填空题In the popular mind, the Internet is the realization of the global village, where the flow of information and ideas is unimpeded by distance or national barriers. Much has been written _____(1) the technology and the benefits that this system of unregulated information exchange will bring. But____(2) has been very little discussion about the languages — human, not computer languages____(3) are being used on the Internet. Central____(4) the ideology of the emerging Internet community is the freedom of the individual users to express____(5) as they like. Nevertheless,____(6) recently, it has been very difficult to communicate through the Internet in any language_____(7) could not be expressed in the standard English alphabet as defined____(8) the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII). English is already the premier____(9) of science and technology worldwide. The peculiar restriction of____(10) able to communicate with only the limited ASCII character set has worked to further encourage the_____(11) English, especially by those_____(12) native language is not normally expressed in some version of____(13) Roman alphabet. In fact, it seems to be typical that_____(14) accessing a network in a non-English speaking country_____(15) is often presented with a choice of the local language(s) or English. Many of the national networks that have now linked____(16) to the Internet are used____(17) scientific and technical communication,____(18) a rapidly growing portion of the Internet''s community are non-professional people. Familiarity with English may be assumed____(19) a linguist or a physicist, but growing____(20) of users with no English language skills are joining the net in____(21) of the dominance of English in message forums and mail lists. Messages____(22) the Usenet newsgroups are overwhelmingly____(23) in English, and the bulk of the moderated mailing lists (including____(24) Linguist Discussion List, and international E-mail discussion list for linguists) are conducted in ____(25).

填空题 Solving a problem can be broken down into several steps. First, the problem must be identified correctly. Psychologists refer{{U}} (1) {{/U}}this step as problem representation. For many problems, figuring{{U}} (2) {{/U}}which information is relevant and{{U}} (3) {{/U}}is extraneous can be difficult and can interfere{{U}} (4) {{/U}}arriving at a good solution. Clearly, before a problem can be solved, it must be obvious{{U}} (5) {{/U}}the problem is, however, this is not as easy{{U}} (6) {{/U}}it might seem. One obstacle to efficient problem representation is functional fixedness, that is, allowing preconceived notions and even prejudices{{U}} (7) {{/U}}color the facts. Most people tend{{U}} (8) {{/U}}see objects and events in certain fixed ways, and by being inflexible in viewing the problem, they may be unable to notice the tools{{U}} (9) {{/U}}the solution. Once the problem is identified accurately,{{U}} (10) {{/U}}, the second step consists{{U}} (11) {{/U}}considering the alternatives for a solution. A common way to evaluate alternatives is to write them{{U}} (12) {{/U}}and then make a list{{U}} (13) {{/U}}advantages and disadvantages for each solution. Here again, people may be limited by prior experiences. Often people adopt mental sets{{U}} (14) {{/U}}lead them to the same problem-solving strategies that were successful for problems{{U}} (15) {{/U}}the past. Although that can be helpful most{{U}} (16) {{/U}}the time, sometimes a new situation requires a different strategy.{{U}} (17) {{/U}}that case, the mental set must be abandoned,{{U}} (18) {{/U}}new alternatives must be explored. After the alternatives have been compared, a strategy must be selected{{U}} (19) {{/U}}among them. One way to avoid becoming mired in the options is{{U}} (20) {{/U}}try the best option with a view to abandoning it for another{{U}} (21) {{/U}}the results are unfavorable. This attitude allows many people to move on expeditiously{{U}} (22) {{/U}}the next step—action. The strategy selected must be implemented and tested. If it solves the problem, no further action is necessary, but if{{U}} (23) {{/U}}, then the cycle begins again, starting{{U}} (24) {{/U}}problem identification. By continuing to review the problem{{U}} (25) {{/U}}repeat the problem-solving steps, the solution can be improved upon and refined.

填空题 What are the challenges facing multinationals that want to build their brands in China?—I think the first thing is ignorance. There's a huge{{U}} (1) {{/U}}of the complexity in China, which is more complex than Europe. There are different rules of law, which{{U}} (2) {{/U}}a significant factor. There are different{{U}} (3) {{/U}}, Cantonese and Mandarin and lots of others in{{U}} (4) {{/U}}, and dialects like Sichuan versions. You have problems of distribution.{{U}} (5) {{/U}}Chinese brands have been{{U}} (6) {{/U}}local because of the size of the market and the transportation system, What's{{U}} (7) {{/U}}built up there is a sort of a pride in localness. How can companies build their brands in China?—China is a place where{{U}} (8) {{/U}}have to be very patient and you've got to build{{U}} (9) {{/U}}time. You can't go in{{U}} (10) {{/U}}invest short-term and then pull out{{U}} (11) {{/U}}then try to get back in{{U}} (12) {{/U}}. It's about being consistent, steady, building{{U}} (13) {{/U}}reputation, building confidence and then rewards will{{U}} (14) {{/U}}. It's a consistent ability to anticipate need. It's insightfulness that helps brands to{{U}} (15) {{/U}}ahead. How are local Chinese brands doing against the multinationals?—China's been built{{U}} (16) {{/U}}local brands and there are a billion of them and they are{{U}} (17) {{/U}}spending sums of money locally that really dominate the{{U}} (18) {{/U}}. But the future is Chinese brands moving outside of{{U}} (19) {{/U}}and marketing globally, because China's got to move from a commodity economy to a{{U}} (20) {{/U}}sophisticated economy, which fundamentally{{U}} (21) {{/U}}brands. There isn't a major economy in the world that{{U}} (22) {{/U}}based upon producing great brands, because they provide far better margins and more sustainable{{U}} (23) {{/U}}. Has Asia produced any truly global brands?—Japan has. Some of the major companies{{U}} (24) {{/U}}do really very well with brands. In Korea, some of them{{U}} (25) {{/U}}but some of them need to catch up in terms of understanding how to really build global brands.

填空题World Bank The World Bank is one of the largest suppliers of development assistance. Its main goal is to improve living conditions for poor people throughout the world. Last year, it provided more than seventeen-thousand-million dollars in loans to developing countries to help end poverty. The money went to efforts like debt reduction for some of the poorest countries in the world. That program was designed to increase debt assistance and provide it faster than in the past. As a result, twenty-three countries received debt assistance last year as compared to seven countries the year before. The World Bank does more than just 16 loans, however. It believes that continued poverty reduction comes 17 investing in the people of a country—especially through education and health 18 . World Bank President James Wolfensohn announced one such program 19 this year at the organization"s yearly spring 20 in Washington. The "Education for All" plan is aimed at getting all children 21 the ages of five and eleven into early education. The World Bank plans to 22 the program soon in ten countries. Bank leaders will choose 23 that have strong education reform plans but no money to establish them. The World Bank uses engineers, economists, public policy 24 and social scientists to create these kinds of programs. These 25 also provide developing countries with the necessary 26 help to carry out the programs. Ten thousand people work for the 27 Bank. Eight thousand are based in Washington. The rest are spread 28 the world. The World Bank is owned by more than one-hundred-eighty 29 countries. Every country holds different shares which represent the positions and 30 of the members. The World Bank began as a much smaller group. It was established at an international conference in the United States in 1944. It has helped to make great progress in developing nations especially in the past twenty or so years. Bank officials say life expectancy in developing nations has increased and baby and child deaths have decreased. They also say more adults now can read than in the past.

填空题Bill Gates receives honorary knighthood Britain's Queen Elizabeth stands with Microsoft chairman and philanthropist Bill Gates after presenting him with an honorary knighthood at Buckingham Palace, London, March 2, 2005. Sir Bill? Not quite. Proclaiming himself "humbled and delighted," Microsoft founder Bill Gates received an honorary knighthood Wednesday from Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ—an accolade that allows the recipient to use "KBE" after his (1) , but not to put "Sir" in front of it. One of the world's richest men, Gates, 49, was (2) honored for his charitable activities around the world and his contribution (3) enterprises in Britain. Past recipients of the honorary knighthood (4) from Irish singer Bob Geldof to former U.S. President Ronald Reagan. "This (5) is particularly poignant given the deep connections Microsoft enjoys (6) the United Kingdom," said Gates, whose company employs about 2000 people in (7) . Gates' royal honor—bestowed by the queen on the advice of the (8) —was announced in January 2004, but a "mutually convenient" date to (9) it had not been available until now. British recipients of knighthoods are entitled to be (10) with a "Sir" before their names. The honor was long the (11) of senior soldiers, judges and other servants of the state, but recent years have seen the creation of Sir Paul McCartney, (12) Mick Jagger and Sir Elton John. As an American, Gates is not entitled to use (13) before his name, but he can put the initials KBE—Knight Commander of the (14) Empire—after his name. Gates joins a roster of American (15) that includes former presidents Reagan and George H.W. Bush, comedian (16) Hope, retired U.S. Army Gen. Tommy Franks and former Secretary of (17) Colin Powell. Gates said he was proud of what he called (18) "special relationship" with Britain. "The U.K. was the first country in (19) Microsoft set up a subsidiary outside the U.S., and our experience in the (20) has been significant in shaping our international growth," he said. Microsoft's British facilities include Research Cambridge, a laboratory established in 1997 in the university town that employs 80 scientists. In 2000, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation announced a donation of $210 million to Cambridge University to create a scholarship program for graduate students from outside Britain.

填空题Grooming and Personal Hygiene Grooming and personal hygiene have been around for ages. It"s hard to imagine a time when people weren"t concerned with taking care of their appearance and their bodies. Perhaps these practices started when Adam first took a bath and combed his hair before going on a date with Eve. Or maybe they began when Eve put on some herbal makeup to make herself more beautiful. No matter where they started, grooming and personal hygiene have become an important part of everyone"s daily routine. You might think that all modem societies would have the same grooming and personal hygiene practices. After all, doesn"t everybody take baths? Most people do recognize the need for hygiene, which is the basis for cleanliness and health and a good way to keep one"s friends. Grooming practices include all the little things people do to make themselves look their 1 , such as combing their hair and putting on makeup. However, 2 most modem people agree that these things are important, people in different 3 take care of themselves in different ways. There used to be an old 4 in America that people should take a bath 5 a week, whether they need one or not. In fact, 6 , Americans generally take a bath or, more commonly, a 7 every day. But in contrast to some cultures, most Americans 8 their shower in the morning, so they can start the day 9 . And instead of going to a beauty parlor for a shampoo, many Americans prefer to wash and 10 their own hair. So if Americans have a "bad hair day," they have no one to 11 but themselves. But most people in America do 12 for the beauty parlor or barber shop 13 for a haircut, a perm or just some friendly conversation. Americans are known for having very 14 noses. In America, "B.O." (body odor) is socially unacceptable. For that 15 , Americans consider the use of deodorant or anti-perspirant a 16 . Ladies often add a touch of perfume for an extra fresh 17 . Men may splash on after-shave lotion or manly-smelling cologne. Another 18 no-no in America is bad breath. Americans don"t like to 19 what other people ate for lunch especially onions or 20 . Their solution? Mouthwash, breath mints and even brushing their teeth after meals.

填空题The Internet originated on American soil. In 1969, the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the US Defense Department established the world's first testing packet-switched network (PSN) to connect four universities on US soil. The world saw a remarkable expansion of the scale and number of Internet users from the late 1970s to the early 1980s. In September 1989, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) was founded with a grant from the US Department of Commence to administer the Internet terminal server. Over the past 40 years, the US has been dominating the world Internet as the core technique holder with an inherent advantage of being the cradle of the Internet. There are 13 terminal servers in the world to keep the Internet run (1) , with a master server and nine of the 12 second (2) servers stationed in the US. In terms of technique, the network of a country will disappear from the world Internet if its domain name registry is blocked or deleted from the terminal server. This kind of conduct is not legally binded (3) with the law of any country except ICANN. In April 2004, Libya was seen (4) on the Internet for three days after the collapse of the domain name registry of the country "LY" caused by a domain administration dispute. Concerns about the US monopoly of the domain name server (DNS) system grew among other nations as much as their reliance on the Internet for issues ranging (5) politics and the economy to defense and the general society. Years ago, there was a proposal that the Internet is (6) administered by the United Nations or under international cooperation. The European Union insisted that the World Wide Web was (7) an international resource that should be jointly managed by all nations. Some developing countries pointed to (8) that at the early stage of Internet development, developed countries seized large amounts of domain names, leaving a limited few for them, and demanded a share with the US over Internet administration. American officials opposed to (9) the suggestion. The US Defense Strategy Review in March 2005 stated that Internet space should have the same priority with (10) continental, marine, aerial and outer space jurisdictions for the US to maintain a decisive superiority. A statement from Washington on June 30, 2005, made it clear that the US government would maintain its control on (11) the DNS indefinitely; stating that a transfer of its management to UN or international cooperative models would impede the free flow of information, leading (12) to easy manipulation of the Internet and make global supervision more difficult. At the same time, the US Congress passed a bill by a vote of 423 to zero urged (13) a manifesto by the White House that American control over Internet is inviolable. US Rep. John Taylor Doolittle, a Republican from California, said the United States invented the Internet and described (14) as a gift to the world based on American taxpayers' money. He said he opposed any move to transfer the country's control to the UN. The control of the Internet plays a strategical (15) role for US. Using the internet, the US can intercept information via the net, export US values and opinions, support a " Color Revolution", feed the oppositing (16) powers and rebels against anti-US governments, interfere (17) other countries' internal affairs and make proactive attacks on enemy's communication and directing networks. James-Adams, a famous military forecaster, wrote (18) his book, The Next World War, these words: "The computer is the weapon for the future war and there is no virtual front line, while (19) the traditional battle and the byte will take the bullet's role to grab control of the air." US President Barack Obama repeatly (20) stressed the importance of the Internet during his campaign. He asked the relevant departments to assess the security of the American network, and to prepare (21) the implementation of information hegemony to continue the work of controlling the new generation of Internet Root Servers. The assessment report released by the US government on May 29, 2009, said that cyberspace threats have become one of the most serious economic and military threats facing by (22) the United States. The report emphasized that the US must show the world they were seriously responding to the challenge. Against this background, Microsoft announced the closure of MSN services for Cuba, Iran, Syria, Sudan and the DPRK. But the world opinion considers (23) as information sanction instead of meeting a challenge.

填空题A Great Friendship Thomas Jefferson and James Madison met in 1776. Could it have been any other year? They worked together starting then to further American Revolution and later to shape the new scheme of government. From the work sprang a friendship perhaps incomparable in intimacy and the trustfulness of collaboration and induration. It lasted 50 years. It included pleasure and utility but (1) and above them, there were shared purpose, a common end (2) an enduring goodness on both sides. Four and a half months (3) he died, when he was ailing, debt-ridden, and worried about his impoverished (4) , Jefferson wrote to his longtime friend. His words and Madison's reply remind us (5) friends are friends until death. They also remind us that (6) a friendship has a bearing on things larger than the (7) itself, for has there ever been a friendship of (8) public consequence than this one? "The friendship which has subsisted (9) us now half a century, the harmony of our political (10) and pursuits have been sources of constant happiness to me through (11) long period. It's also been a great solace to me to believe that you're (12) in vindicating to posterity the course that we've pursued for preserving to them, (13) all their purity, their blessings of self-government, (14) we had assisted in acquiring for them. If ever the earth has beheld a (15) of administration conducted with a single and steadfast eye to the general (16) and happiness of those committed to it, one (17) , protected by truth, can never known reproach, it is that to which our (18) have been devoted. To myself you have been a pillar of (19) throughout life. Take care of me when dead and be assured that I (20) leave with you my last affections." A week later Madison replied—"You cannot look back to the long period of our private friendship and political harmony with more affecting recollections than I do. If they are a source of pleasure to you, what aren't they not to be to me? We cannot be deprived of the happy consciousness of the pure devotion to the public good with which we discharge the trust committed to us and I indulge a confidence that sufficient evidence will find in its way to another generation to ensure, after we are gone, whatever of justice may be withheld whilst we are here./

填空题Bush"s MBA Twenty-six of 42 presidents, including Bill Clinton, were lawyers. Seven were generals. George W. Bush becomes the first with an MBA. Those who have had Bush for a boss since the mid-1980s—in the 1 of oil, baseball and Texas state government—describe his management 2 as straight from the pages of the organizational-behavior 3 he studied while getting his masters of business administration 4 at Harvard University in 1975. He manages by what is known 5 "walking around," having learned that sitting behind a desk and passing out memos does 6 to energize anyone. He has a reputation for fueling "creative tension" 7 his subordinates, encouraging them to take and defend opposing 8 . That sacrifices harmony, but puts ideas to the test and lets Bush 9 above the fray, where he can offer guidance instead of barking 10 . Imagine the creative tension that may erupt 11 the likes of Secretary of State-designate Colin Powell and Defense Secretary— 12 Donald Rumsfeld. Above all, former employees say that he is a master at delegating 13 installing measures of accountability—ways of knowing 14 subordinates are getting the job done without looking 15 any shoulders. That frees Bush for strategic thinking—perhaps 16 two words hammered into MBA students most—which means thinking 17 to seize opportunities and to derail threats to the best of plans. "George was my 18 ," says Tom Schieffer, who served as president of the Texas Rangers under Bush 19 1991 and 1995. "But he never made me feel that way. He went out of his way to treat me as a 20 , not a subordinate." That"s one trait that might be of concern, says Michael Useem, director of the Wharton Center for Leadership and Change at the University of Pennsylvania. It"s important for subordinates to feel part of the team, but not just because the boss craves popularity. Just as in the military, it must be understood who is in charge when the final order is given.

填空题World Bank The World Bank is one of the largest suppliers of development assistance. Its main goal is to improve living conditions for poor people throughout the world. Last year, it provided more than seventeen-thousand-million dollars in loans to developing countries to help end poverty. The money went to efforts like debt reduction for some of the poorest countries in the world. That program was designed to increase debt assistance and provide it faster than in the past. As a result, twenty-three countries received debt assistance last year as compared to seven countries the year before. The World Bank does more than just (1) loans, however. It believes that continued poverty reduction comes (2) investing in the people of a country—especially through education and health (3) . World Bank President James Wolfensohn announced one such program (4) this year at the organization's yearly spring (5) in Washington. The "Education for All" plan is aimed at getting all children (6) the ages of five and eleven into early education. The World Bank plans to (7) the program soon in ten countries. Bank leaders will choose (8) that have strong education reform plans but no money to establish them. The World Bank uses engineers, economists, public policy (9) and social scientists to create these kinds of programs. These (10) also provide developing countries with the necessary (11) help to carry out the programs. Ten thousand people work for the (12) Bank. Eight thousand are based in Washington. The rest are spread (13) the world. The World Bank is owned by more than one-hundred-eighty (14) countries. Every country holds different shares which represent the positions and (15) of the members. The World Bank began as a much smaller group. It was established at an international conference in the United States in 1944. It has helped to make great progress in developing nations especially in the past twenty or so years. Bank officials say life expectancy in developing nations has increased and baby and child deaths have decreased. They also say more adults now can read than in the past.

填空题 In the following passage, there are 25 blanks representing words that are missing from the context. You are to put back in each of the blanks with the missing word. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. The time for this section is 25 minutes. Compared with the immediate practical responsibility of the scientist, the {{U}}(1) {{/U}} of the artist must seem puny. The decision which faces {{U}}(2) {{/U}} is not one of practical action: of course he will try to throw this {{U}}(3) {{/U}} into the scale, and that weight, if he is a writer or {{U}}(4) {{/U}} a painter of genius, may have its effect. For the novelist—in our society the only artist who has a mass audience and at the same time effective economic control of the means of addressing {{U}}(5) {{/U}}—the hope of some decisive influence is a reasonable {{U}}(6) {{/U}}. For him, since he takes of all artists {{U}}(7) {{/U}} is probably the largest portion of his culture as material, there is no {{U}}(8) {{/U}} escape from the necessity for treating the content of his work seriously than {{U}}(9) {{/U}} is for the social psychologist he is coming so closely to resemble. The dichotomy which people have tried to establish between artistic proficiency and {{U}}(10) {{/U}} content is becoming unbearable to almost all sensitive minds. I doubt if it has ever been real— we might have admired Shelley as {{U}}(11) {{/U}} if he had been indifferent to such things as war and tyranny, though I doubt it; certainly {{U}}(12) {{/U}} he been indifferent we should never have been led by {{U}}(13) {{/U}}. There is no Hippocratic oath in literature, and I am not attempting to draw {{U}}(14) {{/U}} up. As far as I am concerned, the artist is a human being writ large and his {{U}}(15) {{/U}} are the ethics of any human being. Perhaps I can best illustrate {{U}}(16) {{/U}} seems to me the new {{U}}(17) {{/U}} of those duties of assertion and refusal from one writer, and I do not {{U}}(18) {{/U}} it is without significance that this {{U}}(19) {{/U}} projects the whole situation of choice into a scientific parable, the {{U}}(20) {{/U}} of a pestilence: a {{U}}(21) {{/U}} many human {{U}}(22) {{/U}} are called to fight against, called not by any supernatural {{U}}(23) {{/U}} but by the simple fact that the fight against a plague is {{U}}(24) {{/U}} like a biological human {{U}}(25) {{/U}}.

填空题Henry David Thoreau—Why I Went to the Woods Let us spend one day as deliberately as Nature, and not be thrown off the track by every nutshell and mosquito's wing that falls on the rails. Let us rise early and fast, or breakfast, gently and without perturbation; let company come and let company go, let the bells ring and the children cry—determined to make a day of it. Why should we knock under and go with the stream? Let us not be upset and {{U}} {{U}} 21 {{/U}} {{/U}}in that terrible rapid and whirlpool called a {{U}} {{U}} 22 {{/U}} {{/U}}, situated in the meridian shallows. Weather this {{U}} {{U}} 23 {{/U}} {{/U}}and you are safe, for the rest of the way is down {{U}} {{U}} 24 {{/U}} {{/U}}. With unrelaxed nerves, with morning vigor, sail by it, {{U}} {{U}} 25 {{/U}} {{/U}}another way, tied to the mast like Ulysses. If the engine {{U}} {{U}} 26 {{/U}} {{/U}}, let it whistle till it is hoarse for its pains. If the bell {{U}} {{U}} 27 {{/U}} {{/U}}, why should we run? We will consider what kind of {{U}} {{U}} 28 {{/U}} {{/U}}they are like. Let us settle ourselves, and work and {{U}} {{U}} 29 {{/U}} {{/U}}our feet downward through the mud and slush of {{U}} {{U}} 30 {{/U}} {{/U}}, and prejudice, and tradition, and delusion, and appearance, {{U}} {{U}} 31 {{/U}} {{/U}}alluvion which covers the globe, through Paris and London, through {{U}} {{U}} 32 {{/U}} {{/U}}and philosophy and religion, till we come to a hard {{U}} {{U}} 33 {{/U}} {{/U}}and rocks in place. Time is but the stream I go a-fishing in. I drink at it; but while I drink I see the {{U}} {{U}} 34 {{/U}} {{/U}}bottom and detect how shallow it is. Its thin {{U}} {{U}} 35 {{/U}} {{/U}}slides away, but eternity remains. I would drink {{U}} {{U}} 36 {{/U}} {{/U}}, fish in the sky, whose bottom is pebbly with {{U}} {{U}} 37 {{/U}} {{/U}}. I cannot count one. I know not the first letter of the {{U}} {{U}} 38 {{/U}} {{/U}}. I have always been regretting that I was not as {{U}} {{U}} 39 {{/U}} {{/U}}as the day I was born. The intellect is a cleaver; it discerns and {{U}} {{U}} 40 {{/U}} {{/U}}its way into the secret of things. I do not wish to be any more busy with my hands than is necessary. My head is hands and feet. I feel all my best faculties concentrated in it. My instinct tells me that my head is an organ for burrowing, as some creatures use their snout and forepaws, and with it I would mine and burrow my way through these hills. I think that the richest vein is somewhere hereabouts; so by the divining-rod and thin rising vapors, I judge; and here I will begin to mine.

填空题 Health officials in western Siberia are to begin in slaughter of thousands of birds today after identifying Russia's first outbreak of a bird flu strain that can be fatal in humans. Doctors in neighboring Kazakhstan have also{{U}} (1) {{/U}}that a 19-year-old poultry worker{{U}} (2) {{/U}}admitted to hospital with{{U}} (3) {{/U}}of bird flu, only to be diagnosed{{U}} (4) {{/U}}double pneumonia. The H5N1 strain of avian{{U}} (5) {{/U}}has killed 60 people{{U}} (6) {{/U}}2fib in Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia and Indonesia, but has rarely been found in birds or humans{{U}} (7) {{/U}}Asia. Health officials{{U}} (8) {{/U}}that HSN1 is infecting migrating birds, which could spread the{{U}} (9) {{/U}}into Europe. Earlier this year China registered the first outbreak of H5N1{{U}} (10) {{/U}}wild birds, some of which{{U}} (11) {{/U}}to breeding grounds in Siberia. These birds could come{{U}} (12) {{/U}}contact with others flying to Europe and North America. Russia's{{U}} (13) {{/U}}began in the Novosibirsk{{U}} (14) {{/U}}, about 1,750 miles{{U}} (15) {{/U}}of Moscow in the Asian part of Russia, early last month, but the veterinary service{{U}} (16) {{/U}}the virus only last week. Valery Mikheyev, the chief sanitary doctor of Novosibirsk, said that teams had been{{U}} (17) {{/U}}the{{U}} (18) {{/U}}birds and supervising the slaughter in13 {{U}}(19) {{/U}}villages. He said, "The state of{{U}} (20) {{/U}}of the inhabitants of these areas gives{{U}} (21) {{/U}}cause for alarm. Up to 6,000 people are being{{U}} (22) {{/U}}per day. The virus seems to have{{U}} (23) {{/U}}only private farms that let{{U}} (24) {{/U}}mix with wild birds. Further outbreaks were registered in the Omsk and Altai regions, but the strain had{{U}} (25) {{/U}}to be determined, Russia's Emergency Situations Ministry said.

填空题Of all the employed workers in the United States, 12.5 million are part of a temporary workforce. The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics counts 9.2 percent of workers as those who have______(1) they term "alternative employment arrangements." The government predicts that temporary staffing agencies______(2) experience growth of 49 percent by 2010. If numbers increase at the rate ______ (3), these companies will add 1.9 million new jobs by 2010. That''s more than any______(4) industry. Temporary workers were the first ones to be affected by the recent economic recession, but they are______(5) to be the first to regain positions as the economy picks up and companies work to rebuild. Employers use temporary workers as a resource because_______(6) offer flexibility and come at a low cost. Many temporaries are categorized as "independent contractors" instead of employees,______(7) allows the employer to avoid______(8) certain taxes. Because they are not required to offer benefits to temporary workers, companies can save a great deal of money by hiring temps. Usually, temporary workers can qualify_______(9) benefits if they work for a staffing company for a certain length of time. Most temps, however, do not continue with one company long______(10) to qualify for them because they regard the position as a step on the ladder to a______(11) position later. According to Richard Wahlquist, president of the American Staffing Association, 75_______(12) of temporary workers hope for transition out of the temporary staffing category______(13) a period of time. Wahlquist finds that temporary workers spend about 11 weeks on various assignments before their______(14) out of the temporary workforce. Many use temporary positions to gain experience and skills______(15) they move on to better jobs. Wahlquist says that the temp workforce as a whole turns______(16) 400 percent each year. Tom Dilworth, research director at the Employment Policies Institute, explains______(17) some workers like having temporary jobs______(18) it affords them a great deal of elasticity with time and everything. Some temps only have a limited______(19) of time to work and temp agencies can help coordinate jobs to fit their schedules. Other sometimes-employees use temporary jobs to get an______(20) to a company from the inside, to get a foot in the door of a certain business or career._______(21) others take temporary positions in hopes their employers will change them over to permanent positions eventually. Nearly all the industries in the United States use temporary workers.______(22) to Tim Costello, coordinator of the North American Alliance for Fair Employment, the growth of temporary labor threatens______(23) job security of permanent workers who fear replacement, as well as the temps who are more accustomed to turnover. He predicts that there will continue to______(24) a gradual shift from permanent employees to contingent staffing, and that such a_____(25) in workplace demographics will "lead to lower wages, poorer working conditions, and more instability."

填空题The humanities is 1 a form of knowledge. Like other knowledge, this deals with a 2 man"s life in nature and society, but it is required 3 through the study of man"s spiritual creations—language, art, history, philosophy, or 4 religion. This filtering of the subject, man, through the medium of mind have 5 the effect of keeping always in the foreground the element of novelness 6 , of uniqueness, of astonishing unpredictability. Whereas the study of nature assumes and finds of its uniforms 7 , and whereas the scientific study of society tries too 8 to grasp what is regular and inevitable, the study of nature and man through 9 humanities dwells on what is individual and alike 10 and anarchic. It finds what does not conform with 11 rule, what has no counterpart, what does not "behave", and 12 simply is or acts—this is the splendid and refreshed 13 spectacle of the humanities. It is the Antigone of Sophocles, who 14 describes the unique woman and is no other drama; the Athenian plague in Thucydides, which is at once unknown, vividly present, and forever 15 past. (Excerpt from Science vs. the Humanities )

填空题World Bank The World Bank is one of the largest suppliers of development assistance. Its main goal is to improve living conditions for poor people throughout the world. Last year, it provided more than seventeen-thousand-million dollars in loans to developing countries to help end poverty. The money went to efforts like debt reduction for some of the poorest countries in the world. That program was designed to increase debt assistance and provide it faster than in the past. As a result, twenty-three countries received debt assistance last year as compared to seven countries the year before. The World Bank does more than just 16 loans, however. It believes that continued poverty reduction comes 17 investing in the people of a country—especially through education and health 18 . World Bank President James Wolfensohn announced one such program 19 this year at the organization"s yearly spring 20 in Washington. The "Education for All" plan is aimed at getting all children 21 the ages of five and eleven into early education. The World Bank plans to 22 the program soon in ten countries. Bank leaders will choose 23 that have strong education reform plans but no money to establish them. The World Bank uses engineers, economists, public policy 24 and social scientists to create these kinds of programs. These 25 also provide developing countries with the necessary 26 help to carry out the programs. Ten thousand people work for the 27 Bank. Eight thousand are based in Washington. The rest are spread 28 the world. The World Bank is owned by more than one-hundred-eighty 29 countries. Every country holds different shares which represent the positions and 30 of the members. The World Bank began as a much smaller group. It was established at an international conference in the United States in 1944. It has helped to make great progress in developing nations especially in the past twenty or so years. Bank officials say life expectancy in developing nations has increased and baby and child deaths have decreased. They also say more adults now can read than in the past.

填空题When Did Aids Begin? The year was 1959. Location: the central African city of Leopoldville, now called Kinshasa, shortly before the waves of violent rebellion that followed the liberation of the Belgian Congo. A seemingly healthy man walked into a hospital clinic to give blood for a West-ernbacked study of blood diseases. He walked away and was never heard from again. Doctors analyzed his sample, froze it in a test tube and forgot about it. A quarter century later, in the mid-1980s, researchers studying the growing AIDS epidemic took a second look at the blood and discovered that it contained HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. And not just any HIV. The Leopoldville sample is the oldest 41 of the AIDS virus ever isolated and may now help solve the 42 of how and when the virus made the leap from animals (moneys or chimpanzees) to 43 , according to a report published last week in Nature . Dr. David Ho, 44 of the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center in New York City and 45 of the study"s samples, says DNA pushes the putative origin of the AIDS 46 back at least a decade, to the early "50s over even the "40s. Over the 47 15 years, scientists have identified at least 10 subtypes of the 48 virus. But they couldn"t tell whether they were seeing 49 on one changeable virus or the handiwork of several 50 viruses that had made the jump from primates to man. A 51 look at the genetic mutations in the Leopoldville sample strongly 52 that all it took to launch the AIDS epidemic was one unlucky 53 of events. By comparing the DNA of the 1959 virus with that of 54 taken from the "80s and "90s, Ho and his 55 constructed a viral family tree in which the Leopoldville isolate sits right 56 the juncture where three subtypes branch out. The 39-year-old 57 is also strikingly similar to the other seven subtypes. The clear implication: all the viral 58 can be traced back to a single event or a closely related group of 59 . One theory is that AIDS started through contact with infected monkeys in a 60 area and spread to the rest of the population through urbanization and mass inoculations. The findings underscore how rapidly HIV can adapt to its surroundings, making it devilishly difficult to develop effective vaccines. No one knows how many more subtypes of HIV will sprout in the next 40 years, but chances are they will be every bit as lethal as the ones we see today, if not more so.

填空题"History doesn"t repeat itself," argued Mark Twain, "but it does rhyme." In this instance, history"s echo could scarcely be more depressing. In 1993 Jamie Bulger, a two-year-old boy, was abducted, tortured and murdered by two ten-year-olds. The gruesome details of the Bulger case shocked the national psyche. Yesterday two brothers were sentenced to an indefinite period of detention for torturing two boys in Edlington last April. Aged 10 and 12, they beat, strangled and sexually degraded their victims, before putting a plastic sheet over them and setting it on fire. It was only tiredness that caused them to abandon their victims, they presumed, to die. It was a chance blessing that a passing walker stumbled across one of the boys alive. It is impossible to 1 shock and desperation. But there is nothing new about children committing 2 . In 1748 the ten-year-old William York killed the five-year-old girl who shared his 3 . There has always been a strand of evil that courses through humanity. But in two respects the Edlington case may 4 a critical moment. First, is Britain prepared to accept that it does 5 have a violent underclass, a problem that successive governments have 6 to ameliorate? And will David Cameron succeed in his argument 7 the Edlington case confirms his claims about "broken Britain"? The social context of the Edlington case is as 8 as the crime itself. The court heard that brothers had a "toxic 9 life" marked by "routine aggression, violence and chaos". One brother watched 10 violent movies. He also drank routinely and smoked cannabis grown 11 his father"s allotment. There was also a chronic failure by the social services. A leaked 12 by local care authorities—to which the judge was denied access—reveals 13 there were 31 occasions on which nine different agencies failed to take action 14 the brothers" behaviour. Broken Britain? The phrase is an oversimplification. But 15 does have a depressingly static underclass. The most telling detail 16 the case was one torturer"s explanation of his actions. He was 17 . "There was not else to do." The political consequences may also 18 parallels with the Bulger case. In 1993 a young, charismatic Shadow Home Secretary 19 the opportunity. Tony Blair"s catchphrase "Tough on crime, tough on the 20 of crime" allowed him to capture public sentiment. Mr. Blair argued 21 the Bulger case demonstrated that Britain had descended into "moral 22 " caused by the long-serving Conservative Government. Today"s 23 Conservatives have long been fascinated by what they regard as that pivotal 24 in Tony Blair"s career—the first sign that he could catch the national mood. So it 25 unsurprising that David Cameron has immediately woven the Edlington case 26 his narrative of abject social breakdown. "Look at the wreckage of our 27 society. See Britain through the eyes of our children. Are we really proud of our 28 today?" Those were Mr. Blair"s words before being elected. We can 29 to hear many similar phrases from Mr. Cameron in the run-up to 30 election. Yesterday he warned that Britain was 31 an "irresponsible society." He is right. Britain is not broken, 32 it will have failed in its most basic responsibilities if it looks the other way 33 Edlington. The violence and depravity of the torturers was exceptional. The 34 —by parents, by the community, by government—was all too 35 . These are not easy issues. They will not be solved by a politician"s neat catchphrase. But nor will they be solved by looking the other way. (from The Times, January 23, 2010)

填空题Philanthropy It has become an American tradition that those who attain great wealth return some of it to the public through philanthropy. An early example of this was the generosity of Amos Lawrence of Massachusetts, a wealthy merchant who in the 1830s and afterwards contributed much money for famine relief in Ireland. He also donated generously to educational and other humanitarian causes. In the early years of the twentieth century several men who had amassed vast (1) likewise became great philanthropists. Andrew Carnegie, an exceptionally energetic man, (2) has begun working twelve hours a day when he was only fourteen years old, (3) one of the world's richest men by pioneering in the steel (4) . After his retirement in 1900 he devoted his time and his wealth to the (5) of free public libraries. He also set up foundations for medical research and (6) world peace. Carnegie's belief, as he expressed it in an essay, was (7) the wealthy person must "consider all surplus revenues (8) come to him simply as 'trust funds' which is strictly bound as a matter of (9) to administer in the manner best calculated to produce the most (10) results for the community—the man of wealth thus becoming the mere (11) and agent for his poorer brethren." John D. Rockefeller, who also began as a poor boy, became (12) rich through oil refineries and other enterprises. In his (13) age, in the early 1900's, he began to donate millions for beneficial (14) . The various Rockefeller Foundations support research as well as (15) causes in the United States and in other parts of the world. Rockefeller funds are now fighting hunger through the so-called "green revolution," whereby new agricultural techniques have greatly multiplied the yield of food crops in Mexico, India, Pakistan, and parts of Africa. Through the Ford Foundation, and based on automobile profits, Henry Ford Ⅱ donated $500 million in 1950 to universities and hospitals for improving education and health. This likewise became a world-famous foundation, whose activities have spread far and wide. Some of this money was effectively spend fight cholera and typhus in far-off Nepal.

填空题Visitors to Britain may find the best place to sample local culture is in a traditional pub. But these friendly hostelries can be minefields of potential gaffes for the uninitiated. An anthropologist and a team of researchers have 1 some of the arcane rituals of British pubs—starting with the 2 of getting a drink. Most pubs have no waiters—you 3 to go to the bar to buy drinks. A group of Italian youths 4 for 45 minutes before they realized they would have to 5 for their own. This may sound inconvenient, but there is a 6 purpose. Pub culture is designed to 7 sociability in a society known for its reserve. Standing at the 8 for service allows you to chat with others 9 to be served. The bar counter is possibly the only 10 in the British Isles in which friendly conversation with 11 is considered entirely appropriate and really quite normal 12 . "If you haven"t been to a pub, you 13 been to Britain." This tip can be found in a 14 , Passport to the Pub: The Tourists" Guide to Pub Etiquette, a 15 code of conduct for those wanting to sample "a central part of 16 life and culture". The trouble is that if you do not 17 the local rules, the experience may fall flat. For 18 , if you are in a big group, it is best if only one 19 two people go to buy the drinks. Nothing irritates the 20 customers and bar staff more than a gang of strangers blocking all access to the bar while they chat and dither about what to order.