Somepioneeringworkthatbeganasanattempttodiscoverwaystoincreaseproductionefficiencyledtothefoundingofthehumanrelationsmovementinindustryandtothedevelopmentofmotivationalskillsandtoolsformanagers.In1927researcherswereinvolvedindeterminingtheoptimumamountoflighting,temperature,andhumidity(withlightingbeingconsideredthemostimportant)fortheassemblyofelectroniccomponentsatWesternElectric.Theresearchersfoundthatlightinghadnoconsistenteffectonproduction.Infact,productionsometimesincreasedwhenlightingwasreducedtothelevelofordinarymoonlight!TheimportantpartofthisexperimentbeganwhentwoHarvardresearchers,EltonMayoandFritzRoethlisberger,werebroughtintoinvestigatetheseunexpectedresultsfurther.Theyfoundthatworkerswererespondingnottotheleveloflightingbuttothefactthattheywerebeingobservedbytheexperimenters.ThisphenomenoncametobeknownastheHawthorneeffectsincetheexperimentswereconductedattheWesternElectricHawthornePlant.Thiswasthefirstdocumentedandwidelypublishedevidenceofthepsychologicaleffectsondoingwork,anditledtothefirstseriouseffortaimedatexaminingpsychologicalandsocialfactorsintheworkplace.Furtherexperimentswerecontinuedforfiveyears.Generally,theresearchersconcludedfromtheirexperimentsthateconomicmotivation(pay)wasnotthesolesourceofproductivityand,insomecases,noteventhemostimportantsource.Throughinterviewsandtestresults,theresearchersfocusedontheeffectsofworkattitudes,supervision,andthepeergroupandothersocialforces,onproductivity.Theirfindingslaidthegroundworkformodemmotivationtheory,andthestudyofhumanfactorsonthejob,whichcontinuestothisdayinsuchcommonpracticesasselectionandtraining,establishingfavorableworkconditions,counseling,andpersonneloperations.Thecontributionsofthisexperimentshiftedthefocusofhumanmotivationfromeconomicstoamultifacetedapproachincludingpsychologicalandsocialforces.
People had been conscious of the problem before, but the new book made them aware of its （importance）.People had been conscious of the problem before, but the new book made them aware of its （importance）.
Fewcreaturesonearthareascuteastheblackliontamarin,andfewhaveasdramaticastoryline.Pug-nosedanddiminutive,withacomicfringeofhair,thesemonkeysdwellintreesinsmalltractsofforestinsoutheasternBrazil.Ortheydiduntil1905,whentheyweredeclaredextinct.Noonesawablackliontamarinagaininthewilduntil1970.Later,inthe1990s,someBrazilianresearchersturnedupasmallsetofisolated,inbredpopulationsscatteredoverawideregion.Sincethattime,theyhavebeenengineeringtamarinmigration,doingeverythingtheycantosavetheworld’smostdistinctiveprimates.Althoughtheyarenolargerthanhousecats,tamarinshavebrainsbigfortheirsizeandafamilylifeorganizedlikeourown.Theyliveingroupsanchoredbyanadultmaleandadultfemale,alongwiththeiroffspring.Whenamotherbearsyoung,sheusuallyproducestwins,andalthoughmembersofthegroupshareintheirupbringing,itismostoftenthefatherwhocarriesthemaroundinthetrees,wherethefamiliesfeedonfruits,insectsandbird’seggs.Unhappilyfortheliontamarins,theirtree-boundnichebegantodisappearafterthePortugueselandedinBrazilandbeganclearingforesttomakeroomforRiodeJaneiro,thesettlementsandfarms.Asisthecaseforsomanythreatenedspecies,thebreakupoftheirhabitatsoundedthedeathknellfortamarins,deprivingthemofthecontinuityofforesttheyrequiretoremainabundantandsafefrompotentialthreatsinanysinglevicinity.Theanimalsavoidpredatorsbyhardlyevercomingdownfromthetrees,soevenanarrowloggingroadthroughaforestcanbeginthebreakupbypreventingthemfrommovingfromonepatchofforesttoanother.Asimplesolutionwastobuildbridgesacrossroads,allowingthemonkeystomovefromoneforesttoanother.Withsomelumberandtheresearchers’work,habitatsthathadbeenseparatedbecamecontinuousagain,improvingopportunitiesformigratingandmating.Thenextstepwastobroadenthedistributionofthepopulation.Theresearcherscapturedtwofamiliesofblackliontamarinsandmovedthemtoanewforest.Afterayear,themovesweredeclaredasuccess:Notonlyhad80percentofthetamarinssurvived,buttheyhadalsoproducednewoffspring.Sofar,sogood.Theresearchershadlearnedtheanimalscouldadjusttothenewhabitats,eveniftheinsectstheretastedalittledifferentorthetreeswereaslightlydifferentsize.Thetechniquesforsavingspeciesinthewildvary.Specieswithlessstringenthabitatrequirements,likewildturkeys,havebeenrescuedbymovingthemintonewsettingsaswellasoutlawingtheirkilling.Morechallengingtopreservearespeciesthatrequirealotofland,likeelephants,andspeciesthathavehighlyspecificrequirementsforhabitatandprey—likeblack-footedferrets.Ultimately,asinallchallenges,knowledgeispowertosavewildspeciesfromextinction.
My grandfather Paul Goodman ______to my endless of music.
Itisclearthatwearerapidlybecomingaglobalculture.Newformsofinformationtechnology,intercontinentaltravel,andthecomplexnatureofeconomicsareallelementsinsuchachange.Japan,anancient 1 culture,nowdominatestheWesteconomicallywhileitsowntraditional 2 israpidlybecoming 3 intheprocess.Itdoesnottakeagreatdealofanalysistoseethevastinterchangesofculturalinfluencesintheworldtoday.Thethirstfor 4 fashions,popularmusic,andtheotherdementsofconsumerculture 5 greatinroadsinnon-WesternlandswhiletheWestseeksouteverythingfromthereligioustraditionsoftheEast 6 theartandmusicthesecountriesproduce.Inthefieldof 7 ,tociteoneconspicuousexample,contemporaryreadersseekbooks 8 thoseoftheWest.LatinAmericanauthors,aswellasthosefromAfrica,Asia,andIndia,nowfindappreciativeaudiences.A 9 culturedoesnotmeanaunitaryor“oneworld”culture.Itdoesmeanthatpeopleareincreasinglyawareofthediversityofculture.Worldeventsenterourlivingroomssothatthingsthatmayoncehavebeen 10 ofasdistant 11 nowgreetusimmediatelyandincolor.WemaywatchthoseeventsonatelevisionmadeinJapanwhilewearingclothessewninThailandandshoesmadeinHungarywhilesnacking 12 foodgrowninMexico.Suchaneconomicinterdependencereflectstherealityofaglobalbankingsystem,theglobalizationoftheeconomy,andtheincreasing 13 ofinformationandinformationtechnologies. 14 hasthisshrinkingofdistances(andattitudes)becomemoreclearthanintheacademicdebatesoverwhatconstitutesaliberal 15 educationtoday.Isitpossible(ordesirable)tohavetheWesterncoreofhumanities 16 thecenter-pieceofacurriculum?Theplaceofnon-Westernandnon-traditionalculturesaspartofthegeneral 17 ofastudentishotlyarguedineducationalcircles.Theveryfactofthatdiscussion 18 totheemergenceofaglobalconsciousnesswithacontinuedshrinkingofparochialattitudes.The 19 thatsuchglobalizationishotlydebatedonlyemphasizestheprofoundnatureofthe 20 takingplaceinourculture.
EversinceitwasclaimedthatamedicinemadefromtheChinesethree-stripedboxturtlecouldcurecancer,demandfortheproducthasincreased,makingtheturtlethemostexpensivetobefoundinChina’sfoodmarkets.Hugesumsofmoneyhavebeenmadesellingthemedicine.Theturtle—alongwithafewotherCuoraspecies—wasonceimportedintoChinabythepettrade.Exportersobtainedthespecimensinthefoodmarketsratherthangoingouttocollecttheminthewild.Treatmentoftheturtlespriortoreachingthemarketsresultedinmanyofthembeingdiseased.Packedtightlyintocrates,oftenforjourneysofseveralweekswithoutfood,itislittlewonderthatmanyspecimensexportedtowesterncountriesfaredpoorlywhenpurchasedaspets.ThroughouttheFarEastturtlesandtortoiseshavefeaturedinvariousculturesandcertainreligions.Theyhavealsobeenusedforhundredsofyearsforfoodandmedicine.TraditionalChinesemedicineisprobablythegreatestthreattothethree-stripedboxandtothethousandsofotherturtlesthatareimportedyearlyintoChina.Turtlesarewellknownfortheirlongevity,whichitisthoughtwillbepassedontothoseeatingthem.Turtleblood,bonesandshells—particularlytheplastron(ventralpartoftheshell)—arethoughttohavemedicinalpropertiesandbeabletocureanumberofailments.Turtleeggsarealsousedforfoodandmedicine.Themedicinalvalueoftheturtlesisopentoquestion,anditispossiblethatherbscouldproducethesameeffects.Anybeneficialsubstancesfromtheturtlescouldalsobesynthesizedchemically,soastopreventthekillingofturtles.ThesouthernpartofChinahasbecomemoreprosperousinrecentyears,andthedemandforturtleshasincreaseddramatically.Turtledishesareservedinrestaurantsandregardedasanexpensivedelicacy,evenastatussymbol.AsturtlesuppliesinChinadwindled,tradersstartedimportingtheanimalsfromVietnam.Asaresult,manyVietnameseturtleshavenowdisappearedfromtheirhauntsinthewild.Tosatisfygrowingdemand,importershavenowturnedtosourcesfartherafield,includingCambodia,Laos,Nepal,India,BhutanandIndonesia.SincebiologistsstartedstudyingturtlesinChinesefoodmarkets,severalpreviouslyunknownandextremelyrarespecieshavebeenfound;someareonAppendixIofCITES.Atthepresentrateofcollectionsuchspecimens,andevenspeciesnotyetdiscovered,couldsoonbeextinct.Thethree-stripedboxturtleissimplyoneamongdozensofotherspeciesfloodingintoChina,butitshighvaluemakesitaspecialtargetforcollectors.
Throughout history has 1 changed his physical environment in order to improve his 2 of life. With the tools of technology he has 3 many physical features of the earth. He has 4 woodlands and prairies into farms and made lakes and reservoirs 5 of rivers for irrigation purposes or hydroelectric 6 . Man has also modified the face of the earth by 7 marshes and cutting through mountains to 8 roads and railways.However, man’s 9 to the physical environment have not always had beneficial results. Today, 10 of the air and water is an increasing danger to the health of the 11 . Each day thousands of tons of gases come out of the exhausts of motor vehicles. 12 from factories pollutes the air of industrialized areas and the surrounding 13 of the countryside. The pollution of water is equally harmful. The whole ecological 14 of the sea is being changed and 15 wastes have already made many rivers lifeless.Now 16 protection is more pressing than ever before. As we know, massive destruction of the environment has brought about 17 effects and even poses a great 18 to man’s existence. Indifference to these problems will mean committing suicide. Therefore, effective 19 should be taken and laws passed to 20 the environment. Otherwise, man is certain to suffer from the serious consequences caused by this lack of care for his living surroundings.
Children’sliteraturetracesitsbeginningstopreliteratetimes,whenancientstorytellerspassedtalesandlegendsfromgenerationtogenerationintheoraltradition.WilliamCaxton,whoestablishedEngland’sfirstprintingpress,publishedbooksofetiquette,fablesandlegends.However,thesedidn’tconstituteabodyofworkthatcouldbeconsideredliteratureforchildren.Becausechildrenatthattimewereconsidered“miniatureadults”,booksweredidacticinnature.Thecontentforyoungreadersconsistedmainlyofreligiousinstruction,rulesofbehavior,ethicalmessages,andmoralplatitudes.In1774,EnglishmanJohnNewberrychangedchildren’spublishingwhenhebegantocreatebookswithattractiveformats,qualityillustrations,andsturdybuildings,thatweredesignedprimarilyforchildrentoenjoy.Theoldest,andmostprestigiousawardgivenforchildren’sbookspublishedinAmerica,istheNewberryMedal.Inthefollowingcentury,children’sliteraturebegantobloom.HansChristianAndersen’swonderfulstorieslike“TheUglyDuckling”,and“TheLittleMermaid”,andGrimmbrotherscollectedtwovolumesofGermanfolktalesthatincludedstoriessuchas“SnowWhite”and“Rumpelstiltskin”.Childhoodcametoberecognizedasajoyfulandcarefreeperiodoflife,andbookscelebratingitbegantobepublished.CharlesDodgson(LewisCarrol)wrotethefantasy“AliceinWonderland”,thefirstbookthatwasintendedpurelyforchildren’senjoymentwithoutanypretenseofinstruction.EdwardsLear’sbooksofnonsensepoetrydelightedbothyoungandoldreaders.InNorthAmerica,booksforayoungaudiencewerebecomingpopularaswell.KateDouglasWigginwrote“RebeccaofSunnybrookFarm”,LouisaMayAlcottwrote“LittleWomen”,andSamuelClemens(MarkTwain)createdTomSawyerandHuckleberryFinn.Bytheendofthecentury,thepiousandmoralisticbooksofearliertimeshadbeenreplacedbywritingdesignedtoamuseandentertainayoungaudience.Inthe1800scolorprintingwasintroduced,andbythemiddleofthe19thcentury,theroughillustrationsthatcharacterizedearlierchildren’sbookshadbeenreplacedbyworksofartthatcapturedthewordandsomeofthestory.
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