some patients could not be successfully hypnotized and others simply shifted symptoms. Freud began to experiment with unique treatment methods, primarily asking patients to free-associate and to report on their dreams. In some ways this appeared an outrageous procedure for a physician to use. Imagine Freud asking a patient to stretch out on his soon-to-be-famous couch, then suggesting that he or she say whatever came to mind. (The first rule of psychoanalysis was to speak out and not repress any hidden thoughts). All the while Freud himself was sitting behind the couch quietly jotting down notes, rarely speaking. Such a procedure seemed the work of a mad genius at best or of a charlatan at worst. Not only did Freud break with the traditions of his time completely, but he even went so far as to carry on psychoanalytically oriented treatment via the mail to the father of a child patient. In the famous case of little Hans, he successfully treated a young boy by writing to the father and explaining step-by-step how to cure the patient of a severe case of horse phobia. Since horses provided most transportation in those days, Hans' malady can be compared to a child who today would run and hide at the sight of an automobile. Always an innovator, Freud continued to evolve creative treatment techniques throughout his life; however, his major contribution was his insight into the causes of behavior. Through hours of quiet listening to patients' free associations and dreams, he began to construct a theory of personality. He heard the same themes repeated over and over again and in time created his theory of infant sexuality. Adult patients were helped to gradually recall early feelings, thoughts, and sexual fantasies from their childhood. To suggest to the world that innocent little children had such sexual feelings was almost too much for the Victorian age to accept. Nevertheless, despite the enormous criticism generated and the departure of some of his closest associates, Freud continued to expand on the importance of sexuality as a determinant of personality during the early years of life. His three-part typology of the mind—the id, the ego, and the superego—combined with his three layers of conscious, preconscious, and unconscious led to his famous dictum that all human behavior was over determined. His clinical approaches demonstrated that our present behavior is related to a whole series of causes. The task of the psychologist is to uncover great amounts of psychic material and then gradually help the patient understand how many of the factors from the past had been regulating his or her present behavior. In fact, Freud said that the psychologist is like an archaeologist-carefully and systematically digging through the past in order to slowly uncover the intrapsychic traumas of a person of early history. Here he found the structure of the past influencing present behavior; here was the repository of events, feelings, disconnected ideas, fantasies rooted in the unconscious. The unconscious, according to Freud, is the key to human behavior. Even though individuals may try to suppress or repress inner thoughts and feelings and push them into the unconscious, the repressed material sneaks out in disguised form. Slips of the tongue, unfortunate accidents, forgetting important events, getting names of familiar people mixed up, and similar people mixed up, and similar unusual human behavior are not just incidental activities or randomly determined. He was able to show how such events are instead a direct expression of an individual's unconscious motivation. For example, a guilt-ridden criminal might "accidentally" leave a trail a mile wide from the scene of a crime in order to bring about his own punishment. Other examples abound in everyday life. The insights of Freud changed our level of understanding in dramatic ways. It has been said that the greatest contribution was to end, once and for all, the age of innocence. Also, some have remarked that it would have been impossible to understand the horrors of the twentieth century without his theories of why and how people react. These theories demonstrated the importance of both sexual and aggressive human drives. The adverse interpersonal relationships so common in this age are current reminders of this insight. The desolation created by two major world wars, the total annihilation of innocent populations, the use of ultimate weapons from A-bombs to gas chambers—these products of a so-called advanced civilization can be better understood through his views. It is to be hoped that his insights will teach the world the importance of recognizing and gradually developing control over these destructive human drives. Ironically, he spent many of his last years as a captive of the most demonic human being of this century in Nazi Germany. His final year of life was spent in England in 1939. He watched the world he knew collapse once again in a paroxysm of hatred, tragic testimony to his deepest fears for humanity.

单选题 The head of the Library of Congress is to name Donald Hall, a writer whose deceptively simple language builds on images of the New England landscape, as the nation's 14th poet laureate today. Mr. Hall, a poet in the distinctive American tradition of Robert Frost, has also been a harsh critic of the religious right's influence on government arts policy. And as a member of the advisory council of the National Endowment for the Arts during the administration of George H. W. Bush, he referred to those he thought were interfering with arts grants as "bullies and art bashers". He will succeed Ted Kooser, the Nebraskan who has been the poet laureate since 2004. The announcement of Mr. Hall's appointment is to be made by James H. Billington, the Librarian of Congress. Mr. Billington said that he chose Mr. Hall because of "the sustained quality of his poetry, the reach and the variety of things he talks about." Like Mr. Kooser, Mr. Billington said, Mr. Hall "{{U}}evokes a sense of place{{/U}}." Mr. Hall, 77, lives in a white clapboard farmhouse in Wilmot, N. H. , that has been in his family for generations. He said in a telephone interview that he didn't see the poet laureateship as a bully pulpit. "But it's a pulpit anyway," he said. "If I see First Amendment violations, I will speak up." Mr. Hall is an extremely productive writer who has published about 18 books of poetry, 20 books of prose and 12 children's books. He has won many awards, including a national Book Critics Circle Award in 1989 for "The One Day," a collection. In recent years much of his poetry has been preoccupied with the death of his wife, the poet Jane Kenyon, in 1995. Robert Pinsky, who was poet laureate from 1997 to 2000 said he welcomed Mr. Hall's appointment, especially in light of his previous outspokenness about politics and arts. "There is something nicely symbolic, and maybe surprising," Mr. Pinsky said, "that they have selected someone who has taken a stand for freedom." The position carries an award of $35,000 and $5,000 travel allowance. It usually lasts a year, though poets are sometimes reappointed.

单选题The two men, working together for more then a decade, both became famous psychologists ______.

单选题 {{B}}The Frugal Gourmet Cooks American{{/B}}by Jeff Smith Our real American foods have come from our soil and have been used by many groups— those who already lived here and those who have come here to live. The Native Americans already had developed an interesting cuisine using the abundant foods that were so prevalent. The influence that the English had upon our national eating habits is easy to see. They were a tough lot, those English, and they ate in a tough manner. They wiped theft mouths on the tablecloth, if there happened to be one, and they ate until you would expect them to burst. European travelers to this country in those days were most often shocked by American eating habits, which included too much fat and too much salt and too much liquor. Not much has changed! And, the Revolutionists refused to use the fork since it marked them as Europeans. The fork was not absolutely common on the American dinner table until about the time of the Civil War, the 1860s. Those English were a tough lot. Other immigrant groups added their own touches to the preparation of our New World food products. The groups that came still have a special sense of self-identity through their ancestral heritage, but they see themselves as Americans. This special self-identity through your ancestors who came from other lands was supposed to disappear in this country. The term melting pot was first used in reference to America in the late 1700s, so this belief that we would all become the same has been with us for a long time. Thank goodness it has never worked. The various immigrant groups continue to add flavor to the pot, all right, but you can pick out the individual flavors easily. The largest ancestry group in America is the English. There are more people in America who claim to have come from English blood than there are in England. But is their food English? Thanks be to God, it is not! It is American. The second largest group is the Germans, then the Irish, the Afro-Americans, the French, the Italians, the Scottish, and the Polish. The Mexican and American Indian groups are all smaller than any of the above, though they were the original cooks in this country.

单选题Who Needs Equality? For a few month last year, it appeared as if a new wave of feminism was sweeping Japan, raising a clamorous challenge to age-old male authority. It began when housewives, engraved by a new tax, swarmed to political rallies, urging that a "voice from the kitchen" reach the male-dominated government. Socialist Takako Doi, the first woman in Japanese history to lead a major political party, inspired an unprecedented number of women to run for the Diet"s upper house, and they grabbed a record number of seats. Prime Minister Sousuke Uno resigned in disgrace after a former geisha he had patronized broke her profession"s code of silence to denounce his as too small-minded a man to lead the country. His successor rushed to appoint two women to his Cabinet. The press seized upon the opportunity to rave about the dawning to Onna no Jidai (the Era of Women). But a year later, the dawn seems to have darkened. The women Cabinet members have been replaced by men. The rallies have evaporated. Enthusiasts of Onna no Jidai , it seems, spoke too soon. Though Japanese women are among the best-educated women in the world, they are, by Western standards, second-class citizens in their own country. Traditional values discourage women from appearing outspoken or independent-minded and demoralize those who try to climb the political or business hierarchies. Only one-fourth of major Japanese corporations have any women at all in the middle-management or higher ranks. In government, women constitutes less than 1% of management-level bureaucrats and about 6% of the 764 Diet members. The average woman"s annual income amounts to only half that of a man"s. Why, then, aren"t Japanese women angry? Why aren"t they marching en masse for equality? Why didn"t they stoke the spark of Onna no Jidai ? The fact of the matter is that equality with men is not a particularly appealing prospect to most Japanese women right now. Educated young women, those most likely to lead a revolution, tend to see their male peers as dull corporate drones. Women, meanwhile, with comparatively freer schedules, have more to cultivate their interests. Indeed, while a 1985 law bans sex discrimination and requires Japanese companies to offer females the same opportunities available to males, few women choose to apply for career-track jobs. Most opt to work as assistants to men. Typically, a woman will leave her job after the birth of her first child and later resume a part-time career or pursue hobbies or community work. Being a housewife is nothing to be ashamed of in Japan. Because most husbands leave their salaries and children entirely in the hands of their wives, women have wide-ranging responsibilities. It was not always thus. Traditionally, wives and children blindly obeyed the father as ruler of the roost. But postwar economic growth toppled fathers from that lofty post by imposing longer work hours that kept them from home. At the same time, modem appliances freed women from household drudgery. "Housewives can pursue their interests in a carefree manner, while men have to worry about supporting their wives and children," says Makiko Katagiri, 32, a college-educated housewife who plays volleyball once a week and runs the PTA at her children"s nursery school. The father"s status so declined that mental-health experts speak of a new male affliction: kitaku kyofu sho, or a "fear of returning home syndrome." A popular television commercial for an insecticide spray shows a father waking up one day to find he has turned into a cockroach. The ad warns housewives, "If you see a large cockroach, it might be your husband. Please check before you exterminate." Even men will sometimes admit that their privilege status in society has a price. "Women know how to enjoy themselves more than men do," say a mid-level executive of a major Japanese auto company. "Men are too tired. We"re all about to collapse." ( Time , December 3, 1990)

单选题It would be wise if you had not breathed a single word of the matter.

单选题The present situation of people"s abnormal behaviors speaks volumes for the fact that there is a a large number of people whose thinking is already out of ______.

单选题You"ve been so helpful! How can I make up to you ?

单选题The American basketball team announced that they would not ______ first place to any team.

单选题It can be deduced from this passage that one should ______.