多选题THEENLIGHTENMENTANDROMANTICISMTheRomanticMovementinmusicandliteraturewasareactionagainsttheEnlightenmentphilosophythathaddominatedmuchoftheeighteenthcentury.Enlightenmentidealsheldthathumansocietycouldreachperfectionthroughrationalthought,whileRomanticphilosophyreveledinthebeautyandunpredictablepowerofNature.TheEnlightenmentgloriedincivilizationandbelievedinprincelyruleofabenevolentkind.Romanticismbelievedindemocracyandthecommonpeople,revivingfolktraditions,ballads,andmedievalsagasthatmadeheroesofruralcharacters.Artistically,theEnlightenmentcondemnedexcessanddictatedthatthedisciplineofformalstructurewasbeneficialtoartisticexpression.Romanticism,ontheotherhand,celebratedemotionsandthesenses,believingthattheemotionaldemandsofaparticularworkshoulddictateitsform.WhiletheEnlightenmentbelievedinagenerallypositiveapproachtolifeandtheabandonmentofsuperstition,Romanticismfoundinspirationindeathasan"otherkingdom"andinthesupernatural;hence,literaturedevelopeda"Gothic"streakthateventuallyfounditswayintomusic.1.Selecttheappropriatesentencesfromtheanswerchoicesandmatchthemtothephilosophythattheyillustrate.TWOoftheanswerchoiceswillNOTbeused.Thisquestionisworth3points.AnswerChoicesA.Thereisvalueinemotions,thesenses,andthepowerofNature.B.Thedisciplineofformalstructurebenefitsartisticexpression.C.Deathandthesupernaturalaresourcesofinspiration.D.Artisticvaluesaremoreimportantthansocialthemes.E.Humansocietycanreachperfectionthroughrationalthought.F.Folktraditionsareimportantbecausecommonpeopleareheroes.G.Symbolsandpatternsofimagesconveyartisticmeaning.

多选题 PROXIMATE AND ULTIMATE CAUSATION 1 Behavioral biologists ask two basic types of questions about animal behavior: how animals behave and why they behave as they do. The "how" questions seek to understand the proximate or immediate causes underlying a behavior at a particular time and place. For example, a biologist might want to explain the singing of a male white-throated sparrow in the spring in terms of hormonal or neural mechanisms. Such physiological causes of behavior are proximate factors. Alternatively, another biologist might ask what purpose singing serves the sparrow, and then attempt to understand events in the evolution of birds that led to springtime singing. These are "why" questions that focus on ultimate causation, the evolutionary origin and purpose of behavior. {{U}}These two types of questions are very independent approaches to behavior.{{/U}} 2 Questions about proximate causation examine how animals perform their various functions at the molecular, cellular, organismal, and population levels. The biological sciences that address proximate causes are known as experimental sciences because they use the experimental method of: (1) predicting how a system will respond to a disturbance, (2) making the disturbance, and (3) comparing the observed results with the predictions. Researchers repeat the experimental conditions many times to eliminate chance results that might lead to false conclusions. 3 Questions about ultimate causation ask what produced biological systems and their distinctive properties through evolutionary time. The sciences dealing with ultimate causes are known as evolutionary sciences, and they mainly use the comparative method rather than experimentation. Researchers compare characteristics of molecular biology, cell biology, anatomy, development, and ecology among related species to identify patterns of variation.

多选题Karl Marx Marx was the greatest thinker of the 19th century and his book Das Kapital had the greatest influence on any man in the 20th century due to its analysis of the economic laws that govern modern society. Marx was a social architect who thought a lot about the fabric of our communities and was preoccupied with the notion of work and its definition. Marx cautioned that we live in a capitalist society where the free market is supposed to equalize the dynamics of supply and demand within our economy. He argued against economists that stated a free economy makes money freely circulate. Marx points out that, on the contrary, the circulation or exchange of commodities in itself creates no value. Thus, the trick the Capitalist must perform in order to exact his profit is to obtain a greater value from his commodities than the original value. To Marx, that tactic reeks of exploitation. Marx stood for a fair deal for the proletariat, no matter what any worker did to contribute to society. Through his work, the worker created value, and was therefore deserving of a decent wage and a decent life. The anthropological definition of man, according to Marx, is he who works. It is our thumb that allows us to hold a hammer, and it is that, plus our brain capacity, which separates us from our ape ancestors. It was in the 19th century, during the Industrial Revolution that the masses traded in their farm labor for wages in the factories. Marx was born in 1818 in Germany during the Industrial Revolution. He saw how workers and even children were exploited in the coalmines and textile factories. These were unskilled workers who came off farms and could hold a shovel and thus be a hand for hire on construction sites or in factories. Marx understood the economics of supply and demand, the concept of private ownership and how a worker"s labor was his commodity-a service that he sold, just as a baker sold a loaf of bread or a doctor mended a broken bone. One"s labor only had a value if there was a buyer and one could sell his work. Capitalism, in contrast, only works when there is a large labor pool for employers to choose from so that they keep wages down. Unemployment is a necessary evil of a market economy. Marx witnessed the appearance of Henry Ford"s assembly line that specialized labor and turned workers into a mere cog of the bigger wheel. He also recognized how such a system would alienate the worker from his product and his work. The means became separated from the ends. The individual worker lost his voice, his power. The owner, the employer, could set the rules and pay his employees what he wanted. The worker"s only choice was to take it or leave it. Idle hands meant empty stomachs. Therefore, until followers of Marx started to organize the workers into a political force, forming trade unions, employees had no control over their work, or their destiny. Marx envisioned a just society, where workers would be paid a fair wage for their labor. Throughout history, it has always been kings, popes or CEOs of big multinational corporations who have controlled the wealth or the economy of the planet. Marx understood economics, especially the economies of larger scale. It was always the promise that the more of a product was made, the cheaper it was supposed to get. The more profit the factory owners made off the productivity of their workers, the more they supposedly shared their benefits, so that the money kept circulating. Marx"s communist ideal offered hope and ignited many ideologies. Marxism as a political movement had many incarnations in response to the imperialist and capitalist enslavement of the peasantry and of workers worldwide. In Russia, it was Leninism or the Soviet Socialism after World War Ⅰ, then Stalinism; in Spain, it was the Communist Party as resistance against Franco"s Fascism; and in Europe and North America it was the Trade Unionist movement of the 20"s and 30"s. Glossary Capitalist: the country or system based on the principles of capitalism exploitation: treating people unfairly by using their work or ideas for its own advantage envision: envisage something incarnation: representation of a particular quality

多选题VALLEYFLOORS1Thefloorofarivervalleydevelopsinoneoftwoways:asarock-flooredvalleybottomorasanaccumulationvalleyfloor.Arock-flooredvalleyisformedbyastreamthatnolongerincisesbycuttingdownwardbutmthererodeslatemllyinacoursethatwindsfromsidetosideacrossthevalleyfloor.Inarock-flooredvalley,thevalleyslopesareundercutandsteepenedbythesidewayserosion.Theflooroftheriverchannelliesinthebedrock,andoneithersideofthechannelitiscoveredbyonlyathinlayerofgmvelandsand.Asthestreamswingsacrossthevalleyfloor,itdepositsmaterialontheinsidesofthebendsinthechannel.2Thesecondtypeofvalleybottom,theaccumulationfloor,cannoteasilybedistinguishedfromarock-flooredvalleyonitssurface.Anaccumulationvalleyflooriscreatedbythecontinuousdepositionofgmvelandsandinanexistingincisedvalleywheretheaccumulationofmaterialhasreplacedthecuttingaction.Boththechannelfloorandthefloodplain--thepartofthevalleyfloorfloodedfrequentlyathighwater--arecomposedentirelyofthesegmvelandsanddeposits.Anaccumulationfloorismuchlessresistanttoerosionthanarockfloorsincethegmvelandsandofitschannelbedhavealreadybeentransportedandmayeasilyberemovedduringthenextflood.2.Selecttheappropriatesentencesfromtheanswerchoicesandmatchthemtothetypeofvalleyfloorthattheydescribe.TWOoftheanswerchoiceswillNOTbeused.Thisquestionisworth3points.AnswerChoicesA.Theriverchannelflowsdirectlyoverthebedrock.B.Thetoplayerofrockismoreresistanttoerosionthantheunderlyingrock.C.Depositsofgravelandsandaccumulateonthevalleyfloor.D.Theriverswingsfromsidetoside,leavingmaterialontheinsidesofbendsinthechannel.E.Sandandrockaccumulateparalleltothecoastbutseparatedfromitbyachannel.F.Thesidewayserosionoftheriverundercutsandsteepensthevalleyslopes.G.Thechannelfloorandthefloodplainaremadeentirelyofgravelandsanddeposits.

多选题Whoisthe"fatherofanthropology"?A.Hammurabi.B.Herodotus.C.Tacitus.D.Hiung-Nu.

多选题Directions: Complete the table by matching the phrases below. Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to the type of people to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 4 points./r/n /r/n Primitive people/r/n Modern people /r/n /r/n /r/n ●/r/n ●/r/n /r/n /r/n ●/r/n ●/r/n /r/n /r/n ●/r/n ●/r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n ●/r/n Answer ChoicesA. No regular encounters with the wonders of the natural world.B. Travel by trail roads or airplanes.C. Playing musical instruments.D. Living close to the sounds and smells of forest and grasslands.E. Having societies and languages.F. Hunting and fishing for life.G. Electing leaders of organizations.H. Building cities.I. Leaving their legacy in stones, bones and pottery.

多选题1.LIFEEXPECTANCY1Thegreatestdemographicstoryofthetwentiethcenturywastheenormousincreaseinlifeexpectancy,theaveragenumberofyearsapersoncanexpecttolive.Inmostmodernsocieties,lifeexpectancyrosedramatically,fromabout47yearsin1900toabout76yearsin2000.Thisdoesnotmean,however,thatpeoplesuddenlydiedontheirforty-seventhbirthdayin1900.Itmeansthatifhalfofthepeoplebornin1900diedinchildhoodandtherestlived95years,theaverageageatdeathwasaround47.Thedatafor1900reflecthighinfantandchildhoodmortalityrates.Atthattime,survivingthefirstfifteenyearsoflifewasthekeytolivingtooldage.Overthecentury,severalfactorsincreasedlifeexpectancy,mostnotablyimprovementsinpublichealth,suchaspasteurizedmilk,sewers,andindoorplumbing.Advancesinmedicalpractice,includingtheuseofantibioticsandvaccinationsforchildhoodillnesses,madeitincreasinglylikelythatinfantswouldreachadulthood.2Ontheonehand,increasedlifeexpectancyisasignofsocietalwellbeing;ontheotherhand,anagingpopulationposesitsownsetofproblems.Largenumbersofelderly,manywithchronicdiseases,becomeaburdenonthehealthcaresystemandontheirfamilies.Insocietieswherecareoftheelderlyisafamilyresponsibility,adultchildrencaringforagingparentsexperiencegreatpersonalandfinancialstress.1.Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.A.Aroundhalfofthepopulationdiedontheirforty-seventhbirthdayin1900.B.Theaveragenumberofyearsapersoncouldexpecttoliverosefrom47to76inonlyacentury.C.Theleadingcausesofdeathin1900wereepidemicdiseases.D.Mortalityrateisthenumberofdeathsinaperiodasaproportionoftheentirepopulation.E.Improvementsinpublichealthandmedicalpracticessignificantlyraisedlifeexpectancy.F.Anagingpopulationincreasesthestressonasociety'shealthcaresystemandonfamilies.ABCDEFBEFKeyinformation:...lifeexpectancy,theaveragenumberofyearsapersoncanexpecttolive..,rosedramatically,fromabout47yearsin1900toabout76yearsin2000;...severalfactorsincreasedlifeexpectancy,mostnotablyimprovementsinpublichealth...Advancesinmedicalpractice...;Largenumbersofelderly,manywithchronicdiseases,becomeaburdenonthehealthcaresystemandontheirfamilies.Answer(A)isinaccurate;answers(C)and(D)arenotmentioned.

多选题Whydoesthestudentcallthelanguageclub?A.Toquitthelanguageclub.B.Toapplyforajobthere.C.Toaskforinformation.D.Tochatwithsomebody.

多选题Whatisanidealcollege?A.Itshouldprovideexperiencedandprofessionalmen.B.Itshouldbemanagedbyexperiencedscholars.C.Experiencedscholarsandenergeticyoungmenwillmanageit.D.Itshouldbeharmoniousbetweentheexperiencedandtheinexperience

多选题Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is defined as a distortion of the mind and of thinking patterns. As a result, people who suffer from schizophrenia experience inappropriate emotions and often cannot handle the disturbances that plague their everyday lives. What most people are unaware of is the fact that schizophrenia is actually the most common serious mental illness, which affects about one person in a hundred. The disease does not favor one gender over another, but women do tend to develop the symptoms a few years later than men. The onset of schizophrenia usually occurs in the early teens or 20s. The above trends are the same for all countries. The disturbances schizophrenics experience would seem bizarre to a rational person. A schizophrenic might believe that he or she is being contacted or singled out by supernatural forces or by secret agents through ads in newspapers, thereby experiencing hallucinations and delusions. The sufferer is unaware that there is anything odd at all about this behavior and believes completely that he or she is unique from any other human being. These symptoms clearly show that the afflicted has completely lost touch with reality. The symptoms schizophrenics suffer from generally fall into two groups. The first group of symptoms is the most common; it is the positive or florid symptom category. The schizophrenic will often hear voices that tell him to commit some kind of act. The sufferer can sometimes be seen arguing with himself when in fact it is the voices inside his head he is arguing with. The second group of symptoms is classified as negative and tends to develop slower. It has come to include the gradual withdrawal from society and an inability to communicate with others. The good news though is that with the help of modern medication, schizophrenics can recover from this debilitating illness within months of taking the right kind of medicine. Once treatment has begun, the sufferer can begin to rejoin society and return to a normal existence. Public perception relative to schizophrenics has been rather distorted until recently. This may be due to a lack of knowledge on the subject, as well as an unreasonable fear in conjunction to poorly understood issues. Thus, the vast majority of the healthy population believes that schizophrenics are hopelessly violent people, whose impulses cannot be restrained appropriately. As a result, many used to advocate the need for the schizophrenics incarceration in public health institutions for the safety of those around him. It has been suggested that during a schizophrenic attack, the sufferer not only suffers from delusions and hallucinations> but also is befallen by an increased sense of inexplicable danger. As a result, the schizophrenic attacks those in his vicinity to unusual ferociousness in order to protect himself. However, recent statistical analysis has proven that such fears are unfounded. Schizophrenics are no more likely to lash violently at others around him than are any other non-schizophrenics. In fact, schizophrenics are several times more likely to be the victim of an attack than to be the victimizer. That is because they are so much more helpless and unaware of their surroundings than healthy people are. The spike in the number of violent behavior in schizophrenics has been linked not so much to the illness, but to the poor treatment schizophrenics are more likely to receive. Verbal and physical abuses of schizophrenics are definite triggers of brutal behavior in that segment of the population. Other factors include mistreatments during childhood, substance abuse, as well as violent or economically poor surroundings. Glossary distortion: changing into something that is not true or not acceptable bizarre: very odd and strange hallucination: experience of seeing something that does not exist debilitating: making one"s body or mind to become gradually weaker

多选题Whatproblemdoesthemanhave?A.Hefoundthecomputercenterclosedearly.B.Hehasnotfinishedhispaperyet.C.Hehadtostayuplatetypinghispaper.D.Hiscomputerisnotworkin

多选题MORAINES1Thetermmorainereferstotherockdebriscarriedordepositedbyaglacier.Thetermappliestothedebrismovedalongwithintheglacieroronitssurface,thedebrisleftbehindaftertheglaciermelts,andthelandformsmadeupofthesedebrisdeposits.Thedebristransportedbyaglacierisproducedeitherbyerosionoftherockbeneaththeglacierorbyerosionontheslopesrisingabovethesurfaceoftheglacier.Materialerodedbytheglacieriscarriedprimarilyatthebaseoftheglacierandalongtheoutermarginsoftheglacier.2Whileriverssorttransportedrockaccordingtosize,aglaciertransportsitsmateriallikeafactoryconveyerbelt,movingthelargestblocksandthefinestdustnexttoeachotheratthesamerateofmovementoverthesamedistance.Thus,morainedebrisremainsunsortedbothduringitstransportandafterithasbeendeposited.Thisunsortedglacialmaterialiscalleddrift.Somemorainesarecomposedonlyofcoarsematerialandlargeboulders,whileotherscontainlargequantitiesoffiner-grainedmaterialsuchassiltandclay.3Oncetheglacialicehasretreated,themorainedepositsareleftexposedonthelandsurface.Thevariouslandforms--moraines--indicatethepositionofthedebriswithinorontheglacierduringtheglacier'smovement.Theirshapeandcompositionalsoprovideinformationabouttheshape,mass,andiceflowoftheglacier.2.Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.A.Themappingofmorainesisanimportantpartoffieldworkinthestudyofglaciers.B.Glacierstransportdebrisfromtheerosionofrockbelowtheglacierorfromtheslopesabovetheglacier.C.Riverssortrocksaccordingtosizewhiletherocksarebeingtransported.D.Wecancomparethemovementofaglaciertothatofafactoryconveyerbelt.E.Morainedebrismayincludelargeandsmallrocksthatremainunsortedbothduringandaftertransport.F.Afteraglaciermelts,themorainedepositsremainasvariouslandformsthatarealsocalledmoraines.

多选题Whatisthetalkmainlyabout?A.Thedifferencesbetweentraditionalandautomatedhouses.B.Theadvantagesofautomatedhouses.C.Thetendencyofhomeautomation.D.Thehistoryofautomationtechnology.

多选题WATERLOSS1Metabolicactivitiesrequireaconstantsupplyofcertainmaterialssuchaswater,oxygen,andsalts,andcellsmustreplacethesematerialsbywithdrawingthemfromtheenvironment.Humanslosewaterbyevaporationfromrespiratoryandbodysurfacesandmustreplenishsuchlossesbydrinkingwater,byobtainingwaterfromfood,andbyretainingmetabolicwaterformedincellsbyoxidationoffoods,especiallycarbohydrates.2Humansobtainhalfoftheirtotalwaterrequirementbydrinking.Withenoughwatertodrink,thehumanbodycanwithstandextremelyhightemperatureswhilepreventingariseinbodytemperature.Whenthesurroundingairtemperaturerises,thebody'sinternalenvironmentrespondstothischangebytheevaporativecoolingmethodofsweating.TheabilitytokeepcoolinthiswaywasimpressivelydemonstratedintheeighteenthcenturybyaBritishscientistwhostayedfor45minutesinaroomheatedto260degreesFahrenheit(126degreesCelsius).Hesurviveduninjuredandhisbodytemperaturedidnotrisebecausehecontinuouslydrankwaterandsweated.Asteakhehadbroughtintotheroomwithhim,however,wasthoroughlycooked.3Sweatingratesmayexceedthreelitersofwaterperhourundersuchconditionsandcannotbetoleratedunlessthelostwaterisreplaced.Withoutwatertodrink,thebodywillcontinuetosweatandlosewater.Whenthewaterdeficitexceeds10percentofthebodyweight,collapseoccurs,andwhenthewaterdeficitreachesabout15to20percent,deathoccurs.5.Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.A.Waterlostthroughevaporationfromrespiratoryandbodysurfacesmustbereplaced.B.Waterisanimportantproductoftheoxidationofcarbohydrates.C.Givenwatertodrink,humanscantoleratehightemperaturesbyusingthecoolingmethodofsweating.D.Ascientistremainedina260-degreeroomfor45minutes,whichwaslongenoughtocookasteak.E.Unlesswaterisreplacedbydrinking,continuoussweatingwilleventuallyleadtocollapseanddeath.F.Nohumanhaseversurvivedmorethantwodaysinadesertwithoutwater.

多选题Whatisthemainpurposeofthetalk?A.TointroducecategoriesofbooksintheU.S.libraries.B.TodemonstratetheimportanceoftheU.S.libraries.C.ToexplaintherolesofdifferentU.S.libraries.D.TodefinethecirculationsystemoftheU.S.libraries.

多选题Public Accountability Statement In 2004, C. Stephenson, a member of Canada"s foremost research company that tracks Canadian corporate social investment responsibility, wrote an article entitled Bill C-8 and Public Accountability Statements/Disclosure Requirements. The article explained how in June 2001, Bill C-8, an act that established the Financial Consumer Agency of Canada and amended certain other acts in relation to financial institutions, became law in Canada. The bill introduced many consumer protection and banking access measures long sought after by the Canadian community and its consumer groups. However, the legislation neglected to establish mandatory social and environmental reporting advocated by some investors. Accompanying regulations, which received final approval in March 2002, required federal financial institutions with equity of more than $1 billion to publish annual public accountability statements. The statements were required to include information that investors and consumers might use in assessing the operations, policies, and conduct of companies in the financial services sector. However, there were gaps in the public accountability statement. These included not requiring the disclosure of high-impact social and environmental lending; no reporting on debt financing broken down by sector; not considering harmonizing the accountability standards with the Global Reporting Initiative(GRI); not providing information on company policies, procedures, or principles to assess and manage social, ethical, and environmental impacts of banking activities; or not reporting on company performance under relevant voluntary codes and undertakings. As a result, investors pursued other means of obtaining social and environmental information. In November 2002, three institutional investors co-sponsored and filed shareholder resolutions with the five largest Canadian banks. The proposals called on the banks to identify their social, environmental, and ethical risks; describe company policies and procedures for managing those risks; and disclose the extent to which they complied with their own internal policies and procedures addressing such risks. The resolutions noted that, while public accountability statements would address consumer and community issues, further information was required for shareholders to accurately assess management"s capacity to avoid risks and generate value through adequately addressing social, environmental, and ethical matters. Following negotiations between the three institutional shareholders and the banks, the proposals submitted to two banks were withdrawn. However, resolutions were submitted to the shareholders of three others. In their management proxy circulars published in the spring of 2003, those banks stated their opposition to the proposals. They asserted that relevant reporting was either already available or planned, each bank indicating they would report at least some of the requested information in their public accountability statements. By March 2003, each of the largest five Canadian banks had published their public accountability statements. Each provided comprehensive coverage of the issues set out by regulation. However, in addition, four of the banks included environmental sections in their statements and five more contained corporate governance reporting. The environmental section in the 2002 public accountability statement of the Royal Bank of Canada provided information on its environmental policy and management system, lending process, procurement program, and operational performance indicators. The Toronto-Dominion Bank"s environmental section focused on its related charitable initiatives and noted its environmental considerations in lending and choice of materials and suppliers. Bank of Nova Scotia"s section overviewed the objectives of its environmental policy. Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce"s statement contained information on each of these issues. However, none of the statements offered the type of detailed reporting advocated by social investors during public consultations and in the shareholder resolutions filed with the banks. In effect, the public accountability statements proved to be a useful first step in increasing public disclosure by Canadian financial institutions, but fell short of their potential to require complete social and environmental reporting. While shareholder pressure was undoubtedly effective in advancing disclosure of that information, the banks coverage of these issues in their public accountability statements and other reporting suggests that voluntary measures alone were insufficient to fully address investor"s due diligence needs. Investors and the public must continue to pursue both shareholder actions to pressure corporations to go beyond the letter of the law in social and environmental reporting, as well as legislative avenues to ensure that such disclosure becomes a regulatory requirement. Glossary accountability: responsibility or justification of one"s actions statement: an official or formal announcement

多选题Narrator Listen to a conversation between Ana and her tutor about her courses settlement. Now get ready to answer the questions. You may use your notes to help you answer.

多选题Obesity Obesity has reached epidemic proportions and current levels are reducing lives by four to nine months. If child and adolescent obesity continues to increase, life expectancy will be reduced by a further two to five years in the coming decades and will dramatically decrease in the foreseeable future. Today, two-thirds of American adults are obese or overweight, as are a quarter to a third of American children. This adds up to a 3.3-fold increase in childhood obesity over the past 25 years, mostly due to lifestyle and fast food. Obesity has become a serious social problem affecting both developed and developing countries. The disease knows no bounds and has no preference for age, social class or color. According to WHO, in 1995, there were an estimated 200 million obese adults worldwide and another 18 million children under five years old that were regarded as overweight. More recently, the number of obese adults has increased to over 300 million, and the obesity epidemic is spreading to developing countries where it is estimated that 115 million people sufferer from obesity-related problems. The causes of the epidemic are simple: food supply has changed along with modification in lifestyle. The more people depend on processed food and chemicals, the easier it is for people to gain weight. The chemicals used in food taste good, but most consumers often overlook the fact that some of the chemicals are carcinogenic. While men may have higher rates of being overweight, women have higher rates of obesity. For both, obesity poses a major risk for serious diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and certain forms of cancer. Its health consequences vary from reduced life expectancy to serious chronic conditions that reduce the overall quality of life. Traditional ways of preventing and treating weight gain and obesity put emphasis on changing the behavior of individuals. The approach has proven ineffective as both conditions have risen. Perhaps it is modern society that promotes obesity. After all, companies promote fast food, and most people in the West are far more likely to drive their cars rather than walk a few miles, and drive-ins are replacing conventional stores. A multifaceted public health policy must be formulated, not to mention considerable funding put forth. To ensure the participation of experts from all walks of life and nonprofit groups, public health campaigns and government intervention are strongly recommended. Companies that promote fast food should be taxed more, and these taxes should at least in part provide funds to obesity-prevention campaigns. In addition, since youths are very susceptible to advertising, some of the same techniques used in commercials could be employed to reverse the epidemic. By promoting healthy eating instead of junk food, impressionable youths can fully enjoy the gift of healthy and long lives. Nutritionists caution, however, that overemphasizing the need for a leaner diet is in itself not sufficient to reduce the current trend towards obesity. A healthy diet must go hand in hand with a healthier and more active lifestyle should obesity become a thing of the past. One way to achieve this is to educate people about the necessity of improving their quality of life and making better living choices. Thus, along with a balanced and more nutritious diet, people must be encouraged to give up smoking and drinking. These pernicious habits are not only at the root of many diseases, but also accelerate the formation of fat deposits in the body. Strong liquor, such as whiskey or rum, as well as more lighter choices, like beer and wine, contain as much calories in one glass in one serving as does one sizable meat chunk. Contrary to popular belief, smoking does not cut down on one"s appetite, but merely replaces one craving with another and promotes inactivity and a sedentary lifestyle. In fact, sedentarism is at the root of obesity. More and more children nowadays are stuck behind a computer or TV screen for hours on end rather than move about outdoors in fresh air. Increased physical activity is demonstrated to get rid of fatty tissue even during periods of rest. That is because the body gets used to burning calories all the time and does not stop altogether when one is sitting or lying down. Furthermore, a daily dose of fresh air provides lungs with vital oxygen, which is a major fat burner. Therefore, specialists suggest that in order to successfully combat obesity, people must be encouraged to perform daily outdoor exercises that should promote calorie reduction through oxygenation and increased energy levels. A good start towards leading a more active life to reduce obesity would be to do an hour of fast-paced walking, which would then later be increased in both duration and intensity to maximize results. Glossary adolescent: young people who are no longer children cardiovascular: relating to the heart and blood vessels pernicious: very harmful sedentary: sitting down a lot of time, not taking much exercise dose: a measured amount of which is intended to be taken at one time

多选题Whatistheexactmeaningofageism?A.Anegativeperiodofimpotencyandincompetency.B.Anegativeand/orstereotypicalperceptionofolderadults.C.Adefinitionofstereotypicalandoftennegativeattitudes.D.Adenotationagainstthenegativebiasofolderadults.

多选题Duringthelasttwohundredyears,whathasbecomeoneofthedominatingfactorsofcontemporarysociety?A.Face-to-facecontact.B.Masscommunication.C.Speech.D.Eye-to-eyecontact.