单选题1 What made Native American and European subsistence cycles so different from one another in colonial America had less to do with their use of plants than with their use of animals. Domesticated grazing animals and the plow were the most distinguishing characteristics of European agricultural practices. The Native Americans' relationship to the deer, moose, and beaver they hunted was far different from that of the Europeans to the pigs, cows, sheep, and horses they owned. 2 Where Natives had contented themselves with burning the woods and concentrating their hunting in the fall and winter months, the English sought a much more total and year-round control over their animals' lives. The effects of that control could be seen in most aspects of New England's rural economy. By the end of the colonial period, the Europeans were responsible for a host of changes in the New England landscape: endless miles of fences, a system of country roads, and new fields covered with grass, clover, and buttercups.

单选题Psychology: Emotional Memory Professor: Okay class. ______, we"re going to talk about something everyone has—a memory. Who here can give me some tips on how we remember things? Student A: I remember things by ______ my finger. That way when I look at my finger ______, I try to think back to why it"s there. Student B: I tend to write things down ______ and leave them on my desk where I regularly sit. Student C: Come on guys, get into the 21st century! I enter notes on my Palm Pilot or mobile phone. Professor: Well, all of these suggestions are good, but what if I told you that emotion can help you remember? Today we"re going to ______ memory and that is emotional memory. Some researchers feel that emotion can help us remember. In order for researchers to ______ that positive and negative emotions can trigger memories, they began by ______ in the brain involved in remembering an emotional memory. The study took over a year and they found some evidence of a ______. The information starts at the brain"s emotional center, where it ______ the memory center, ______, boosts the activity in the emotional center, which results in an increase in memory. Student A: So how can someone who has ______ emotional trauma recover? Professor: Researchers have concluded that people need to ______ these memories and reshape their perspective of the trauma to make it ______. Student B: So, ______, the person needs to keep remembering their horrible memories and change them into memories they can deal with. Professor: Exactly. A ______ published in early 2005 studied the recall of emotional memories over a long period of time. Other research and papers mainly dealt with short time intervals such as a few minutes of encoding the information and then remembering ______ it. These short intervals did not ______: consolidation, or establishing memories, and true recollection. Student C: So how did the researchers test their theories? Professor: The recent study ______ images that were pleasant, unpleasant and neutral. At the same time, their brains were ______ functional magnetic resonance imaging or MRI. Student A: Is this a common technique and is it dangerous? Professor: Fear not, this technique is used all the time and the magnetic fields and radio waves used to show ______, especially increased blood flow to show higher brain activity, are not dangerous at all. Student B: What kind of images were the people shown? Professor: They were shown pleasant images such as romantic scenes and sports. The unpleasant images involved ______. Finally, the neutral pictures showed buildings or other emotionally non-involving scenes. Student C: How did the researchers know what the people thought of these images? Professor: Well, they were ______ the emotional aspects of the images they saw. After one year, the same people were asked to come back and the researchers showed them the same images they had already seen, plus some new pleasant, unpleasant and neutral images while their brains were being scanned. The researchers asked the people to point out which images they had seen before and whether the memory also ______. Student A: I guess the details indicated how well the people remembered the pictures. Professor: Yes, if a picture ______ the people, they likely remembered the image. The interesting point of the test was that people did not remember the neutral pictures ______ the pleasant and unpleasant pictures. Therefore, emotional pictures ______, but not the non-emotional ones. Student C: Again, professor, I don"t understand how the researchers can ______. Professor: There is an almond shaped area in your brain called the amygdala. This area of the brain is ______ emotional significance of events. After the people were shown the emotional images, the amygdala increased. The researchers could see this through the brain scans. Another area of the brain affected by emotional memories is the hippocampus, ______. Both of these areas activate the other when we recall an emotional memory and this is exactly what happened to the people when they were shown emotional pictures. In other words, emotion can ______, just as the amygdala and hippocampus can trigger each other. Student A: So, emotion increases recollection and at the same time your recollection helps you remember the emotional response, ______. Student B: Professor, this study is fantastic because it will really help people who ______. Now they can ______ not only with the trauma they keep remembering, but with the emotions they have as well. Professor: Exactly.

单选题Listen to Track 73. A. He fully supports the student's statement. B. His experience this morning was unexpected. C. He was not affected by what happened this morning. D. The student should not complain.

单选题Petroleum, which currently makes up about four-tenths of the world’s energy production, supplies more commercial energy than any another source.

单选题Before the Europeans arrived, American Indians were using virgin copper ...... into ornaments, knives, and other artifacts.

单选题Whatisthemaintopicofthediscussion?

单选题Narrator Listen to a lecture in a music class. Now get ready to answer the questions. You may use your notes to help you answer.

单选题{{B}}JobSatisfactionandPersonnelMobility{{/B}}Europe,andindeedallthemajorindustrializednations,iscurrentlygoingthrougharecession.Thisobviouslyhasseriousimplicationsforcompaniesandpersonnelwhofindthemselvesvictimsofthedownturn.AsBritainapparentlyeasesoutofrecession,therearealsopotentiallyequallyseriousimplicationsforthecompanieswhosurvive,associatedwiththeemploymentandrecruitmentmarketingeneral.Duringarecession,voluntarystaffturnoverisboundtofallsharply.Staffwhohavebeenwithacompanyforsomeyearswillclearlynotwanttorisklosingtheiraccumulatedredundancyfights.Furthermore,theywillbeunwellingtogotoaneworganizationwheretheymaywellbejoiningona"lastin,firstout"basis.Consequently,evenifthereislittleornojobsatisfactionintheircurrentpost,theyaremostlikelytoremainwheretheyare,quietlysittingitoutandwaitingforthingstoimprove.InBritain,thissituationhasbeenaggravatedbythelengthandnatureoftherecession--asmayalsoprovetobethecaseintherestofEuropeandbeyond.Inthepast,companiesusedtotakeonstaffatthelowerlevelsandrewardloyalemployeeswithinternalpromotions.Thisopportunityforalifetimecareerwithonecompanyisnolongeravailable,owingtodownsizing"ofcompanies,structuralreorganizationsandredundancyprogrammes,allofwhichhaveaffectedmiddlemanagementasmuchasthelowerlevels.Thisreducetioninthelayersofmanagementhasledtoflatterhierarchies,which,inturn,hasreducedpromotionprospectswithinmostcompanies.Whereasambitiouspersonnelhadbecomeusedtoregularpromotion,theynowfindtheirprogressisblocked.Thissituationiscompoundedbyyetanotherfactor.Whenstaffatanylevelaretakenon,itisusuallyfromoutsideandpromotionisincreasinglythroughcareermovesbetweencompanies.Recessionhascreatedanewbreedofbrightyounggraduates,muchmoreself-interestedandcynicalthaninthepast.Theytendtobemorewary,scepticalofwhatisonofferandconsequentlymuchtoughernegotiators.Thosewhojoinedcompaniesdirectlyfromeducationfeeltheeffectsmoststronglyandnowfeeluncertainandinsecureinmid-life.Inmanycases,thishasresultedinstaffdissatisfaction.Moreover,managementitselfhascontributedtothisgeneralill-feelingandfrustration.Thecaringimageoftherecentpasthasgoneandthefearofredundancyisoftenusedastheprimemotivator.Asaresultofallthesefactors,whentherecessioneasesandpeoplefindmoreconfidence,therewillbeanexplosionofemployeesseekingnewopportunitiestoescapetheircurrentjobs.Thiswillbeledbyyounger,less-experiencedemployeesandthehard-headedyounggraduates."Headhunters"confirmthatolderstaffarestillcautious,havingseensomanygoodcompanies"gotothewall",andarereluctanttojeopardizetheirredundancyentitlements.Pastexperience,however,suggeststhat,oncetriggered,theexpansioninrecruitmentwillbeveryrapid.Theproblemwhichfacesmanyorganizationsisoneofstrategicplanning;ofnotknowingwhowillleaveandwhowillstay.Oftenitisthebestpersonnelwhomoveonwhilsttheworstclingtothelittlesecuritytheyhave.WhilstthisexpansionintherecruitmentmarketislikelytohappensooninBritain,mostemployersaresimplynotprepared.Withthelossofmiddlemanagement,inastaticmarketplace,personnelmanagementandrecruitmentareoftenconductedbyjuniorpersonnel.Theyhaveonlyknownrecessionandlacktheexperiencetoplanaheadandtoimplementstrategiesforgrowth.Thisistreeofmanyotherfunctions,leavingcompanyieswithouttheskills,abilityorvisiontostructurethemselvesforlong-termgrowth.Withoutthisabilitytorecruitcompetitivelyforstrategicplanning,andgiventhespeedatwhichthesechangesarelikelytooccur,arealcrisisseemsimminent.

单选题The word "it" in line 18 refers to

单选题As of July 7, basic monthly telephone service will increase by ＄1.50 due to the new federal telecommunication tax, -------- state-to-state long-distance rates will decrease an average of 10 percent.

单选题The ability to talk is one of the skill that make humans different from the A B C rest of the animal world. D

单选题The Northern Hemisphere faces the Sun most fully during the summer solstice which occurs in about June 22,

单选题Throughout history ........ different representations for numbers and for the basic process of counting.

单选题Listening3"ArtClass"

单选题

单选题The word "sedentary" in line 29 is closest in meaning to

单选题{{B}}ImportanceofVitamins{{/B}}Vitamins,whichcomeinmanydifferenttypesallofwhicharequitediverseinchemicalconfigurationandfunction,canbeanyofseveralorganicsubstancesthatareseparatedintowater-solubleandfat-solublegroups.Originallydefinedasorganiccompoundsobtainableinanormaldietandcapableofmaintaininglifeandpromotinggrowth,vitaminsaredifferrentfromcarbohydrates,fats,andproteinsinfunction,aswellasinthequantitiesinwhichorganismsrequirethem.Socriticalarevitaminstoabody'sessentialstrengthandhealththatiftheyareabsentfromthedietornotproperlyabsorbedbyanorganism,aspecificdeficiencydiseasemaydevelop.Thetermvitaminoriginatedfrom"vitamine,"awordfirstusedintheearly19thcenturytodesignateagroupofcompoundsconsideredvitalforlife(thoughtheterm"accessoryfoodfactor"sometimesisusedinterchangeablytorefertothesesubstances).Likeothernutrients,vitaminconsumptionisimperativetokeepourbodiesfunctioningproperly,andifthereisalackofvitaminconsumption,thebodywillfailtoreactinawaythat'sconsideredhealthy.LackofvitaminAwillresultinvariousdisordersthatmostcommonlyinvolvetheeyeandthetissuesaroundit.OneoftheearliestsymptomsofvitaminAdeficiencyisnyctalopia,themedicaltermfornightblindness,whichcausesavisualfailuretoadaptquicklyfromlighttodarknessandaninabilitytoseeinthedark.Thisaspectofvisionisnormallydependentonrhodopsin,aproteinfoundintheeyethatmaintainsitselfonlyinthepresenceofvitaminA;inthelackofvitaminA,rhodopsinwillmalfunction.Theseearliersymptomsarequiteharmlessbutthesideeffectscanbecomeincreasinglyseriousifnottreatedearlyon.Ifthedeficiencyissevereandpersists,especiallyinmalnourishedinfantsandchildren,aconditionknownasxerophthalmia--whentheeyesaresensitivetolight,thesecretionoflubricatingtearsisstopped,andtheeyelidsbecomeswollenanddeveloppus--maydevelop.Furthermore,themucoussurfacesoftheeyemaybecomeeroded,allowinginfectiontosetin,thusleadingtoulcerationandotherdestructivechangesofthecorneaandotherstructuresoftheeye,resultingeventuallyinblindness.EarlysignsofvitaminAdeficiencymayalsobereflectedinchangesinthemembranesofthemouth,throat,andrespiratoryandgenito-urinarypassageswheretheliningmembranesbecomemalnourishedanddryandlosetheircilia,thetinyhairlikeprojectionsthatnormallyhelpinclearingawayforeignparticles.ThenaturalimmunesystemisweakenedandifinsufficientintakeofvitaminAisprolonged,theskinmaybecomedryandrough.VitaminAdeficiencymayalsoresultindefectiveboneandteethformationandinpoorgeneralgrowth.However,anexcessiveintakeofvitaminAcanalsocauseseveredamagestothebodycausingasymptomcalled"hypervitaminosisA",whichhappenswhenapersontakesinmorethan150milligramsofvitaminAoveralongperiodoftime;thevitaminsarestoredintheliverandcanreachdangerouslevelbecausetheAvitaminsarenotemployedtomakethebodiesstronger,butrather,storedastoxicmaterial.ExcessiveamountsofvitaminAcancausenausea,drynessofskin,blurredvision,drowsiness,andbonepain.VitaminAcanbefoundinallanimallivers,inmilkproducts,andinmanyyellowandgreenleafyvegetableswhichcontaincarotenes,chemicallyrelatedsubstancesthatareconvertedtovitaminAinthebody.Therearevariousothervitaminsthatthehumanbodyneedsinordertosurvive;theexcessiveintakeofvitaminA,orthelackofintakeofothervitamins,causesdetrimenttothehumanbody--atalltimes,moderationiskey.

单选题An accomplished saxophonist (and composer), John Coltrane (begun) his (career playing) in the big bands of (the early) 1950's.

单选题In 1916, United States suffragist Alice Paul founded the National Woman’s Party, a political party dedicate to establishing equal rights for women.

单选题In the (initial planning) for theaters, auditoriums, (but) any room (intended) primarily for listening, acoustics is a (major consideration).