填空题【R1】______A full moon, soft candlelight — the mood is complete. Add an attractive partner and some soft background music, who can resist falling into "love"? This, after all, is what the magazine ads say love is supposed to look like. If you find a partner who provides this setting and invites you in, it is natural to think of love. 【R2】______It is great to relish it for a while. But as a steady diet, romance is dangerously under-nourishing. Ideally, romance will be woven through a loving relationship, and reviving it now and then is an excellent way to express affection and commitment.【R3】______Not only that, but the pressure of your demands may end up destroying your chances for success as a truly loving couple. This doesn't mean that we should automatically be suspicious of romantic behavior or keep our own romantic feelings under lock and key.【R4】______That is part of what makes a relationship fun and exciting — but only if both partners understand the role that romance is playing. In true love, the purpose of romance is not to deceive, but to express real affection and enrich an ongoing relationship.【R5】______It pleases both partners and renews their commitment to each other. It gives them a brief break from the daily grind, an opportunity to focus on each other and the relationship in a positive way. Once you have determined that you and your partner both are prepared to accept true love, you need to make sure the ties are there to hold the two of you together as a couple.【R6】______They fall into the following general categories: 1)Physical attraction: the attraction need not be electric. With many loving couples, it builds gradually and gently, sometimes taking years to ripen. All that is really required in the beginning is some attraction, mutual openness, affection and desire for intimacy. 2)Shared goals, interests, and beliefs:【R7】______But differences can be overcome if there is solid foundation of shared goals and interests. 3)Mutual respect, acceptance and the desire to please each other: In relationships based on false love, these attitudes often flow from one partner only.【R8】______And both partners must accept the responsibility of living up to each other's expectations. 4)Mutual honesty and trust. Dishonesty has no place in true love. It can only lead to mistrust and division. From the very start, you and your partner must be truthful, both with yourselves and with each other. A. It is natural to expect and to express some degree of romance in a new relationship. B. It is sincere. C. But if you insist that your relationship be in a constant state of romance, you are asking the impossible. D. Romance can be dangerously seductive. E. Couples with similar religious, cultural and political beliefs tend to be more united than those with differing backgrounds. F. Romance is both an atmosphere and a state of mind. G. In true love there must be balance. H. These ties will form the basis for your love, supporting your relationship through the challenges to come.

填空题1. The American baby boom after the war made unconvincing advice to the poor countries that they restrain their birth. However, there has hardly been a year since 1957 in which birth rates have not fallen in the United States and other rich countries, and in 1976 the fall was especially sharp. Both East Germany and West Germany have fewer births than they have death, and the United States is only temporarily able to avoid this condition because the children of the baby boom are now an exceptionally large group of married couples. 2. It is true the American don't typically plan their birth to set an example for developing nations. We are more affected by women's liberation: once women see interesting and well-paid job and careers available, they are less willing to provide free labor for child raising. From costing nothing, children suddenly come to seem impossibly expensive. And to the high cost of children are added the uncertainties introduced by divorce; couples are increasingly unwilling to subject children to the terrible experience of marital breakdown and themselves to the difficulty of raising a child alone. 3. These circumstances — women working outside the home and the instability of marriage — tend to spread with industrial society and they will affect more and more countries during the remainder of this century. Along with them goes social mobility, ambition to rise in the urban world, a main factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the 19th century. 4. Food shortage will happen again when the reserves resulting from the food harvest of 1976 and 1977 have been consumed. Urbanization is likely to continue, with the cities of developing nations struggling under the weight of twice present population by the year 2000. 5. The presently rich countries are approaching a stable population largely because of the changed place of women, and they incidentally are setting an example of restraint to the rest of the world. Industrial society will spread to the poor countries, and aspirations will exceed resources. All this will lead to population in the 21st century smaller than was feared years ago. For those anxious to see the population brought under control, the news is encouraging. Questions 1-5 Directions: For questions 1-5, choose the best title for each paragraph from below. For each numbered paragraph(1-5), mark one letter(A-G)on your Answer Sheet, bo not mark any letter twice. A. The factors bringing down the birthrate in Europe B. Women's liberation affects the birthrate C. Birthrate in US raised after the war D. Bringing population under control is possible E. The birthrate in United States is low F. Food shortage and urbanization brought population under control G The reasons that low-birthrate involved

填空题【R1】______It is more than just clothing and hairstyles that are in style one year and out of date the next. It is a whole way of living. One year people wear sunglasses on top of their heads and wear jeans and boots; they drink white wine and eat sushi at Japanese restaurants; for exercise they jog several miles a day.【R2】______Women wear long skirts; people drink expensive water from France and eat pasta at Italy restaurants; everyone seems to be exercising at health club. 【R3】______Food, music, exercise, books, movies, even names go in and out of fashion. It is almost impossible to write about specific fads because the interests that people follow can change very quickly. In the United States, even people can be in or out. Like people in any country, Americans enjoy following the lives of celebrities: movie stars, sports heroes, famous artists, and the like.【R4】______In 1981, for example, an unknown elderly woman appeared in a TV commercial in which she looked at a very small hamburger and complained loudly, "Where is the beef?" These four words made her famous. Suddenly she appeared in magazines and newspapers and on TV shows. She was immediately popular.【R5】______In 1987 an exterminator in Dallas Texas decided that he would be very happy if he could find more customers for his small business. He needed more people to pay him to kill the insects and rats in their houses. He put an unusual advertisement in a Dallas newspaper. He offered to pay $1,000 to the person who could find the biggest cockroach. This strange offer made him suddenly famous. However, this kind of fame does not last long.【R6】______What causes such fads to come and go and why many people follow them? Although clothing designers and manufacturers influence fads in fashion because they want to make a profit, this desire for money doesn't explain fads in other areas, such as language. For example, why have teenagers in the past twenty years used the slang words groovy or awesome in conversation instead of simply saying wonderful? According to Jack Santino, an expert in popular culture, people who follow fads are not irrational, they simply want to be part of something new and creative, and they feel good when they are part of and "in group".【R7】______It is common in any country that has strong consumer economy, e.g. Britain, Japan and Germany. However, in the United States there is an additional reason for fads: 【R8】______ A. Almost nothing in modern life escapes the influence of fashion. B. most Americans seem to feel that something is wrong if there isn't frequent change in their lives. C. These people are "in". D. These days lifestyles seem to change very fast. E. Fads are not unique to the United States. F. However, the next year they notice that everything has changed. G But Americans also pay a lot of attention to people who have no special ability and have done nothing very special. H. Such people are famous for a very short time. They are fads.

填空题New York's Setback Expected to Be Deeper than Nation's 1. It probably came as no surprise to most New Yorkers that the nation had officially slipped into a recession by spring, or that the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11 knocked the wobbly legs out from under an already shaky economy. 2. From Wall Street to Kew Gardens, the pain has been palpable. Just as nearly every resident of the city and surrounding area knew someone who lost a life in the World Trade Center, most know someone who has been directly affected by its economic aftermath dislocations, pay cuts and job losses. 3. That giant sucking sound? It is the gasp of collective belt-tightening across the five boroughs. Statistics confirm the anecdotes. New York City lost 44,200 jobs just in October, the New York State Labor Department said. It could lose 50,000 more by mid-2002. 4. Economists and accountants have tried to tally the damage stemming from the attack, and though their figures do not always match, the costs are undeniably substantial. In addition to the physical damage and cleanup expenses estimated at $30 billion, the attacks could cost New York City some $20 billion in lost economic activity like retail sales and tourism services this year and $10 billion more next year, according to Economy.com, a research firm based in West Chester, Pa. The $20 billion pledged by the federal government in emergency aid and billions more in insurance payments will help offset those costs, though only about half the federal assistance has actually been appropriated. A sharp falloff in tax revenue, however, will leave the state and city with yawning budget gaps not seen since the early 1990s. The city alone projects a shortfall of $1.3 billion next 5 year and $3.6 billion in 2003. 5. That will keep New York's prospects dim even if the national economy emerges from recession, as economists predict it will in the second half of 2002. New York, they said, will endure a deeper and more protracted downturn than the rest of the country will feel. The gross city product, a measure of the city's economic output, declined 1.6 percent in the third quarter, compared with a 0.4 percent fall for the nation as a whole. 6. Some economists compare the situation in New York to that of cities hit by natural disasters, like Hurricane Andrew in 1992 or the earthquake in Kobe, Japan, in 1995. Initial slumps were followed by building booms that led to revived economies, said Stephen Kagann, chief economist for Gov. George E. Pataki's office. 7. New York, however, will not be helped by a building boom, he said. Rebuilding the World Trade Center, as huge as such a project would be, is unlikely to have a significant impact on the economy, Mr. Kagann said. The original construction had 3,500 jobs at its peak, with maybe 1,500 more ancillary jobs created together, only 0.2 percent of all jobs in the region. "The city's economy is simply too large for rebuilding to be a significant boost," he said. A. Deeper setback for city B. Role of rebuilding in city's recovery C. Palpable pain D. Consequences of natural disasters E. Estimated economic losses F. Rising unemployment G. Economists' optimism about city's economy

填空题At some time in your life you may have a strong desire to do something strange or terrible.【R1】______You know that to commit the action is wrong in some way and that other people will not accept your behavior. Perhaps the most interesting thing about the phenomenon of taboo behavior is how it can change over the years within the same society, how certain behaviors and attitudes once considered taboo can become perfectly acceptable and natural at another point in time.【R2】______Now with the publication of important books such as On Death and Dying and Learning to Say Good-bye, people have become more aware of the importance of expressing feelings of death and, as a result, are more willing to talk about this subject. 【R3】______Unlike many other taboos, fat is a topic that Americans talk about constantly. It is not taboo to talk about fat: it's taboo to be fat. The "in" look is thin, not fat. In the work world, most companies prefer youthful-looking, trim executives to sell their images as well as their products to the public. The thin look is associated with youth, vigor, and success.【R4】______After all, people think, how can people who care about themselves, and therefore the way they look, permit themselves to become fat? 【R5】______ It's not surprising, then, that millions of Americans have become obsessed with staying slim and "in shape". The pursuit of youthful physical appearance is not, however, the sole reason for American's obsession with diet and exercise.【R6】______As in most technologically developed nations, the life-style of North Americans has changed dramatically during the course of the last century. Modern machines do all the physical labor that people were once forced to do by hand. Cars and buses transport us quickly from point to point.【R7】______In an effort to avoid such a fate, millions of Americans are spending more of their time exercising.【R8】______parks are filled with joggers and bicyclists, physical education programs are enjoying a newly found prestige, and many companies are providing special exercise facilities for their employees to use during the workday. A. One of the newest taboos in American society is the topic of fat. B. However, chances are that you won't act on your impulse, but let it pass instead. C. In an image-conscious society like the US, thin is "in", fat is "out". D. As a result of inactivity and disuse, people's bodies can easily become weak and vulnerable to disease. E. Topics such as death, for example, were once considered so upsetting and unpleasant that it was a taboo to even talk about them. F. Recent research has shown the critical importance of diet and exercise for personal health. G The fat person, on the other hand, is thought of as lazy and lacking in energy, self- discipline, and self-respect. H. The effect of this new appreciation of the importance of exercise is evident:

填空题CONVERSATION1(Questions1-4)/r/n/r/n/r/nArrangingTravelling/r/n/r/nThesecondspeaker/r/nplays(1)andgoestoashort(2)Thefirstspeakerisbusywithhis(3)Andheencouragesthesecondspeakertotryandthenhewillfeel(4)better./r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n

填空题After some ______ we have decided to sell the house. (consider)

填空题【R1】______While both have a large element of chance, in the long run the winner is the man who plays with steady skill. In both games ultimate victory requires intimate knowledge of the rules, insight into the psychology of the other players, self-confidence, a considerable amount of self-discipline, and the ability to respond swiftly and effectively to opportunities provided by chance. No one expects poker to be played on the ethical principles preached in churches. 【R2】______ The man who keeps an ace up his sleeve or who marks the cards is more than unethical; he is a crook, and can be punished as such — kicked out of the game or, in the Old West, shot. In contrast to the cheat, the unethical poker player is one who, while abiding by the letter of the rules, finds ways to put the other players at an unfair disadvantage. Perhaps he bothers them with loud talk.【R3】______Ethical poker players frown on such tactics. 【R4】______The game calls for distrust of the other fellow. It ignores the claim of friendship. Cunning deception and concealment of one's strength and intentions, not kindness and openheartedness, are vital in poker.【R5】______And no one should think any the worse of the game of business because its standards of right and wrong differ from the prevailing traditions of morality in our society. That most businessmen are not indifferent to ethics in their private lives, everyone will agree. My point is that in their office lives they cease to be private citizens; they become game players who must be guided by a somewhat different set of ethical standards. The point was forcefully made to me by a Midwestern executive who has given a good deal of thought to the question: "So long as a businessman complies with the laws of the land and avoids telling harmful lies, he is ethical. If the law as written gives a man wide-open chance to make a killing, he would be a fool not to take advantage of it.【R6】______There is no obligation on him to stop and consider who is going to get hurt. If the law says he can do it, that's all the justification he needs. There is nothing unethical about that. 【R7】______ I think it is fair to sum up the prevailing attitude of businessmen on ethics as follows: We live in what is probably the most competitive of the world's civilized societies. Our customs encourage a high degree of aggression in the individual's striving for success. Business is our main area of competition, and it has been made into a game of strategy. The basic rules of the game have been set by the government, which attempts to detect and punish business frauds. But as long as a company does not break the rules of the game set by law, it has the legal right to shape its strategy without reference to anything but its profits. 【R8】______ A. No one thinks any the worse of poker on that account. B. We can learn a good deal about the nature of business by comparing it with poker. C. If he doesn't, somebody else will. D. Poker has its special ethics, and here I am not referring to rules against cheating. E. It's just plain business sense. F. Or he tries to get them drunk. G. Decisions in this area are, finally, decisions of strategy, not of ethics. H. Poker's own brand of ethics is different from the ethical ideals of civilized human relationships.

填空题Read the following article and answer questions 9-18 on the next page. Why Are Women More Vulnerable to Broken Hearts?0. Women are a lot more likely to suffer a broken heart than men, researchers say. The good news is that it probably won't kill you.1. In the first national study of its kind, researchers at the University of Arkansas looked at rates of "broken heart syndrome" — when a sudden shock or prolonged stress causes heart attack-like symptoms or heart failure — and found that it overwhelmingly affects women. Women are at least seven times more likely than men to suffer the syndrome, and older women are at greater risk than younger ones, according to data presented Wednesday at the American Heart Association conference in Orlando.2. Broken heart syndrome can happen in response to shocking or suddenly emotional events — both positive ones like winning the lottery, or negative ones like a car accident or the unexpected death of a loved one. A flood of stress hormones and adrenaline causes part of the heart to enlarge temporarily and triggers symptoms that can look like heart attack: chest pain, shortness of breath, irregular heart rhythm. The difference is that the factors that would normally cause heart attack, such as a blocked artery, aren't present. Most sufferers usually recover within a week or two, but in rare cases — about 1% — people die of the condition.3. Doctors have long known about broken heart syndrome — first described by Japanese researchers two decades ago — and that it seemed to occur mostly in women. So, Dr. Abhishek Deshmukh, a cardiologist at the University of Arkansas who has treated women with broken heart syndrome, became curious about just how gender-specific the condition was. Using a federal database that included data from roughly 1,000 hospitals, Deshmukh found 6,229 cases of broken heart syndrome in 2007. Of those, only 671 —just under 11% — were in men. He found that, overall, women had about 7.5 times the risk of broken heart syndrome as men; in people under 55, women were at 9.5 times greater risk than men. Women over 55 were also three times more likely to suffer broken heart syndrome than younger women.4. Researchers don't know what causes the gender disparity, but they have some ideas. One theory is that hormones play a role. Another is that men have more adrenalin receptors on cells in their hearts than women do, "so maybe men are able to handle stress better" and the chemical surge it releases. Deshmukh said.5. About 10% of sufferers will have a second episode at some point, but most return to full heart function without permanent damage or need for follow-up treatment. So, it looks like the way to mend a broken heart is what Mom always said: just give it time.Questions 9-13(10 marks) For questions 9-13, choose from the list A~G which best summarizes each part of the article. For each numbered paragraph(1~5), mark one letter(A~G)on your Answer Sheet. Do not mark any letter twice.A. Data Source and analystsB. Possible causes for gender differenceC. Findings released at a conferenceD. Medication for broken heart syndromeE. Occurrence of broken heart syndromeF. Recovery from broken heart syndromeG. Ways to avoid broken heart syndrome

填空题Happy Customers: Matter of Honor among Japanese In an age when personal service as a significant aspect of merchandising is dying out in the Untied States, Japan clings tenaciously to it. Service is viewed by people in Japan not as a luxury, but as an essential ingredient for the success of individual companies and the Japanese economy as a whole. Americans who move to Japan never get used to the range of services and courtesies taken for granted here. (1) Supermarket check-out counters have two or three people ringing up and bagging groceries. Some stores deliver, with each bag arriving neatly stapled closed. (2) Television shops normally send a technician to install and fine-tune a newly purchased set. (3) Car salespeople are known to bring new models around to customers' homes for test drives and loaners are available for people whose cars are in for repairs. There are no limits to what is home-delivered — video movies, dry cleaning, health foods, rented tailcoats (this last one requires tow visits from the sales staff, first for a fitting, second for delivery of the altered and freshly pressed garment). (4) Japanese barbers often give back massages as part of an ordinary haircut. (5) Department stores seem to have twice, if not three times the floor staff of American ones. (6) Upscale customers don't have to come in at all — the goods are taken to their homes for display and selection. Perhaps the darkest spot on personal service in Japan is how remarkably impersonal it can be. Everyone is treated exactly alike. (7) After a month's stay in a hotel, guests may find the staff still has no idea who they are. Still, the Japanese view service as the glue that holds commercial relationships together. If the correct personal contact and follow-up come with the first sale, a second is sure to come. Market share and loyal customers are the first goal, not short-term profit. (8) A. The technician will rush back if anything goes wrong. B. If they remove a customer's eyeglasses, they may polish the lenses before returning them. C. Employee's cheery greetings and directions, in fact, are often memorized from a company manual. D. Many stores wrap everything they sell. E. Service may cost but it helps ensure these more important objectives. F. Dry ice is inserted alongside the frozen foods to ensure that they don't spoil on the way. G. Office deliveries are common, too, especially of lunch. H. To those old enough to remember how things used to be at home, life can bring on twinges of nostalgia.

填空题Directions: Using the information in the text, complete each sentence 6-10, with a word or phrase from the list below. For each sentence(6-10), mark one letter(A-G)on your Answer Sheet. Do not mark any letter twice. A. New Influence in American Life B. Counterculture and Its Consequence C. women asked for equal work D. people pursued economic and social success E. there was fixed role for male and female F. men's roles at home were more firmly fixed than women's G. more working men like to spend more leisure time with families

填空题1. The US economy, which makes up one quarter of world economic output, is slowing sharply, and bringing down growth through the rest of the world. And the terrorist attacks are likely to make the problem worse, although the International Monetary Fund(IMF)says it is too early to assess the full economic consequences. Kennety Rogoff, the IMF's chief economist, said that a US recession was now more likely. "Whether it will be a bit above zero or below zero ... a trough in US growth is very likely," Mr. Rogoff said. However, he added that "I think there is every cause for a v-shaped rebound next year." Later, he withdrew his initial statement that a US recession was a "done deal", saying no one could tell if growth would turn negative. 2. The IMF's world economic forecast was due to be published at the Fund's annual meeting, but that meeting was cancelled amid security concerns in Washington. However, the new forecast makes it clear that the US is at the center of the world economic slowdown. It says it is too early to quantify the indirect impact of the terrorist attacks, but it says that it is likely to delay any recovery for some time. However, the IMF said that the prompt response of the US authorities may have prevented a deeper downturn, with further tax cuts and interest rate cuts in the pipeline. 3. The IMF was already projecting that the US economy would slow to a growth rate of 1.3% this year, compared to 4.1% in 2000, before recovering to 2.2% in 2002. The IMF makes it clear that the initial slowdown in the US was due to a sharp drop in business investment, with a collapse of software and computer hardware purchases and a rundown of business inventories. It points out that consumer spending had remained "relatively robust" while construction had actually expanded. It is this element that is now threatened, with confidence and consumer spending at risk. And, the IMF warns, the stock market falls could hurt the willingness of consumes to spend. 4. But the IMF says that the measures already taken, including the extra $40 billion in economic aid and the 0.5% rate cut last week, "should support activity in the period ahead, allowing demand to recover modestly by the end of the year". However, "confidence has been further shaken by the terrorist attack, increasing risks that the pace of recovery may be slowed". 5. The IMF warns that there are other dangers to the US economy, including a huge current account deficit and a large overhang of consumer debt. The hope is that the slowdown will be gradual and orderly, allowing the currency and the stock market to adjust gradually downwards. The global imbalances in the US, including the over-valued dollar, have affected the rest of the world, and a rapid collapse of its value could hurt Japanese exporters and fuel inflation in Europe. But the biggest effect of the US slowdown is likely to be on its neighbors in North America, and its Asian exporters. Questions 1-5 Directions: For questions 1-5, choose the best title for each paragraph from below. For each numbered paragraph(1-5), mark one letter(A-G)on your Answer Sheet. Do not mark any letter twice. A. The future of American economy B. The measurement of economic recovery C. The influence of stock market D. The seriousness of American economy E. Analysis to American economy F. The economic forecast of IMF G. The attitude of the public

填空题Part 4 Questions 26-45 ·Read the following passage and choose the best word for each space. ·For questions 26-45, mark one letter A, B, C or D on the Answer Sheet. One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued (26) card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even (27) , and they make many banking services available as (28) . More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or (29) money in scattered locations, (30) the local branch bank is open. For many of us the "cashless society" is not on (31) — it's already here. While computers offer these (32) to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do (33) than simply ring up sales. They can (34) a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep (35) their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or (36) goods to suppliers can then be made. (37) the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, (38) personnel and staffing assignments to be made (39) . And they also identify (40) customers for promotional campaigns. Computers are relied (41) by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer- (42) marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials (43) hand, and even of the production process itself. (44) other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more (45) services to consumers through the use of computers.

填空题It is common for Americans to have different "circles of friends" such as church friends, work friends, or sports friends.【R1】______One's friends from the office may never meet one's friends from the sports club. Terms such as "office mate" and "tennis partner" indicate the segregation of friends.【R2】______People have different types of friends: one may have many good friends and one best friend. "Best friends" are usually two people of the same sex who have known each other for a long period of time. 【R3】______ It is easy to be misled by instant friendships which may appear to be deep and personal but are really superficial.【R4】______Friendliness characterizes much of American daily interaction but is not always an indication of pursuing a relationship. Characterizing instant friendships is the appearance of two people becoming close but, in reality, there is no strong bond between them.【R5】______Many people frequently smile or say, "have a nice day" or "see you later", or even extend an invitation as part of a cultural patterns of politeness. Such expressions do not always suggest an offer of continued friendship. 【R6】______It is possible that some Americans, because of their linguistic and geographic isolation, are hesitant about interaction with foreigners. However, it is important to know that Americans are receptive to developing friendships with international visitors.【R7】______One foreign student, after having lived in the United States for several years, said that the most important advice he could give to newcomers would be, "Don't be passive when it comes to making friends with Americans. Begin conversations, extend invitations and make the first move." A characteristic of American personal relations is the absence of fixed rules governing them. 【R8】______Even within a person's own culture, recognizing when a relationship has the potential to develop into a friendship is not always easy. When one is living in a foreign country, one is faced with unfamiliar friendship patterns which add to the challenge of initiating and maintaining meaningful relationships. A. Friendship and friendliness are not synonymous. B. Brief encounters do not always imply desire for further contact. C. Therefore, a variety of friendships are possible in the United States. D. People usually have more casual friends than close or best friends. E. A person may choose not to involve members of different circles in the same activity. F. The office mate is a friend in the office and the tennis partner is a friend on the courts. G With foreign visitors, Americans may not always be the first ones to begin friendships. H. In general, it is advisable to approach Americans first in order to initiate friendships.

填空题He is ______ regarded as the father of modern medicine. (general)

填空题Read the following passage, eight sentences have been removed from the article. Choose from the sentences A-H the one which fits each gap. For each gap(1-8)mark one letter(A-H)on the Answer Sheet. Do not mark any letter twice. The single, decisive factor that made it possible for mankind to settle in permanent communities was agriculture.【R1】______Once people could control the production of food and be assured of a reliable annual supple of it, their lives changed completely. Farming was a revolutionary discovery.【R2】______With more food available, more people could be fed. Populations therefore increased. The growing number of people available for more kinds of work led to the development of more complex social structures. 【R3】______ Farming the world over has always relied upon a dependable water supply. For the earliest societies this meant rivers and streams or regular rainfall.【R4】______Later communities were able to develop by taking advantage of the rainy seasons. All of the ancient civilizations probably developed in much the same way, in spite of regional and climatic differences.【R5】______Heavier pottery replaced animal-skin gourds as containers for food and liquids. Cloth could be woven from wool and flax. Permanent structures made of wood, brick, and stone could be erected. The science of mathematics was an early outgrowth of agriculture. People studied the movements of the moon, the sun, and planets to calculate seasons.【R6】______With a calendar it was possible to calculate the arrival of each growing season. Measurement of land areas was necessary if property was to be a factor in farming and housekeeping.【R7】______All of the major ancient civilizations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and China emerged in the 4th millennium BC. Historians still debate over which one emerged first. It may well have been the Middle East, in an area called the Fertile Crescent. This region stretches from the Nile River in Egypt northward along the coast of former Palestine, then eastward into Asia to include Mesopotamia.【R8】______This kind of farming depended on the reproduction of seed, normally from grain crops.A. It not only made settlements possible and ultimately the building of cities but it also made available a reliable food supply.B. Later came measures of value as commodity and money exchange became common.C. In this area people settled along the riverbanks and practiced field agriculture.D. After farming was developed in the Middle East in about 6500 BC, people living in tribes or family units did not have to be on the move continually searching for food or herding their animals.E. As villages grew, the accumulation of more numerous and substantial goods became possible.F. With a food surplus, a community could support a variety of workers who were not farmers.G. The first great civilizations grow up along rivers. H. In doing so they created the first calendars.

填空题CONVERSATION1(Questions1-4)Mr.Liwantsaticketto(1)for(2)morning.Hehasanappointmentat(3).Mr.Liwillprobablycheckin(4)hourbeforetheplanetakeoff.

填空题Questions 9-13 ·You will hear five people talking about "Whether They Write for Themselves or for Their Readers ". ·For questions 9 to 13, choose from the list A to F what each speaker says. ·Use the letters only once. There is one extra letters which you do not need to use.A. It all depends on the type of writing.B. I always write for myself and never care about the readers.C. I definitely write for myself but I try not to cause unnecessary offences.D. I actually write both for myself and for my readers.E. I have no idea at all for whom I write.F. I write mostly for myself and hope for any readership. Speaker 1 ( /9 ) Speaker 2 ( /10 ) Speaker 3 ( /11 ) Speaker 4 ( /12 ) Speaker 5 ( /13 )

填空题Directions: Using the information in the text, complete each sentence 6-10, with a word or phrase from the list below. For each sentence(6-10), mark one letter(A-G)on your Answer Sheet. Do not mark any letter twice. A. cultural and class biases B. ready-made pattern C. inaccuracy and poor reportorial skills D. the conventional values of the elite E. journalism credibility project F. daily crash of world views between reporters and readers G The American Society of Newspaper Editors

填空题Part 2 Questions 9-18 ·Read the following passage and answer questions 9-18. 1. From Dr. R. S. Scorer of Britain's Imperial Collage of the Science comes the latest theory about the lighting flashes. Dr. Scorer believes the cause is haft failing through super cooled clouds. Ice particles bouncing off the falling hail acquire a positive charge and rise to the top of the cloud while the hail carries a negative charge to the bottom of the cloud. 2. According to Dr. Scorer, Benjamin Franklin first proved thunderclouds are charged with electricity. Later investigations showed that the tops of the clouds have a great positive charge and the bottoms have great negative charge. 3. When the charges became great enough to break the insulating properties of the air, lighting flashes carry the electricity within the cloud, or from cloud to cloud, or from cloud to earth. But the question remained: How do the charges develop within the cloud. 4. To seek the cause, Dr. Scorer and his colleagues at the college first duplicated thundercloud current in a liquid tank. They found the mixture takes place only in the tops of the clouds. 5. Next a study of thunderclouds over the North Atlantic showed that the lighting occurs only when the temperature around cloud is below freezing. Particles at the top of the clouds begin to freeze but those in the remainder of the cloud stay unfrozen although below freezing temperature. In the laboratory, S.E. Reynolds whirled a refrigerated rod through ice particles and found that the particles bounced offthe rod acquired a positive charge. This was a missing link. Without hail and super cooled clouds, he concluded, there could be no lighting. Questions 9-13 ·For questions 9-13, choose the best title for each paragraph from below. ·For each numbered paragraph (1-5), mark one letter (A-G) on the Answer Sheet. ·Do not mark any letter twice. 9. Paragraph 1:______A. How the lightning flashes come about. 10. Paragraph 2:______B. To measure moisture, scientist did the experiment. 11. Paragraph 3:______C. Two discoveries based on Dr. Scorer's theory. 12. Paragraph 4:______D. Significance of Benjamin Franklin's discovery. 13. Paragraph 5:______E. Experiments were done to find the cause of lightning.F. Dr. Scorer found the cause of lightning flashes.G. The continuing study of lightning flashes.