英译汉HIGUERADELASERENA，Spain—Itdidn’ttakelongforManuelGarcíaMurillo，abricklayerwhotookoverasmayorherelastJune，torealizethathistownwasintrouble.Itwas800，000euros，alittlemorethan$1million，inthered.Therewasnocashonhandtopayforanything—andtherewasworkthatneededtobedone. Butthenanamazingthinghappened，hesaid.Justasthehealthdepartmentwasabouttoclosedownthedaycarecenterbecauseitdidn’thaveaproperkitchen，BernardoBenítez，aconstructionworker，offeredtoputupthewallsandthetilesfree.Then，MariaJoséCarmona，anadulteducationteacher，steppedintocleantheplaceup. Andsomehow，thevolunteersjustkeptcoming.EverySundaynow，theresidentsofthistowninsouthwestSpain—youngandold—dowhatneedstobedone，whetheritiscleaningthestreets，rakingtheleaves，uncloggingculvertsorplantingtreesinthepark. “Itwasaninitiativefromthem，”saidMr.García.“Daytodaywetalkedtopeopleandwetoldthemtherewasnomoney.Ofcourse，theycouldseeit.Thegrassinbetweenthesidewalkswasuptomythigh.“ HigueradelaSerenaisinmanywaysamicrocosmofSpain’stroubles.JustasSpain’snationalandregionalgovernmentsarestrugglingwiththecollapseoftheconstructionindustry，overspendingonhugecapitalprojectsandapileupofunpaidbills，thesameproblemsafflictmanyofitssmalltowns. ButwhathasbroughtHigueradelaSerenaameasureoffameinSpainisthattheresidentshavesteppedupwheretheirgovernmenthasfailed.Mr.Garcíasayshisphoneringsregularlyfromothertownofficialswhowanttoknowhowtodothesamething.Heisservingwithoutpay，asarethetown’stwootherelectedofficials.Theyarealsoforgoingthecarsandphonesthatusuallycomewiththejob. “Welivedbeyondourmeans，”Mr.Garcíasaid.“Weinvestedinpublicworksthatweren’tsensible.Weareintechnicalbankruptcy.”EvensomemoneyfromtheEuropeanUnionthatwassupposedtobeusedforroutineoperatingexpensesandlastuntil2013hasalreadybeenspent，hesaid. HigueradelaSerena，aclusterofabout900housessurroundedbyfarmland，andtraditionallydependentonpigfarmingandolives，gotsweptupinthegiddydaysoftheconstructionboom.Itbuiltaculturalcenterandinvestedinasmallnursinghome.Buttheprojectswereplaguedbydelaysandcostoverruns. Theculturalcenterstillhasnobathrooms.Thenursinghome，awhitewashedbuildingsitsontheedgeoftown，stillunopened.Together，theyaccountforsome$470，000ofdebtowedtothebank.Buttherestofthedebtismostlytheunpaidbillsofatownthatwasnotkeepingupwithitsexpenses.Itowesformedicalsupplies，fordieselfuel，forroadrepair，forelectricalwork，formusicianswhoplayedduringholidays. HigueradelaSerenaisnotcompletelywithoutworkers.Itstillhasahalf-timelibrarian，twohalf-timestreetcleaners，someonepart-timeforthesportscomplex，asecretaryandanadministrator，allofwhomarepaidthroughvariousfinancingstreamsapartfromthetown.Butthetownoncehadaworkforcetwicethesize.Andwhensomeoneisill，volunteershavetostepinorthegymandsportscomplex—openfourhoursaday—mustclose.

英译汉LECCO, Italy — Each morning, about 450 students travel along 17 school bus routes to 10 elementary schools in this lakeside city at the southern tip of Lake Como. There are zero school buses. In 2003, to confront the triple threats of childhood obesity, local traffic jams and — most important — a rise in global greenhouse gases abetted by car emissions, an environmental group here proposed a retro-radical concept: children should walk to school. They set up a piedibus (literally foot-bus in Italian) — a bus route with a driver but no vehicle. Each morning a mix of paid staff members and parental volunteers in fluorescent yellow vests lead lines of walking students along Lecco’s twisting streets to the schools’ gates, Pied Piper-style, stopping here and there as their flock expands. At the Carducci School, 100 children, or more than half of the students, now take walking buses. Many of them were previously driven in cars. Giulio· Greppi, a 9-year-old with shaggy blond hair, said he had been driven about a third of a mile each way until he started taking the piedibus. “I get to see my friends and we feel special because we know it’s good for the environment,” he said. Although the routes are each generally less than a mile, the town’s piedibuses have so far eliminated more than 100,000 miles of car travel and, in principle, prevented thousands of tons of greenhouse gases from entering the air, Dario Pesenti, the town’s environment auditor, estimates. The number of children who are driven to school over all is rising in the United States and Europe, experts on both continents say, making up a sizable chunk of transportation’s contribution to greenhouse-gas emissions. The “school run” made up 18 percent of car trips by urban residents of Britain last year, a national survey showed. In 1969, 40 percent of students in the United States walked to school; in 2001, the most recent year data was collected, 13 percent did, according to the federal government’s National Household Travel Survey. Lecco’s walking bus was the first in Italy, but hundreds have cropped up elsewhere in Europe and, more recently, in North America to combat the trend. Towns in France, Britain and elsewhere in Italy have created such routes, although few are as extensive and long-lasting as Lecco’s.

英译汉For generations, coal has been the lifeblood of this mineral-rich stretch of eastern Utah. Mining families proudly recall all the years they toiled underground. Supply companies line the town streets. Above the road that winds toward the mines, a soot-smudged miner peers out from a billboard with the slogan “Coal = Jobs.” 　　But recently, fear has settled in. The state’s oldest coal-fired power plant, tucked among the canyons near town, is set to close, a result of new, stricter federal pollution regulations. 　　As energy companies tack away from coal, toward cleaner, cheaper natural gas, people here have grown increasingly afraid that their community may soon slip away. Dozens of workers at the facility here, the Carbon Power Plant, have learned that they must retire early or seek other jobs. Local trucking and equipment outfits are preparing to take business elsewhere. 　　“There are a lot of people worried,”said Kyle Davis, who has been employed at the plant since he was 18. 　　Mr. Davis, 56, worked his way up from sweeping floors to managing operations at the plant, whose furnaces have been burning since 1954. 　　“I would have liked to be here for another five years,”he said. “I’m too young to retire.” 　　But Rocky Mountain Power, the utility that operates the plant, has determined that it would be too expensive to retrofit the aging plant to meet new federal standards on mercury emissions. The plant is scheduled to be shut by April 2015. 　　“We had been working for the better part of three years, testing compliance strategies,” said David Eskelsen, a spokesman for the utility. “None of the ones we investigated really would produce the results that would meet the requirements.” 　　For the last several years, coal plants have been shutting down across the country, driven by tougher environmental regulations, flattening electricity demand and a move by utilities toward natural gas. This month, the board of directors of the Tennessee Valley Authority, the country’s largest public power utility, voted to shut eight coal-powered plants in Alabama and Kentucky and partly replace them with gas-fired power. Since 2010, more than 150 coal plants have been closed or scheduled for retirement. 　　The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that the stricter emissions regulations for the plants will result in billions of dollars in related health savings, and will have a sweeping impact on air quality. In recent weeks, the agency held 11 “listening sessions” around the country in advance of proposing additional rules for carbon dioxide emissions. 　　“Coal plants are the single largest source of dangerous carbon pollution in the United States, and we have ready alternatives like wind and solar to replace them,” said Bruce Nilles, director of the Sierra Club’s Beyond Coal campaign, which wants to shut all of the nation’s coal plants. 　　For many here, coal jobs are all they know. The industry united the area during hard times, too, especially during the dark days after nine men died in a 2007 mining accident some 35 miles down the highway. Virtually everyone around Price knew the men, six of whom remain entombed in the mountainside. But there is quiet acknowledgment that Carbon County will have to change —if not now, soon. 　　Pete Palacios, who worked in the mines for 43 years, has seen coal roar and fade here. Now 86, his eyes grew cloudy as he recalled his first mining job. He was 12, and earned $1 a day. “I’m retired, so I’ll be fine. But these young guys?” Pete Palacios said, his voice trailing off.

英译汉英译汉It was just one word in one email, but it triggered huge financial losses for a multinational company

英译汉Passage 1 If you have never seen a power plant, you might find it hard to imagine how enormously complex the equipment is or how much heat is generated by the boilers or how much coal it takes to fuel the furnaces for just one day. During the course of a day, the boilers at one of our power plants, Morgantown, for example, can turn 24 million gallons of water into steam. That generating plant alone uses 9,900 tons of coal in its furnaces in just one day. Potomac Electric Power Company (PEPCO) uses so much coal that we have purchased two 80-car unit trains to facilitate the delivery process. And Morgantown alone can produce over 25 million kilowatthours of electricity in a single day''s operation. Electricity is produced by spinning large magnets inside a coil of wire within the generator. The faster we spin the magnets, the higher will be the voltage of the electricity produced. Electricity leaves a PEPCO generator at between 13,800 and 24,000 volts. The next step in the process occurs when electricity passes through a transformer where the voltage is stepped up to continue on its journey. A transmission wire is like a small diameter pipe. Stepping up the voltage is like increasing water pressure, thus speeding the flow of energy through the system. Passage 2 Because the aircraft industry needs ever-increasing quantities of aluminium plate, new equipment has been designed to automate the making of it. It includes a huge heat-treatment furnace, a crane that lifts hot metal plates without damaging them, and a computer system that can manage the complete flow of work. Five years ago, Europe''s aircraft industry needed only 8,000 tonnes of aluminium plate a year for its products. Last year the figure reached 21,800 tonnes. By 2004 it should total 30,000 tonnes. Each airliner contains 180 tonnes of it. That is why the plant is being rebuilt to increase both the quality and the amount of its product. Aluminium is alloyed with other metals and cast into ingots, and the surface of the ingots is smoothed off. After pre-heating, it is rolled in a mill that can take 3.75-m-wide slabs. The new equipment can make the process more efficient and can produce a better product. For example, computers control the temperature of the hot plates, the rate at which they pass through the mill, the speed of cooling it with water, and so on. The new plant can handle twice the throughput of the one that it is replacing, thanks to the completely automated and computerized process.

英译汉It sounds so promising. A network of dedicated cycle routes running through a city with air pumps to fix flat tires, footrests to lean on while taking breaks and trash cans that are specially angled so you can throw in empty water bottles without stopping. 　　Best of all, you can cycle on those routes for long distances without having to make way for cars and trucks at junctions and traffic lights, according to the official description of the Cycle Super Highways, which are under construction here as part of the Danish capital’s efforts to become carbon-neutral by 2025. 　　Are they as good as they sound? These days it is hard to find a big city that doesn’t make grandiose claims to encourage cycling, and harder still to find one that fulfills them. Redesigning congested traffic systems to add bike lanes to overcrowded roads is fiendishly difficult, especially in historic cities with narrow cobbled streets like Copenhagen. But as its cycling program sounds so ambitious, I went there to try it. 　　Maybe I’d be less cynical if I lived in Amsterdam, Cologne or any other city with decent cycling facilities, but as a Londoner, I’ve learned the hard way to be suspicious whenever politicians promise to do anything bike-friendly. London’s mayor, Boris Johnson, is a keen cyclist, who issues policy papers with auspicious titles like “Cycling Revolution” and has continued his predecessor’s biking program by introducing a cycle-rental project and building new bike lanes. 　　So far so good, you may think, unless you have braved the potholes, parked trucks and construction debris that obstruct those lanes, many of which appear to have been designed by someone who has never seen a bicycle, let alone ridden one. London cyclists swap horror stories of dysfunctional cycle routes that end without warning or maroon them on the wrong side of the road, though few can be more perilous than a new lane on Bethnal Green Road, which is blocked by a streetlight — anyone rash enough to use the lane has to brake sharply to avoid crashing into it.

英译汉For more than30years,IhavebeenwonderingaboutL.R.Generson.OnoneofourfirstChristmasestogether,myhusbandgavemeacompletesetofDickens.Therewere20volumes,boundingrayclothwithblackcorners,oldbutingoodcondition.Stampedontheflyleafofeachvolume,infadedblockletters,wasthenameofthepreviousowner:“L.R.Generson,M.D.,Bronx,NY.” ThatDickenssetisoneofthebestpresentsanyonehasevergivenme.Acoupleofthebooksarestillpristine,butothers-“BleakHouse,’’“DavidCopperfield,’’andespecially“GreatExpectations’’-havebeenreadandre-readalmosttopieces.Overtheyears,PipandEstellaandMagwitchhavekeptmecompany.SohaveLadyDedlock,SteerforthandPeggotty,theCratchitsandthePecksniffsandtheVeneerings.Andso,inhissilentenigmaticway,hasL.R.Generson.DidhelovethebooksasmuchasIdo?Whowashe?Onawhim,IGoogledhim.Therewasn’tmuch-asinglementiononaveterans’websiteofaWorldWarIIcaptainnamedLeonardGenerson.ButIdidfindaDr.RichardGenerson,anoralsurgeonlivinginNewJersey.SinceGenersonisnotacommonname,Idecidedtowritetohim. Dr.Genersonwaskindenoughtowriteback.Hetoldmethathisfather,LeonardRichardGenerson,wasbornin1909.HelivedinNewYorkCitybutwenttomedicalschoolinBasel,Switzerland.Hespoke10languagesfluently.Asanobstetricianandgynecologist,heopenedapracticeintheBronxshortlybeforeWorldWarII.Hissondescribedhimas“anextremelypatrioticindividual’’;rightafterPearlHarborheclosedhispracticeandenlisted.HeservedthroughoutthewarasageneralsurgeonwithanairbornespecialforcesunitinEurope,wherehebecameoneofthewar’smosthighlydecoratedphysicians. Thelistofhisdecorationsreflectshisordealsandhiscourage:multiplePurpleHearts,theBronzeStarwith“V’’forvalor,theSilverStar,andalsotheCrossofWar,anextremelyhighhonorfromthegovernmentofFrance.Afterthewar,heremainedintheArmyReserveandattainedtherankoffullcolonel,whilealsocontinuinghismedicalpracticeinNewYork.“Hewasaverydedicatedphysicianwhohadalargepatientfollowing,’’hissonwrote. LeonardGenerson’ssondidn’tremembertheDickensset,thoughhetoldmethattherewerealwaysalotofnovelsinthehouse.Hismotherprobably“cleanedhouse’’afterhisfather’sdeathin1977-thesameyearmyhusbandboughtthesetinausedbookstore. Ifoundthisletterverymoving,withitsbriefportraitofanintelligent,bravemanandhislifeofservice.Atthesametime,itmademequestionmypresumptionthatsomehowL.R.GenersonandIwereconnectedbecausewe’downedthesamesetofbooks.Theletterbothtoldmealittleabouthim,andtoldmethatIwouldneverreallyknowanythingabouthim-andwhyshouldI?Hissonmusthavebeenstartledtohearfromastrangeronsuchafragilepretext.WhathadIbeenthinking? Onepossible,andonlysomewhatfacetious,answeristhatI’vereadtoomuchDickens.IntheworldofaDickensnovel,everythingisconnectedtoeverythingelse.Orphansfindfamilies.Loversarejoined(orpartedandmorallystrengthened).Ancientmysteriesaresolvedandoldscoresaresettled.Questionsareanswered.Storiesend. Dickens’sclutterednetworkofconnectedlivesbrilliantlyexaggeratessomethingthatistrueofallofus.Wewanttoimposeorderthroughtellingstories,maybebecausethereissomuchwedon’tknowaboutourownstoriesandthestoriesofthosearoundus. LeonardGenerson’slifetouchedmineonlylightly,throughthecoincidenceofasetofbooks.Butthereareotherliveshetouchedmoredeeply.ThenexttimeIreadaDickensnovel,Iwillthinkofhimandhismilitaryserviceandhis10languages.AndIwillthinkofthehundredsofbabieshemusthavedelivered,whoarenowinthemiddleoftheirownlivesandtheirownstories.

英译汉All Luciano Faggiano wanted when he purchased the seemingly unremarkable building at 56 Via Ascanio Grandi, was to open a restaurant

英译汉It sounds so promising

英译汉This month, the United Nations Development Program made water and sanitation the centerpiece of its flagship publication, the Human Development Report. Claims of a "water apartheid," where poor people pay more for water than the rich, are bound to attract attention. But what are the economics behind the problem, and how can it be fixed? In countries that have trouble delivering clean water to their people, a lack of infrastructure is often the culprit. People in areas that are not served by public utilities have to rely on costlier ways of getting water, such as itinerant water trucks and treks to wells. Paradoxically, as the water sources get costlier, the water itself tends to be more dangerous. Water piped by utilities - to the rich and the poor alike - is usually cleaner than water trucked in or collected from an outdoor tank. The problem exists not only in rural areas but even in big cities, said Hakan Bjorkman, program director of the UN agency in Thailand. Further, subsidies made to local water systems often end up benefiting people other than the poor, he added. The agency proposes a three-step solution. First, make access to 20 liters, or 5 gallons, of clean water a day a human right. Next, make local governments accountable for delivering this service. Last, invest in infrastructure to link people to water mains. The report says governments, especially in developing countries, should spend at least 1 percent of gross domestic product on water and sanitation. It also recommends that foreign aid be more directed toward these problems. Clearly, this approach relies heavily on government intervention, something Bjorkman readily acknowledged. But there are some market-based approaches as well. By offering cut-rate connections to poor people to the water mainline, the private water utility in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, has steadily increased access to clean water, according to the agency's report. A subsidy may not even be necessary, despite the agency's proposals, if a country can harness the economic benefits of providing clean water. People who receive clean water are much less likely to die from water-borne diseases - a common malady in the developing world - and much more likely to enjoy long, productive, taxpaying lives that can benefit their host countries. So if a government is trying to raise financing to invest in new infrastructure, it might find receptive ears in private credit markets - as long as it can harness the return. Similarly, private companies may calculate that it is worth bringing clean water to an area if its residents are willing to pay back the investment over many years In the meantime, some local solutions are being found. In Thailand, Bjorkman said, some small communities are taking challenges like water access upon themselves. "People organize themselves in groups to leverage what little resources they have to help their communities," he said. "That's especially true out in the rural areas. They invest their money in revolving funds and saving schemes, and they invest themselves to improve their villages. "It is not always easy to take these solutions and replicate them in other countries, though. Assembling a broad menu of different approaches can be the first step in finding the right solution for a given region or country.

英译汉WhennightfallsinremotepartsofAfricaandtheIndiansubcontinent,hundredsofmillionsofpeoplewithoutaccesstoelectricityturntocandlesorkerosenelampsforillumination. Slowlythroughsmallloansforsolarpowereddevices,microfinanceisbringinglighttotheseruralregionswherealackofelectricityhasstemmedeconomicdevelopment,helddownliteracyratesanddamagedhealth. “Earlier,theycouldnotdomuchoncethesunset.Now,thesunisuseddifferently.Theyhaveincreasedtheirproductivity,improvedtheirhealthandsocio-economicstatus,”saidPinalShahfromSEWABank,amicro-lendinginstitution. VegetablesellerRamibenWaghritookoutaloantobuyasolarlanternwhichsheusestolightupherstallatnight.Thelanterncostsbetween$66-$112,aboutaweek’sincomeforWaghri.“Thevegetableslookbetterbythislight,andit’scheaperthankeroseneanddoesn’tsmell,”saidWaghri,whoestimatesshemakesabout300rupees($6)moreeacheveningwithherlantern.“Ifwecanusethesuntosavesomemoney,whynot?” InIndia,solarpowerprojects,oftenfundedbymicrocreditinstitutions,arehelpingthecountryreducecarbonemissionsandachieveitsgoaltodoublethecontributionofrenewableenergyto6%,or25,000megawatts,withinthenextfouryears. Off-gridapplicationssuchassolarcookersandlanterns,whichcanprovideseveralhoursoflightatnightafterbeingchargedbythesunduringtheday,willhelpcutdependenceonfossilfuelsandreducethefourthbiggestemitter’scarbonfootprint,saidPradeepDadhich,aseniorfellowatenergyresearchinstituteTERIinIndia“Theyarereachingpeoplewhootherwisehavelimitedornoaccesstoelectricityanddependonkerosene,dieselorfirewoodfortheirenergyneed,”hesaid.“Theappliancesnotonlysatisfytheseneeds,theyalsoimprovethequalityoflifeandreducethecarbonemissions.” SEWA,ortheSelf-EmployedWomen’sAssociation,isamongagrowingnumberofmicrofinanceinstitutionsinIndiafocusedonprovidingaffordablerenewableenergysourcestopoorpeople,whootherwisewouldhavehadtostandforhourstobuykeroseneforlampsortrudgekilometerstocollectfirewoodforcooking. SKS,Microfinance,thelargestsuchinstitutioninIndia,offerssolarlampstoits5millioncustomers,whiletheRuralSolarElectricityFoundationhelpspayforlampsandsystemsforhomesandstreetlightingforvillagersinIndia,NepalandBangladesh. InneighboringBangladesh,thestate-ownedandprivate-sectorpowerplantscangenerate3,700to4,300megawattsofelectricityadayagainstademandof5,500megawatts,accordingtothestate-runpowerdevelopmentboard.Withonly40percentofthecountry’speoplehavingaccesstoelectricity,microfinanceinstitutionslikeGrameenBankhavemadeamajorpushtowardexpandingtheuseofsolarpower.Since2001,350,000solarhomesystemshavebeeninstalledinBangladeshand550,000solarlanternshavebeendistributed,bringingsolarpowertoabout4millionpeople. “Rightnow2.5millionpeoplearebenefitingfromsolarenergy,andwehaveaplantoreach10millionpeoplebytheendof2012,”saidDipalChandraBarua,managingdirectorofGrameenShakti,anoffshootofthe2006NobelPeacePrizewinnerGrameenBank,whichencouragestheuseofalternativeenergy.

英译汉Stroll through the farmers market and you will hear a plethora of languages and see a rainbow of faces

问答题Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the verge of despair. I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy—ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it, finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what at last I have found. With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine. A little of this, but not much. I have achieved. Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward reward the heavens. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberated in my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a hated burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot and I too suffer. This has been my life. I have found it worth living, and I would gladly live it again if the chance were offered to me.

问答题Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity. 21 Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth. "Anthropology" derives from the Greek words anthropos "human" and logos "the study of". By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind. Anthropology is one of the social sciences. 22 Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology. All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis. 23 The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor"s formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science. 24 Tylor defined culture as "...that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society". This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor"s definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior. 25 Thus, the anthropological concept of "culture", like the concept of "set" in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.

问答题从技术角度讲，除食品外，任何能改变我们生理和心理机能的物质都是药物。许多人错误地认为“药物”这个词仅指某些药品或嗜毒者服用的违禁化学品。他们没有认识到像酒精、烟草这些熟悉的物质也是药物。这也就是为什么许多医生和心理学家现在使用了一个更为中性的词——物质，他们常用“物质滥用”而不是“药物滥用”来清楚表明滥用酒精和烟草这样的物质同滥用海洛因和可卡因一样有害。 在我们生活的社会里，物质(药物)被广泛地使用于社交和治疗：服阿斯匹林来缓解头痛，喝点儿酒来应酬，早晨喝咖啡来提神，吸支烟镇定一下情绪等。使用这些物质得到了社会认可，而且显然具有积极的一面，但什么时候变成滥用了呢?首先，大多数物质使用过量都会产生副作用，譬如中毒或反复使用一种物质可导致上瘾或对该物质(药物)的依赖。依赖的最初表现为耐受力增强，用量越来越大才能达到预期效果，一旦停用就会出现不舒服的停药症状。

问答题Most worthwhile careers require some kind of specialized training. Ideally, therefore, the choice of an occupation should be made even before the choice of a curriculum in high school. Actually, however, most people make several job choices during their working lives, partly because of economic and industrial changes and partly to improve their position. The "one perfect job" does not exist. Young people should therefore enter into a broad flexible training program that will fit them for a field of work rather than for a single job. Unfortunately many young people have to make career plans without benefit of help from a competent vocational counselor or psychologist. Knowing little about the occupational world, or themselves for that matter, they choose their lifework on a hit-or-miss basis Some drift from job to job. Others stick to work in which they are unhappy and for which they are not fitted. One common mistake is choosing an occupation for its real or imagined prestige. Too many high-school students—or their parents for them—choose the professional field, disregarding both the relatively small proportion of workers in the professions and the extremely high educational and personal requirements The imagined or real prestige of a profession or a "White-collar" job is no good reason for choosing it as life"s work, Moreove, these occupations are not always well paid. Since a large proportion of jobs are in mechanical and manual work, the majority of young people should give serious consideration to these fields. Before making an occupational choice, a person should have a general idea of what he wants out of life and how hard he is willing to work to get it. Some people desire social prestige, others intellectual satisfaction. Some want security, others are willing to take risks for financial gain. Each occupational choice has its demands as well as its rewards.

问答题Given that all countries other than the U.S. have universal health care systems in place, this may invite questions on why the U.S. remains the only wealthy, industrialized country without such a system.

问答题He said that this was a good suggestion, which he would look into.

问答题A look at the companies pursuing the technology gives a good indication of its potential.

问答题Most scientists agree this outpouring contributes to global warming, which could eventually lead to coastal flooding, extreme weather, and widespread crop loss.