填空题Robert Rosenthal Born in 1933, Robert Rosenthal dashed over the academic hurdles in record time. He received his B. A. at twenty years of age and his Ph.D. by the time he was twenty-three, both at the University of California at Los Angeles. He then spent brief periods at UCLA, Ohio State, and the University of North Dakota. His work 21 increasing notice throughout the professional world. The idea of the self-fulfilling 22 was not new to psychology. What was new, however, was Rosenthal"s 23 to demonstrate how often this phenomenon was 24 the work of the psychologists themselves. His 25 were almost immediately 26 . And, as if to create ore controversy among psychologists, since his early work had not 27 been replicated, the department of social relations at Harvard University 28 halfway across the country to North Dakota and offered Rosenthal a Harvard 29 , all by the time he was twenty-nine years old. 30 the move to the East and more time for research, Rosenthal sifted into 31 gear. He not only replicated his original findings but began to produce 32 on his important concept in a wide variety of areas. As 33 in the text, each time one of his studies is criticized, he has been able to 34 the critics not with rhetoric but rather with more research data to 35 his position. The controversy itself, of course, continues. The 36 outcome has been to produce more evidence, more sophisticated research 37 , and thus more comprehensive information for educational psychology. In 38 , he has now established the importance of nonverbal channels as the meaning of communicating expectations to others.

填空题Our Perception Most of us assume that our eyes send an accurate copy of the external world along nerve pathways to the brain, where it is projected on a kind of screen. Yet there is a good deal of evidence that our impressions are not simply mental photographs of what is going on "out there." Rather, our perceptions are filtered through the lens of our previous experiences, attitudes and beliefs. This is true of even the simplest kinds of perception. For example, when a car appears on the 1 your eyes send an image of a miniature automobile to your 2 , an image that grows larger as the car approaches. What you 3 , however, is a normal-sized car, because you know that cars do not 4 and contract. If the car is yours and you know it"s 5 , you will perceive it as blue whether it"s in bright sunlight, dark shadow, or under a yellow 6 . In much the same way, we adjust our social perceptions to 7 what we know—or think we know. An old 8 illustrates this. A man and his son are in an accident. The 9 is killed; the boy is rushed to the hospital for emergency 10 . The surgeon comes into the operating room, looks at the boy, and 11 , "I can"t operate. That"s my son." Who is the surgeon? The boy"s mother. Many people are 12 by this riddle because they expect a doctor (especially a surgeon) to be a 13 . All of us have this tendency to interpret communications in the 14 of our own ideas and beliefs. Sometimes, different people may 15 different messages in the same communication. Take the TV 16 All in the Family . Students viewers who had been identified 17 highly prejudiced saw the main character, a bigoted white man 18 Archie Bunker, as a likeable grouch who won most of his 19 with members of his family. Students who were low in prejudice thought 20 Archie lost these arguments and that the whole point of the show was to ridicule his prejudices. In short, our perceptions of the social world are anything but accurate copies of what is going on outside. We pick and choose, according to our expectations, and we fit what we see into a mental image of reality which we have already formed. In large part, what we "see" is determined by where we stand in the social system. Ask a fourth-grader, a teacher, a principal, a janitor, and a parent to describe the same school, and you will get five different pictures. Each has different information, and each looks at the same "facts" in a different way. Ask a man and wife to describe their marriage, and you might not know they were talking about the same family. "His" marriage and "her" marriage may be quite different. What is common sense to a man may be nonsense to a woman!

填空题World Water Shortage A new study warns that about thirty percent of the world"s people may not have enough water by the year 2025. A private American organization called 1 Action International did the new study. It says 2 than three-hundred-thirty-five-million people 3 enough water now. The people live in twenty-eight 4 . Most of the countries are in Africa or the 5 East. P-A-I researcher Robert Engelman says 6 the year 2025, about three-thousand-million people 7 lack water. At least 18 more countries are 8 to have severe water problems. The demand 9 water keeps increasing. Yet the amount of water on Earth 10 the same. Mr. Engelman says the population in countries that lack water is 11 faster than in other parts of the world. He says 12 growth in these countries will continue to 13 . The report says lack of water in the future may 14 in several problems. It may increase health 15 . Lack of water often means drinking 16 not safe. Mr. Engelman says there are problems 17 over the world because of diseases, such as cholera, 18 are carried in water. Lack of water may also result 19 more international conflict. Countries may have to 20 for water in the future. Some countries now get sixty percent of their fresh water from other countries. This is true of Egypt, the Netherlands, Cambodia, Syria, Sudan, and Iraq. And the report says lack of water would affect the ability of developing to improve their economies. This is because new industries often need a large amount of water when they are beginning.

填空题Bertrand Russell—The Analysis of Mind (Truth and Falsehood) On the features which distinguish knowledge from accuracy of response in general, not much can be said from a behaviourist point of view without referring to purpose. But the necessity of SOMETHING besides accuracy of response may be brought out by the {{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}consideration: Suppose two persons, of whom one believed {{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}the other disbelieved, and disbelieved whatever the other {{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}. So far as accuracy and sensitiveness of response alone are concerned, {{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}would be nothing to choose between these two persons. A thermometer {{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}went down for warm weather and up for cold might be just as {{U}} {{U}} 21 {{/U}} {{/U}}as the usual kind; and a person who always believes falsely is just as {{U}} {{U}} 22 {{/U}} {{/U}}an instrument as a person who always believes truly. The {{U}} {{U}} 23 {{/U}} {{/U}}and practical difference between them would be that the one {{U}} {{U}} 24 {{/U}} {{/U}}always believed falsely would quickly come to a bad end. This {{U}} {{U}} 25 {{/U}} {{/U}}once more that accuracy of response to stimulus does not alone {{U}} {{U}} 26 {{/U}} {{/U}}knowledge, but must be reinforced by appropriateness, i. e. suitability for {{U}} {{U}} 27 {{/U}} {{/U}}one's purpose. This applies even in the apparently simple {{U}} {{U}} 28 {{/U}} {{/U}}of answering questions: if the purpose of the answers is to deceive, their {{U}} {{U}} 29 {{/U}} {{/U}}, not their truth, will be evidence of knowledge. The proportion of the {{U}} {{U}} 30 {{/U}} {{/U}}of appropriateness with accuracy in the definition of knowledge is difficult; it seems that both enter in, but that appropriateness is only required as regards the general type of response, not as regards each individual instance.

填空题The Enormity of Wicked Words Someone struck by an event will often say, "Words fail me." Shock, disbelief or anger leaves them unable to synchronize heart, brain and mouth. After a bit of huffing and puffing, words begin to splutter out again as fast and disorganized as water over rocks, which is the way most conversation tumbles along. But what happens when we fail words? That can be more serious. There are warning signs of this betrayal. One is the grafting of fancy new fruit onto old wordstock. Novelist Kingsley Amis pronounced 20 years ago: "If there"s one word that sums up everything that"s gone wrong since the War, it"s workshop ." Amis, ever waspish, presumably was fuming about the 39 of a place of craft into a synonym for group 40 , or into a vacuous verb, as in, "Say Arthur, how "bout we do breakfast and 41 that scenario?" Another indicator of cracks in the building blocks of 42 is elongation, such as the cancerous spread—its cells multiplying 43 than sixfold—of "war" to "military intervention." Once the 44 takes hold, sense can double back upon itself. In 45 Orwell"s Nineteen eighty-Four , suddenly "War is peace. Freedom is 46 . Ignorance is strength." Sometimes we fail words because we let a 47 sense mist into another. For example, disinterested, meaning unbiased, has been 48 up by uninterested. A person in court wants the judge to be one but 49 the other. And if your lawyer is discomfited, he may not be 50 uncomfortable but overwhelmingly defeated, or routed. In 51 case, any praise he may get from you will be fulsome, not copious 52 insincere. Where"s the enormity in all this—enormity meaning 53 , not hugeness? An old wordsmith I knew, the late Stephen Murray-Smith, 54 that while it"s stuffy to resist blindly the fact that meanings change, "when a new 55 tends to diminish or drive out an old and important usage it should be 56 ." He urged people to fight "the enormity of using enormity to mean enormous." The problem runs 57 than the loss of clarity in euphemism or maddening appropriations by advertisers. We can even 58 cede a time-honored meaning to those in need of a less prejudicial tag, as in gay.

填空题In the following passage, there are 25 blanks representing words that are missing from the context. You are to put back in each of the blanks the missing word. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. The time for this section is 25 minutes. Some consumer researchers distinguish {{U}}(1) {{/U}} "rational" motives and "emotional" (or "non-rational") motives. They use the term "rationality" {{U}}(2) {{/U}} the traditional economic sense that assumes {{U}}(3) {{/U}} consumers behave rationally when they carefully consider all alternatives {{U}}(4) {{/U}} choose those that give them the greatest utility (i.e., satisfaction). {{U}}(5) {{/U}} a marketing context, the term "rationality" implies that the consumer selects goods based {{U}}(6) {{/U}} totally objective criteria, such {{U}}(7) {{/U}} size, weight, price, and so on. "Emotional" motives imply the selection of goods {{U}}(8) {{/U}} to personal or subjective criteria—the desire {{U}}(9) {{/U}} individuality, pride, fear, affection or status. The assumption underlying this distinction is {{U}}(10) {{/U}} subjective or emotional criteria do not maximize utility or satisfaction. {{U}}(11) {{/U}}, it is reasonable to assume that consumers always attempt to select alternatives that, {{U}}(12) {{/U}} their view, serve to maximize satisfaction. Obviously, the assessment of satisfaction is a very personal process, based {{U}}(13) {{/U}} the individual's own needs as {{U}}(14) {{/U}} as on past behavioral, social, and learning experiences. What may appear {{U}}(15) {{/U}} irrational to an outside observer may be perfectly rational {{U}}(16) {{/U}} the context of the consumer's own psychological field. For example, a product purchased to enhance one's self-image (such as a fragrance) is a perfectly rational form of consumer behavior. {{U}}(17) {{/U}} behavior did not appear rational to the person who undertakes it {{U}}(18) {{/U}} the time that it is undertaken, obviously he or she would not do it. {{U}}(19) {{/U}} the distinction between rational and emotional motives does not appear to be warranted. Some researchers go so far {{U}}(20) {{/U}} to suggest that emphasis {{U}}(21) {{/U}} "needs" obscures the rational, or conscious, nature of most consumer motivation. They claim that consumers act consciously {{U}}(22) {{/U}} maximize their gains and minimize their losses; that they act not {{U}}(23) {{/U}} subconscious drives but from rational preferences,{{U}} (24) {{/U}} what they perceive to be {{U}}(25) {{/U}} their own best interests.

填空题Tidiness Tidiness means keeping things out of sight and yet available when wanted. It implies that there is a (1) for everything and that each thing used finds its way (2) to its place by a continuos process, not by a spasmodic (3) . The process depends, however, upon the drawer, cupboard and storage (4) being provided, for lack of which one things may literally have (5) place to go. Like the perambulator and trolley, the luggage and the golfclubs (6) be homeless. The same may be true of the deck-chairs (7) the bulkier plastic toys. As there is no place for them, it is no (8) telling people to put them away. The architect who thus economises on (9) space is apt to claim that a good-sized sitting-room is (10) result. What advantage is there in that, however, (11) half the living-room has to be used for storage? The aesthetic (12) depends, in turn, upon storage space. (13) it may be true that no house ever had cupboards enough, (14) are some houses which have practically no cupboards (15) all. In these our choice must lie between chronic (16) and ruthless destruction. That is not to say, however, (17) cupboard space will itself create tidiness. Some people (18) happier, it would seem, in chaos. There is the question, furthermore, (19) the cupboards themselves are tidy. That (20) has been swept out of sight is no proof, in itself, that everything can be found.

填空题Erikson makes the point of the critical {{U}}important{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}of identity formation during middle and late {{U}}adolescences{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}. He sees diffusion as a major setback. He often uses Biff, the son in Arthur Miller's play Death of a Salesman, as an example. {{U}}Catching{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}in the midst of a series of confusing and {{U}}contradict{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}expectations, Biff appears aimless and lost. "I just can't take hold, Mom, I can't take {{U}}holding{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}of some kind of life." Bewildered, he exemplifies a person who has no identity. His self-definition is {{U}}diffusing{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}—in deed, almost atomized. Recently, a major study was conducted of college students in teacher training. Training programs require {{U}}for{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}both skill and commitment, since the student teacher must learn academic material and then be able to present it to {{U}}neither{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}high school or {{U}}elemental{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}school students in coherent and concise procedures. Student teacher regularly report how demanding and how {{U}}personal{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}stretching such a role is. Student teaching, {{U}}particular{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}in junior and senior high schools, can often come close to the chaos described in William Gording's novel Lord of the Flies if the teen-agers decide that it's {{U}}time{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}challenge a beginning teacher. Thus the stress factor is a major component of the student teacher's role. If Erikson's theory has {{U}}validate{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}, then college students might perform in such a demanding role in accordance {{U}}to{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}their stage of identity formation. To test that hypothesis, Shirley Walter and Eugene Stivers sorted a large sample of student teachers (N=319) by Erikson's level of identity versus diffusion. They next {{U}}assess{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}the actual in-class teaching effectiveness on an important series of elements: responsiveness to pupil questions, open-ended questions, empathy, use of positive reinforcement, accuracy of content—{{U}}by{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 21 {{/U}} {{/U}}short, characteristics of what is often called higher-order teaching. The results were almost exactly as we would predict from Erikson's theory. The teachers with {{U}}highest{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 22 {{/U}} {{/U}}scores on identity resolution were the most effective in {{U}}response{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 23 {{/U}} {{/U}}teaching and classroom management. The student teachers with high scores on identity diffusion were the least effective. Such student teachers had difficulty accepting pupil ideas, asked rote questions, and {{U}}exhibit{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 24 {{/U}} {{/U}}uneven classroom management. In fact, the Erikson identity score was the single most important {{U}}predict{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 25 {{/U}} {{/U}}variable. The study included variables such as college board score (SAT), the cumulative grade point average, and IQ. None of those cognitive elements were as powerful as the measure of identity status. The student teachers, particularly the males, who {{U}}was{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 26 {{/U}} {{/U}}the most confused in the process of identity formation (i. e., who had the highest diffusion index scores) had the greatest difficulty in teaching. In Erikson's sense they apparently were still so far from resolving their identity conflicts that "they couldn't take hold."

填空题Visitors to Britain may find the best place to sample local culture is in a traditional pub. But these friendly hostelries can be minefields of potential gaffes for the uninitiated. An anthropologist and a team of researchers have (1) some of the arcane rituals of British pubs—starting with the (2) of getting a drink. Most pubs have no waiters—you (3) to go to the bar to buy drinks. A group of Italian youths (4) for 45 minutes before they realized they would have to (5) for their own. This may sound inconvenient, but there is a (6) purpose. Pub culture is designed to (7) sociability in a society known for its reserve. Standing at the (8) for service allows you to chat with others (9) to be served. The bar counter is possibly the only (10) in the British Isles in which friendly conversation with (11) is considered entirely appropriate and really quite normal (12) . "If you haven't been to a pub, you (13) been to Britain." This tip can be found in a (14) , Passport to the Pub: The Tourists' Guide to Pub Etiquette, a (15) code of conduct for those wanting to sample "a central part of (16) life and culture". The trouble is that if you do not (17) the local rules, the experience may fall flat. For (18) , if you are in a big group, it is best if only one (19) two people go to buy the drinks. Nothing irritates the (20) customers and bar staff more than a gang of strangers blocking all access to the bar while they chat and dither about what to order.

填空题Tone Morrison"s First Novel Since Her Nobel Prize by David Gates When longtime Tone Morrison fan see that her new novel, the first since she won the Nobel Prize in 1993, is called Paradise , they"ll fill in the Lost automatically. Like the classic white American writers she"s lovingly, though warily, adopted as ancestral spirits. Morrison is obsessed with vanished or tainted Edens and failed visions of community. In 1992"s Jazz , it was 1920s Harlem. In 1987"s Beloved , it was a deceptively lovely plantation with the hellishly inapt name of Sweet Home. In 1977"s Song of Solomon , it was an idyllic post-Civil War farm significantly called Lincoln"s Heaven. Now, in Paradise , it"s the all-black Oklahoma town of Ruby in 1970s. Ruby"s built around a huge communal Oven (always reverently capitalized) and blessedly 1 from contamination by whites, whether in Klansmen"s hoods, policemen"s 2 or bankers" tweeds. It"s literally a garden spot: "Iris, phlox, rose and peonies 3 up more and more time new butterflies journeyed 4 to brood in Ruby." With the very best intentions, the good townsfolk trash this Eden all by. 5 . Critics have long recognized the influence of Faulkner on the passionate, 6 Morrison, but it"s Hawthorne who seems to brood over Paradise , 7 his mixed blessing of resonant archetypes and risible artificiality. 8 in The Blithedale Romance (based on Concord"s Brook Farm), a utopian experiment unravels; as in The Maypole of Merry Mount , puritanical elders squash a 9 community of dionysiac cultists. Ruby, it turns out, is run by "8-rocks"—men with skin the color of 10 from deep in the mines, suspicious of those with lighter skin and 11 to do violence against any manifestation of "impurity" and "immorality." In the slam-bang opening 12 of Paradise , the men go gunning for houseful of women up the road whose only 13 in being witchy and matriarchal. But the pace picks up again. The novel"s overcrowding makes it feel 14 than it is: it slowly circles back to tell each of the women"s stories, and to show how 15 proud, principled, churchonging men could neither keep the outside world from disrupting their community nor keep themselves from behaving eerily like their own nightmares of racist vigilantism.

填空题"Packaging" A Person A person, like a commodity, needs packaging. But going too far is absolutely undesirable. A little exaggeration, however, does no harm when it shows the person's unique qualities to their advantage. To display personal charm in a casual and natural way, it is important for one to have a clear knowledge of oneself. A master packager knows how to integrate art and nature without any traces of embellishment, so that the person so packaged is no {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}but a human being, lively and lovely. A young person, especially a {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}, radiant with beauty and full of life, has all the favor {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}by God. Any attempt to make up would be {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}. Youth, however, comes and goes in a moment of {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}. Packaging for the middle-aged is primarily to conceal the {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}ploughed by time. If you still enjoy life's exuberance enough to {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}self-confidence and pursue pioneering work, you are unique in your natural {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}, and your charm and grace will remain. Elderly people are {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}if their river of life has been, through plains, mountains and {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}, running its course as it should. You have really {{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}your life which now arrives at a complacent stage of {{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}indifferent to fame or wealth. There is no need to {{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}to hair-dyeing—the snow-capped mountain is {{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}a beautiful scene of fairyland. Let your looks change from young to old {{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}with the natural ageing process so {{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}to keep in harmony with nature, for harmony itself is beauty, {{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}the other way round will only end in unpleasantness. To be in the {{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}company is like reading a thick book of de luxe {{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}that fascinates one so much as to be reluctant to {{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}with. As long as one finds where one stands, one knows how to package oneself, just as a commodity establishes its brand by the right packaging.

填空题Tone Morrison"s First Novel Since Her Nobel Prize by David Gates When longtime Tone Morrison fan see that her new novel, the first since she won the Nobel Prize in 1993, is called Paradise , they"ll fill in the Lost automatically. Like the classic white American writers she"s lovingly, though warily, adopted as ancestral spirits. Morrison is obsessed with vanished or tainted Edens and failed visions of community. In 1992"s Jazz , it was 1920s Harlem. In 1987"s Beloved , it was a deceptively lovely plantation with the hellishly inapt name of Sweet Home. In 1977"s Song of Solomon , it was an idyllic post-Civil War farm significantly called Lincoln"s Heaven. Now, in Paradise , it"s the all-black Oklahoma town of Ruby in 1970s. Ruby"s built around a huge communal Oven (always reverently capitalized) and blessedly 1 from contamination by whites, whether in Klansmen"s hoods, policemen"s 2 or bankers" tweeds. It"s literally a garden spot: "Iris, phlox, rose and peonies 3 up more and more time new butterflies journeyed 4 to brood in Ruby." With the very best intentions, the good townsfolk trash this Eden all by. 5 . Critics have long recognized the influence of Faulkner on the passionate, 6 Morrison, but it"s Hawthorne who seems to brood over Paradise , 7 his mixed blessing of resonant archetypes and risible artificiality. 8 in The Blithedale Romance (based on Concord"s Brook Farm), a utopian experiment unravels; as in The Maypole of Merry Mount , puritanical elders squash a 9 community of dionysiac cultists. Ruby, it turns out, is run by "8-rocks"—men with skin the color of 10 from deep in the mines, suspicious of those with lighter skin and 11 to do violence against any manifestation of "impurity" and "immorality." In the slam-bang opening 12 of Paradise , the men go gunning for houseful of women up the road whose only 13 in being witchy and matriarchal. But the pace picks up again. The novel"s overcrowding makes it feel 14 than it is: it slowly circles back to tell each of the women"s stories, and to show how 15 proud, principled, churchonging men could neither keep the outside world from disrupting their community nor keep themselves from behaving eerily like their own nightmares of racist vigilantism.

填空题In the following passage, there are 25 blanks representing words that are missing from the context. You are to put back in each of the blanks the missing word. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. The time for this section is 25 minutes. In the popular mind, the Internet is the realization of the global village, where the flow of information and ideas is unimpeded by distance or national barriers. Much has been written {{U}}(1) {{/U}} the technology and the benefits that this system of unregulated information exchange will bring. But {{U}}(2) {{/U}} has been very little discussion about the languages—human, not computer languages {{U}}(3) {{/U}} are being used on the Internet. Central {{U}}(4) {{/U}} the ideology of the emerging Internet community is the freedom of the individual users to express {{U}}(5) {{/U}} as they like. Nevertheless, {{U}}(6) {{/U}} recently, it has been very difficult to communicate through the Internet in any language {{U}}(7) {{/U}} could not be expressed in the standard English alphabet as defined {{U}}(8) {{/U}} the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII). English is already the premier {{U}}(9) {{/U}} of science and technology worldwide. The peculiar restriction of {{U}}(10) {{/U}} able to communicate with only the limited ASCII character set has worked to further encourage the {{U}}(11) {{/U}} English, especially by those {{U}}(12) {{/U}} native language is not normally expressed in some version of {{U}}(13) {{/U}} Roman alphabet. In fact, it seems to be typical that {{U}}(14) {{/U}} accessing a network in a non-English speaking country {{U}}(15) {{/U}} is often presented with a choice of the local language(s) or English. Many of the national networks that have now linked {{U}}(16) {{/U}} to the Internet are used {{U}}(17) {{/U}} scientific and technical communication, {{U}}(18) {{/U}} a rapidly growing portion of the Internet's community are non-professional people. Familiarity with English may be assumed {{U}}(19) {{/U}} a linguist or a physicist, but growing {{U}}(20) {{/U}} of users with no English language skills are joining the net in {{U}}(21) {{/U}} of the dominance of English in message forums and mail lists. Messages {{U}}(22) {{/U}} the Usenet newsgroups are overwhelmingly {{U}}(23) {{/U}} in English, and the bulk of the moderated mailing lists (including {{U}}(24) {{/U}} Linguist Discussion List, and international E-mail discussion list for linguists) are conducted in {{U}}(25) {{/U}}.

填空题Henry David Thoreau—Why I Went to the Woods Let us spend one day as deliberately as Nature, and not be thrown off the track by every nutshell and mosquito"s wing that falls on the rails. Let us rise early and fast, or breakfast, gently and without perturbation; let company come and let company go, let the bells ring and the children cry—determined to make a day of it. Why should we knock under and go with the stream? Let us not be upset and 1 in that terrible rapid and whirlpool called a 2 , situated in the meridian shallows. Weather this 3 and you are safe, for the rest of the way is down 4 . With unrelaxed nerves, with morning vigor, sail by it, 5 another way, tied to the mast like Ulysses. If the engine 6 , let it whistle till it is hoarse for its pains. If the bell 7 , why should we run? We will consider what kind of 8 they are like. Let us settle ourselves, and work and 9 our feet downward through the mud and slush of 10 , and prejudice, and tradition, and delusion, and appearance, 11 alluvion which covers the globe, through Paris and London, through 12 and philosophy and religion, till we come to a hard 13 and rocks in place. Time is but the stream I go a-fishing in. I drink at it; but while I drink I see the 14 bottom and detect how shallow it is. Its thin 15 slides away, but eternity remains. I would drink 16 , fish in the sky, whose bottom is pebbly with 17 . I cannot count one. I know not the first letter of the 18 . I have always been regretting that I was not as 19 as the day I was born. The intellect is a cleaver; it discerns and 20 its way into the secret of things. I do not wish to be any more busy with my hands than is necessary. My head is hands and feet. I feel all my best faculties concentrated in it. My instinct tells me that my head is an organ for burrowing, as some creatures use their snout and forepaws, and with it I would mine and burrow my way through these hills. I think that the richest vein is somewhere hereabouts; so by the divining-rod and thin rising vapors, I judge; and here I will begin to mine.

填空题Bathing Long before recorded history, our ancestors were bathing for pleasure and health. Man has found many interesting ways to take his bath. The earliest records often mention the use of rivers for bathing. The Bible speaks of the healing waters of the River Jordan. Egyptian history mentions bathing in the Nile. And the Hindus have believed for centuries that the Ganges River has the power to clean the soul, as well as the body. Several thousand years ago, the {{U}} {{U}} 31 {{/U}} {{/U}}of the island of Crete, in the eastern Mediterranean, built {{U}} {{U}} 32 {{/U}} {{/U}}with running water. The early Jews took ceremonial baths on {{U}} {{U}} 33 {{/U}} {{/U}}occasions, making use of oils and ointments. The {{U}} {{U}} 34 {{/U}} {{/U}}also had a custom of bathing the feet of all strangers that came {{U}} {{U}} 35 {{/U}} {{/U}}their gate. This friendly custom is still practiced in parts of Palestine. Swimming was {{U}} {{U}} 36 {{/U}} {{/U}}among the Greeks of antiquity. By the third century {{U}} {{U}} 37 {{/U}} {{/U}}Christ, almost every Greek city of a certain size had at least one {{U}} {{U}} 38 {{/U}} {{/U}}bath. The wealthy classes had private baths and pools, some of {{U}} {{U}} 39 {{/U}} {{/U}}were beautifully decorated. Many of the public baths that the Romans {{U}} {{U}} 40 {{/U}} {{/U}}utilized natural mineral springs. Since most of these {{U}} {{U}} 41 {{/U}} {{/U}}were naturally warm, the Romans took advantage of this {{U}} {{U}} 42 {{/U}} {{/U}}hot water. By the time of the Roman Emperors these baths were often {{U}} {{U}} 43 {{/U}} {{/U}}in large, marble buildings. The baths built by the {{U}} {{U}} 44 {{/U}} {{/U}}Caracalla, in the center of Rome, covered about one {{U}} {{U}} 45 {{/U}} {{/U}}mile and could hold sixteen thousand people. The Roman baths were as richly ornamented as a {{U}} {{U}} 46 {{/U}} {{/U}}. The floors were of marble and mosaic. And statues {{U}} {{U}} 47 {{/U}} {{/U}}the walls. There were rooms in which the Romans could eat, read {{U}} {{U}} 48 {{/U}} {{/U}}and even watch plays. The baths included swimming pools, {{U}} {{U}} 49 {{/U}} {{/U}}baths, steam baths and hot air baths. While public baths kept the {{U}} {{U}} 50 {{/U}} {{/U}}clean, they also helped to undermine their character. Men would send the entire day relaxing lazily in these beautiful buildings. In fact, a famous Roman philosopher, Seneca, said the Romans were not satisfied unless they were ornamented with precious stones. While the men were being massaged and rubbed with perfumes and oils, they discussed their favorite games and gladiators. Sometimes wealthy bathers had the whole tub or pool filled with wines or perfumes. Many of the roman women bathed in milk: the Emperor's wife kept five hundred donkeys to carry the milk for her bath! As a result of all this bath-oriented frivolity, the early fathers of the Christian church forbade Christians to bathe for pleasure. They were permitted to bathe only for hygienic reasons.

填空题In the following passage, there are 25 blanks representing words that are missing from the context. You are to put back in each of the blanks the missing word. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. The time for this section is 25 minutes. Of all the employed workers in the United States, 12.5 million are part of a temporary workforce. The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics counts 9.2 percent of workers as those who have {{U}}(1) {{/U}} they term "alternative employment arrangements." The government predicts that temporary staffing agencies {{U}}(2) {{/U}} experience growth of 49 percent by 2010. If numbers increase at the rate {{U}}(3) {{/U}}, these companies will add 1.9 million new jobs by 2010. That's more than any {{U}}(4) {{/U}} industry. Temporary workers were the first ones to be affected by the recent economic recession, but they are {{U}}(5) {{/U}} to be the first to regain positions as the economy picks up and companies work to rebuild. Employers use temporary workers as a resource because {{U}}(6) {{/U}} offer flexibility and come at a low cost. Many temporaries are categorized as "independent contractors" instead of employees, {{U}}(7) {{/U}} allows the employer to avoid {{U}}(8) {{/U}} certain taxes. Because they are not required to offer benefits to temporary workers, companies can save a great deal of money by hiring temps. Usually, temporary workers can qualify {{U}}(9) {{/U}} benefits if they work for a staffing company for a certain length of time. Most temps, however, do not continue with one company long {{U}}(10) {{/U}} to qualify for them because they regard the position as a step on the ladder to a {{U}}(11) {{/U}} position later. According to Richard Wahlquist, president of the American Staffing Association, 75 {{U}}(12) {{/U}} of temporary workers hope for transition out of the temporary staffing category {{U}}(13) {{/U}} a period of time. Wahlquist finds that temporary workers spend about 11 weeks on various assignments before their {{U}}(14) {{/U}} out of the temporary workforce. Many use temporary positions to gain experience and skills {{U}}(15) {{/U}} they move on to better jobs. Wahquist says that the temp workforce as a whole turns {{U}}(16) {{/U}} 400 percent each year. Tom Dilworth, research director at the Employment Policies Institute, explains {{U}}(17) {{/U}} some workers like having temporary jobs {{U}}(18) {{/U}} it affords them a great deal of elasticity with time and everything. Some temps only have a limited {{U}}(19) {{/U}} of time to work and temp agencies can help coordinate jobs to fit their schedules. Other sometimes-employees use temporary jobs to get an {{U}}(20) {{/U}} to a company from the inside, to get a foot in the door of a certain business or career. {{U}}(21) {{/U}} others take temporary positions in hopes their employers will change them over to permanent positions eventually. Nearly all the industries in the United States use temporary workers. {{U}}(22) {{/U}} to Tim Costello, coordinator of the North American Alliance for Fair Employment, the growth of temporary labor threatens {{U}}(23) {{/U}} job security of permanent workers who fear replacement,as well as the temps who are more accustomed to turnover. He predicts that there will continueto {{U}}(24) {{/U}} a gradual shift from permanent employees to contingent staffing, and that such a {{U}}(25) {{/U}} in workplace demographics will "lead to lower wages, poorer working conditions, and more instability."

填空题When I was growing up, I was embarrassed to be seen with my father. He (1) severely crippled and very short, and when we would walk together, his hand on my arm (2) balance, people would stare. I would inwardly be afraid (3) squirm at the unwanted attention. If he ever noticed or was bothered, he never let (4) . It was difficult to coordinate (5) steps - his halting, mine impatient - and because of that, we didn't say much as we went along. But as we started out, he always said, "You (6) the pace. I will try to adjust to you. " Our usual walk was to or (7) the subway, which was how he got to (8) . He went to work sick, and (9) nasty weather. He almost never missed a day, and would (10) it to the office even if (11) could not: a matter of pride! He never talked about himself as an object of pity, (12) did he show any envy of the more fortunate or able. What he looked for in others was a "good heart", and if he found one, the owner was good enough for him. Now that I am older, I believe that is a proper standard (13) which to judge people, even though I still don't know precisely (14) a "good heart" is. But I know the times I don't have one myself. He has (15) gone many years now, but I think (16) him often. I wonder if he sensed my reluctance to be seen with him during our (17) . If he did, I am (18) I never told him how sorry I was, how unworthy I was, how I regretted it. I think of him when I complain about trifles, when I am (19) of another's good fortune, when I don't have a "good heart". At such times I put my hand on his arm to regain my (20) , and say, "You set the pace, I will try to adjust to you./

填空题"History doesn't repeat itself," argued Mark Twain, "but it does rhyme." In this instance, history's echo could scarcely be more depressing. In 1993 Jamie Bulger, a two-year-old boy, was abducted, tortured and murdered by two ten-year-olds. The gruesome details of the Bulger case shocked the national psyche. Yesterday two brothers were sentenced to an indefinite period of detention for torturing two boys in Edlington last April. Aged 10 and 12, they beat, strangled and sexually degraded their victims, before putting a plastic sheet over them and setting it on fire. It was only tiredness that caused them to abandon their victims, they presumed, to die. It was a chance blessing that a passing walker stumbled across one of the boys alive. It is impossible to {{U}} {{U}} 21 {{/U}} {{/U}}shock and desperation. But there is nothing new about children committing {{U}} {{U}} 22 {{/U}} {{/U}}. In 1748 the ten-year-old William York killed the five-year-old girl who shared his {{U}} {{U}} 23 {{/U}} {{/U}}. There has always been a strand of evil that courses through humanity. But in two respects the Edlington case may {{U}} {{U}} 24 {{/U}} {{/U}}a critical moment. First, is Britain prepared to accept that it does {{U}} {{U}} 25 {{/U}} {{/U}}have a violent underclass, a problem that successive governments have {{U}} {{U}} 26 {{/U}} {{/U}}to ameliorate? And will David Cameron succeed in his argument {{U}} {{U}} 27 {{/U}} {{/U}}the Edlington case confirms his claims about "broken Britain"? The social context of the Edlington case is as {{U}} {{U}} 28 {{/U}} {{/U}}as the crime itself. The court heard that brothers had a "toxic {{U}} {{U}} 29 {{/U}} {{/U}}life" marked by "routine aggression, violence and chaos". One brother watched {{U}} {{U}} 30 {{/U}} {{/U}}violent movies. He also drank routinely and smoked cannabis grown {{U}} {{U}} 31 {{/U}} {{/U}}his father's allotment. There was also a chronic failure by the social services. A leaked {{U}} {{U}} 32 {{/U}} {{/U}}by local care authorities—to which the judge was denied access—reveals {{U}} {{U}} 33 {{/U}} {{/U}}there were 31 occasions on which nine different agencies failed to take action {{U}} {{U}} 34 {{/U}} {{/U}}the brothers' behaviour. Broken Britain? The phrase is an oversimplification. But {{U}} {{U}} 35 {{/U}} {{/U}}does have a depressingly static underclass. The most telling detail {{U}} {{U}} 36 {{/U}} {{/U}}the case was one torturer's explanation of his actions. He was {{U}} {{U}} 37 {{/U}} {{/U}}. "There was not else to do." The political consequences may also {{U}} {{U}} 38 {{/U}} {{/U}}parallels with the Bulger case. In 1993 a young, charismatic Shadow Home Secretary {{U}} {{U}} 39 {{/U}} {{/U}}the opportunity. Tony Blair's catchphrase "Tough on crime, tough on the {{U}} {{U}} 40 {{/U}} {{/U}}of crime" allowed him to capture public sentiment. Mr. Blair argued {{U}} {{U}} 41 {{/U}} {{/U}}the Bulger case demonstrated that Britain had descended into "moral {{U}} {{U}} 42 {{/U}} {{/U}}" caused by the long-serving Conservative Government. Today's {{U}} {{U}} 43 {{/U}} {{/U}}Conservatives have long been fascinated by what they regard as that pivotal {{U}} {{U}} 44 {{/U}} {{/U}}in Tony Blair's career—the first sign that he could catch the national mood. So it {{U}} {{U}} 45 {{/U}} {{/U}}unsurprising that David Cameron has immediately woven the Edlington case {{U}} {{U}} 46 {{/U}} {{/U}}his narrative of abject social breakdown. "Look at the wreckage of our {{U}} {{U}} 47 {{/U}} {{/U}}society. See Britain through the eyes of our children. Are we really proud of our {{U}} {{U}} 48 {{/U}} {{/U}}today?" Those were Mr. Blair's words before being elected. We can {{U}} {{U}} 49 {{/U}} {{/U}}to hear many similar phrases from Mr. Cameron in the run-up to {{U}} {{U}} 50 {{/U}} {{/U}}election. Yesterday he warned that Britain was {{U}} {{U}} 51 {{/U}} {{/U}}an "irresponsible society." He is right. Britain is not broken, {{U}} {{U}} 52 {{/U}} {{/U}}it will have failed in its most basic responsibilities if it looks the other way {{U}} {{U}} 53 {{/U}} {{/U}}Edlington. The violence and depravity of the torturers was exceptional. The {{U}} {{U}} 54 {{/U}} {{/U}}—by parents, by the community, by government—was all too {{U}} {{U}} 55 {{/U}} {{/U}}. These are not easy issues. They will not be solved by a politician's neat catchphrase. But nor will they be solved by looking the other way. (from The Times, January 23, 2010)

填空题Wanted on the Web: Rich Husband, Escape from Africa In the bare premises of an Abidjan Internet cafe, 12-year-old schoolboy Mohammed plays Cupid. Scores of young women in the West African country of Ivory Coast have taken to surfing the Web, some for hours a day, determined to find a husband. And not just any man will do. "When you ask them what {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}of guy they want, they all say the same thing: {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}, with a house, aged about 50," he said, smiling shyly. Some of the {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}are illiterate. Most do not know how to use a computer or {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}type fast. To earn his pocket money, Mohammed helps the {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}girls write their love messages, post them on the {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}and read e-mails from potential suitors. "These Web {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}are about love but when you meet these girls {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}feel that it's not really love they are looking for," he said. Kone Adjouma, who {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}the Cyber Center where Mohammed works, says most of his {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}are 18-to-20-year-old girls who see a {{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}man as their ticket to a better life in Europe, Canada {{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}the United States. "Sometimes, after a while, the guy {{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}here for a week to meet the family. Then he would send {{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}a plane ticket and a bit of money for the {{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}," Adjouma said. "I have been here for two years {{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}I've seen nine girls leave like that." The dating {{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}of Web sites can carry 30 to 40 new messages every day from Ivorian women {{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}partners. Most say they want "un blanc" (a white). Some can be quite {{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}about other requirements too. "Pretty, young African woman seeks {{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}man, only aged between 40 and 50, for marriage, well-off because I think that's what you need to be happy, let's not be ashamed about it," said a recent message.

填空题Tidiness Tidiness means keeping things out of sight and yet available when wanted. It implies that there is a 21 for everything and that each thing used finds its way 22 to its place by a continuos process, not by a spasmodic 23 . The process depends, however, upon the drawer, cupboard and storage 24 being provided, for lack of which one things may literally have 25 place to go. Like the perambulator and trolley, the luggage and the golfclubs 26 be homeless. The same may be true of the deck-chairs 27 the bulkier plastic toys. As there is no place for them, it is no 28 telling people to put them away. The architect who thus economises on 29 space is apt to claim that a good-sized sitting-room is 30 result. What advantage is there in that, however, 31 half the living-room has to be used for storage? The aesthetic 32 depends, in turn, upon storage space. 33 it may be true that no house ever had cupboards enough, 34 are some houses which have practically no cupboards 35 all. In these our choice must lie between chronic 36 and ruthless destruction. That is not to say, however, 37 cupboard space will itself create tidiness. Some people 38 happier, it would seem, in chaos. There is the question, furthermore, 39 the cupboards themselves are tidy. That 40 has been swept out of sight is no proof, in itself, that everything can be found.