填空题 Bird Territoriality Like most animals

填空题.Plant Pollination Plants reproduce when pollen from the anther—the male part—spreads to the stigma—the female part—and fertilizes the plant, enabling it to produce the seeds necessary for reproduction. Because the anther and stigma are far apart in most plants—and not even present in the same plant at times—the pollen must spread from the anther to the stigma by external means. Pollination occurs in most plants by one of two methods: The pollen can be spread by the actions of insects and birds, or it can be carried by the wind. Insects and birds spread pollen in most flowering plants while the wind carries pollen in a few flowering plants and most nonflowering plants, including members of the conifer family, grasses, and cereal crops such as wheat. The majority of plants pollinated by the wind have evolved without colorful, scented flowers that contain the nectar which attracts insects and birds, so they cannot rely on them for pollination. In addition, while many nonflowering plants have both male and female parts, nature has made them unable to inbreed, so a plant cannot use the pollen from its anther to pollinate its own stigma. ❶Therefore, these plants must spread their pollen to the female parts of other plants, which could be growing nearby or might be hundreds of meters away. ❷These plants must therefore rely on the wind to carry their pollen to other plants of the same species, ❸Some nonflowering plants have developed so that they contain only male parts or only female parts, making it impossible for them to inbreed, so they must be pollinated by another plant.❹ Nonflowering plants have, however, evolved in a manner that has bestowed them with several characteristics making it simpler for them to be pollinated by the wind. For example, pollen is produced in the anther in far greater quantities in nonflowering plants than in flowering plants to increase the success rate of pollination. The majority of this pollen never arrives at its intended destination, but some does, so having more pollen increases the chances of successful interaction with the stigma of another plant. Furthermore, the anther in nonflowering plants is very loosely attached and dangles more outside the plant compared to the anther in flowering plants. This allows the wind to strike it and then carry pollen away. Plants that receive pollen also possess enhanced abilities to catch it. The stigma hangs outside these plants so that it can lie in the path of windblown pollen, and many nonflowering plants have a feathery or netlike stigma, permitting them more easily to capture pollen. Unlike flowering plants, which have sticky pollen that can cling to insects and birds, nonflowering plants have loose pollen that the wind can pick up and distribute. The pollen is also light, ensuring that it can travel great distances. The pollen is small and not particularly nutritious, so it is unattractive to insects and birds. These characteristics all combine to increase the likelihood that, of the entire mass of pollen released by a plant's anther, at least some will survive the journey to the stigma of another plant and permit reproduction to take place. *pollen: the fertilizing part of a plant, which often appears in powder form *conifer: a type of tree that produces pollen in cones and includes evergreen trees *inbreed: to breed with closely related units or oneself36. Vocabulary ______=having a strong smell, usually pleasant in nature

填空题The Red-Billed Quelea Native to Africa

填空题.Different Types of Stars When viewed from the ground, the thousands of stars in the night sky have relatively similar appearances, yet in reality, there are a wide variety of stars, each with its own distinct characteristics. There are three main types of stars: main sequence stars, giant stars, and white dwarf stars. They are actually stages in the lives of stars since, as they age, they change in size, luminosity, and temperature until the only things that eventually remain are their inner cores. All stars begin as main sequence stars. They are called that because they fall on the mid-range of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram of star classification, which categorizes stars based upon their size, luminosity, and temperature. Main sequence stars, of which the Earth's sun is one, constitute the vast majority of stars in the universe. When stars form from stellar gas and dust, the process of fusion eventually begins, whereby the stars convert hydrogen into helium, which creates light and heat and also provides stability as the stars' internal energy pushes out and gravity pushes in to form their spherical shapes. Main sequence stars are roughly the same size of the sun but can have up to six times its luminosity, and their surface temperatures average around 3,500 to 7,500 degrees Kelvin. Most main sequence stars are neither very large nor hot though. Instead, they are red dwarf stars, which are smaller and much cooler than the sun and are not even visible to the naked eye from the Earth. Giant stars are the first stage dying main sequence stars experience. Main sequence stars lack an infinite amount of hydrogen, so they eventually exhaust their supply and begin dying. The largest of these stars burn through their hydrogen supply faster than smaller ones because of their greater internal pressure and temperature. As gravity contracts these stars, their last remaining inner shell of hydrogen ignites and causes their rapid expansion, pushing them to giant size. Most dying main sequence stars become red giant stars, like the star Betelgeuse, although some become blue giant stars. Giant stars can be gargantuan in scale, with some being more than 1,000 times the size of the sun, but most never attain sizes that big. Their temperatures vary from around 7,500 degrees Kelvin to approximately 30,000 degrees Kelvin. After some time, the last remnants of energy in giant stars are nearly depleted, so there is nothing holding their remaining matter together. At that point, some stars explode into supernovas, yet many fail to do so as their outer layers simply dissipate into space and form planetary nebulae while gravity collapses their inner layers and leaves a dense core of material that astronomers call a white dwarf. While white dwarves are not stars but are merely their remains, they are still bright and observable as they cool. Most white dwarves are the size of the Earth but possess much higher densities and masses. Their temperatures fluctuate as they cool, but they begin at a high of roughly 100,000 degrees Kelvin when they form, making them among the hottest stars in the universe. As their remaining heat scatters into space, they slowly cool. *luminosity: brightness *Kelvin: a unit of temperature *supernova: a star that violently explodes near the end of its life21. Vocabulary ______=to make up; to comprise

填空题. Poetic Justice in Literature Poetic justice can best be described by the phrase "you reap what you sow" as, essentially, good deeds are rewarded whereas bad deeds are punished. As a literary device, it provides readers with a sense of satisfaction that everything ultimately turns out properly since good emerges triumphant and evil is vanquished. Poetic justice appears throughout history in the literature in cultures around the world. There is a universal trend in which people sympathize with good characters who suffer and wish ill upon bad individuals who cause suffering. By employing poetic justice, an author can give the reading audience exactly what it wants. Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle did not entirely agree with its use since he believed tragedy's primary purpose was to evoke emotions of pity and fear in an audience, yet poetic justice was common in Greek poetry and drama. The classic example of it is found in the play Oedipus Rex by Sophocles. An oracle prophesizes that Oedipus will kill his father and marry his mother. Defying the gods and rebelling against his fate, Oedipus flees what he believes to be his homeland and heads for the kingdom of Thebes. During his journey, he quarrels with a stranger on a road and kills the man, and then he weds the king's widow. Unbeknownst to him, the stranger was his father and the woman his mother; they had abandoned him as a baby, and he had been raised in a foreign land. In the Greek mind, Oedipus was rightly punished for attempting to alter his destiny, which only the gods could determine. The plays of William Shakespeare abound with examples of poetic justice as well. Hamlet has one instance in the guise of Hamlet's uncle, Claudius, who murders Hamlet's father, usurps the throne, and then marries Hamlet's mother. By the end of the play, Claudius receives his just reward when Hamlet kills him. In other Shakespearian plays, including King Lear and Macbeth, greed and the desire for power result in tragedy for those whose misdeeds trigger terrible events and subsequently receive their deserved fate by the end of the play. *vanquish: to defeat, often in battle *prophesize: to tell the future1. The author discusses Oedipus Rex in paragraph 2 in order to ______

填空题.The Wilderness Road For the first century and a half following their founding, the American colonies—as well as the American people—were mainly confined to the Eastern Seaboard along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. West of the Appalachian Mountains, the land was too rugged for easy travel, and it was also the territory of numerous Native American tribes that contested attempts at westward settlement with violence. It was not until 1775 that a route to the west was established when frontiersman Daniel Boone cut a trail from Tennessee northwest through the tail end of Virginia and then through the Cumberland Gap into Kentucky. Called the Wilderness Road, this trail, which eventually stretched more than 300 kilometers, became the principal route westward for the next fifty years. The Wilderness Road was not entirely hacked out of the forests as it followed long-used animal and native trails. Previous expeditions into Kentucky had followed these paths, but the explorers had been harassed by bands of Cherokee and Shawnee Indians. Daniel Boone tried to lead a group of settlers into the region in 1773 but was turned back by an attack during which his oldest son was captured and later killed. Two years later, a group of wealthy investors from North Carolina who were led by Richard Henderson, a prominent judge, formed the Transylvania Company for the purpose of making a trail into Kentucky to settle in the region and to create a new colony, which they intended to name Transylvania. To lead the expedition, the investors hired Daniel Boone, who was reputed to be the man who knew the most about Kentucky and the way west. Before Boone set out, he and Henderson negotiated peace with the local tribes, but not all of their members were willing to abide by the terms of the settlement. On March 10, 1775, Boone led a large party of men wielding axes to begin cutting a trail from Tennessee. Their starting point was the Holston River near Kingsport. The men made good progress by following existing trails when they could and by crossing rivers at shallow fords. They passed through a notch in the Appalachians that was known as the Cumberland Gap and went down into Kentucky. Boone and his men suffered some losses when they were attacked by hostile natives in violation of the peace settlement, but the attacks failed to deter them, and they reached the Kentucky River in April. There, Boone founded a settlement that was named Boonesborough after him. Arriving later were Henderson and a larger body of men and wagons as they had followed Boone, widened the trail, and brought along plenty of provisions for the new settlement. The way west was now open, but the Wilderness Road was not much more than a muddy path barely wide enough for wagons to traverse in its first few years. It was also dangerous since warfare with the natives that would last for twenty years erupted. Travelers went well armed, and attacks were frequent. Nevertheless, the lure of land attracted many westward, and it is estimated that 300,000 settlers had moved into Kentucky by 1810. Henderson's attempts to form the colony of Transylvania were opposed by Virginia, which laid claim to the region. When the American Revolution broke out in 1775, Henderson appealed to the Continental Congress for statehood, but the representatives refused to recognize Transylvania as a state. Eventually, in 1792, the American government admitted Kentucky as the fifteenth state in the United States. *Eastern Seaboard: the land in the American colonies, and later the United States, alongside the Atlantic Ocean *hack: to cut with an axe *ford: a place where a river, stream, or other body of water is shallow enough to be crossed by walking20. Vocabulary ______=rough; rocky

填空题.Humanism and Renaissance Art Humanism is the idea that human life and its natural surroundings are more important than a religious-centered view of the world. Its origins lie in ancient Greece and can be seen in Greek art, which depicts humans with anatomically correct proportions. The notion of humanism spread to other parts of the ancient world but then declined when the Roman Empire fell. Gradually, humanism was replaced by religion as the primary focus of life as well as art. Artwork produced in the Middle Ages, which began roughly after the fall of Rome, is almost entirely focused on religion while human aspects are secondary concerns. For instance, saints and other religious figures are depicted in medieval paintings as having halos, and the holy people themselves are much larger than normal humans. In addition, the mathematical precision with which the ancients showed both scale and depth in their works became a lost art. It was not until the late fourteenth century in Florence, Italy, that a revival of humanistic thinking began. At first, it was mostly scholarly and literary in form, but over time, this rediscovered philosophy spread and had a profound influence on establishing the era known today as the Renaissance. Humanism had a particularly powerful effect on artists then. Slowly, artists moved away from religion being the focal point of their work as they began showing humans in a more realistic manner. In artwork in which religious figures were depicted, they were no longer wearing halos or looming over other humans. They were instead drawn or painted on the same scale. In Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper, for instance, Jesus and his disciples are represented naturally as real people rather than as iconic figures of Christianity. Nature became prominent in Renaissance art, too, as humans were placed in natural scenes, and nature was represented more realistically. The rediscovering of the ancient mathematical method of drawing humans and the using of depth in artwork led the way to paintings showing people more realistically. Painters learned the art of foreshortening, which gave paintings an illusion of depth not found in prior periods. The depth and lifelike aspect of Renaissance art was further enhanced by the invention of oil paints, which enabled artists to work in more detail and to include more naturalism in their works. ❶ Furthermore, artists of that time embraced the human body as a work of art. ❷They accomplished this by showing the body nude more often than clothed and by putting the beauty of the human body on full display. ❸Michelangelo's sculpture David is the prime example of this as it shows a nude human body in perfectly chiseled proportions.❹ Art patrons, such as the Medici family of Florence, also encouraged the influence of humanism on art. Not satisfied only with artwork with religious themes, individuals of wealth and social standing sought artists who could provide more secular views in their art and commissioned works with humanist aspects. A final way in which humanism affected Renaissance art concerned how people perceived artists. At one time, artists were regarded as craftsmen rather than specialists, which is why hardly any artists from the Middle Ages are known today. However, people recognized the true genius of men such as Michelangelo, Leonardo, and Raphael, so they—and many others—are remembered today for the brilliance of their work. *anatomically correct: properly representing the human body *halo: a disc or circle of light around the head of a divine or holy individual12. Vocabulary ______=exactness

填空题1. The Formation of Civilization The criteria for a body of people to be considered a civilization includes the construction of permanent settlements, the use of agriculture for food, the emergence of a leadership class, the worship of one or more deities, and the development of art and writing. For most of human history, these features were beyond the reach of the roving bands of hunter-gatherers whose primary concern was obtaining food. Some tribes may have settled in areas to hunt, fish, or gather fruits or nuts for short periods, but their shelters were not permanent, and they inevitably moved on when their food supplies became exhausted. This changed once humans discovered how to farm. Agriculture developed at different times around the world, but sometime around 8000 B.C., people in the Middle East learned how to sow wild grains to produce crops. Since raising crops takes time, these individuals built permanent shelters and stood guard over their plants to protect them from other people and wild animals. This required a degree of organization and specialization, so people began doing various tasks. Some worked the land, others protected the settlements, and others raised animals or made crafts such as pottery and woven baskets. Hunter-gatherer groups had always had leaders; therefore, it was natural for them to emerge in these permanent settlements. Because agriculture depended upon good weather and timely rain or floodwaters, people started worshipping deities and praying for sunshine and rain. Over time, the practice of agriculture led to population explosions and the founding of civilizations in Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, and the Indus Valley. The leaders became kings, the protectors became soldiers, the shamans who prayed to deities became priests in organized religions, and the majority of people became peasants who farmed the land and worked on massive construction projects in honor of their kings and gods. Craftsmen also began creating beautiful works of art, and, in some places, writing was developed to record history and to communicate with others. In these places, civilization was born. *hunter-gatherer: a human that has no permanent home but wanders the land while hunting, fishing, and gathering wild fruits, grains, and vegetables *shaman: a person that acts as an intermediary between the real world and the spirit world An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas of the passage. Some sentences do not belong because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. Thousands of years ago, hunter-gatherers learned to farm the land and then developed civilizations based around the permanent settlements they established. ANSWER CHOICES ①There are still some groups of people in the world who can be said not to have established civilizations yet. ②Once people started settling down in one place, individuals began taking on roles such as those of king, soldier, shaman, and peasant. ③Some of the first civilizations were established in China, Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Indus Valley. ④Having organized religions, creating art, and developing writing systems are three of the characteristics of human civilizations. ⑤It was necessary for people to learn how to raise crops by farming the land for them to start establishing civilizations. ⑥Most of the people in the earliest civilizations were peasants who had to farm the land and serve their masters.

填空题Metamorphic Rocks The three main types of rocks a

填空题1. The Outer and Inner Cores The Earth's center is an enormous ball of superheated nickel and iron that is called the core and has two main parts: the outer core and the inner core. While not identical, both play important roles in heating the inner Earth and in maintaining the planet's magnetic field. Younger than the Earth itself, the core was created 500 million years after the planet's formation. Due to radioactive decay inside the Earth and the heat left over from the space rock collisions which formed the planet, the interior became extremely hot. This created movement in the planet's interior as heavy elements such as iron and nickel melted, gravitated to the planet's center, and formed the core. The outer core is mostly comprised of liquid iron and nickel and lies between the mantle and the inner core. It starts roughly 2,900 kilometers beneath the Earth's surface, is approximately 2,200 kilometers thick, and has temperatures anywhere between 4,500 and 5,500 degrees Celsius. As a result, the metals there are in a viscous state so are highly malleable and in constant flux. This creates waves of convection forces, which play a major role in creating the Earth's magnetic field. Without it, life on the planet would not be possible since it protects the Earth's ozone layer from dangerous solar winds and ionized particles by deflecting them. If these particles managed to strike the ozone layer, they would rapidly destroy it and thereby allow harmful ultraviolet radiation to reach the planet's surface. The inner core is also mostly iron and nickel yet is solid. It is roughly 1,220 kilometers in diameter, and its temperature reaches around 5,200 degrees Celsius. Despite this high temperature, the incredible pressure placed on the inner core by the weight of the planet prevents the atoms in the metals there from transforming from solids into liquids. Like the outer core, the inner core also moves, but it rotates rather than move in convection waves. The inner core revolves eastward—the same direction as the surface—but moves at a slightly faster rate than the planet does. *magnetic field: an electrically charged field which stretches from the interior of the Earth to an area into outer space and which protects the planet from various forces *convection: the transfer of heat through the movement of heated liquids or gases Select the appropriate statements from the answer choices and match them to the part of the Earth's core to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. STATEMENTS ①Has metals that mostly exist in their liquid forms ②Is the largest of all of the layers that comprise the Earth ③Rotates in the same direction that the entire planet is moving ④Contains solid metals due to the extreme pressure in it ⑤Is primarily responsible for the formation of the planet's magnetic field ⑥Is getting larger as it expands into parts of the Earth's mantle ⑦Is very hot and is around 2,200 kilometers thick

填空题. Tropical Rainforest Animal Adaptations Lying between the Tropic of Cancer in the north and the Tropic of Capricorn in the south, the tropics, which straddle the equator, are noted for the high amount of rainfall and humidity that help create the dense tropical rainforests in the area. There are large rainforests in the tropics in Central and South America as well as in parts of Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and Northern Australia. Both the predators and prey animals dwelling in these rainforests have adapted in a variety of ways to enable them to survive in their harsh environments. A tropical rainforest has four distinct layers of vegetation, and different species of animals, all of which compete for food resources, reside in them. At the top is the emergent layer, which consists of the tallest trees rising above the rest of the rainforest. Within the emergent layer live many species of birds and insects. Directly below the emergent layer is the canopy, a thick layer of tall, leafy trees that prevents most sunlight from reaching the ground below. The canopy is home to numerous species of insects, birds, reptiles, and small animals, including monkeys. Under the canopy and closer to the ground is the understory, where the vegetation is not as tall or as thick as the canopy since little sunlight reaches it. The understory is also home to various insects, reptiles, and larger mammals, such as jaguars, which can climb trees. Finally, there is the rainforest floor, where hardly any plant life grows due to the absence of sunlight. This is where the largest mammals and reptiles, including tigers and crocodiles, live, and it is also home to countless species of insects. Food in tropical rainforests is abundant but also hard to acquire with so many animals competing for it. Consequently, large numbers of them have adapted to help them obtain food or to protect them so that they can avoid becoming food for predators. Some animals have developed ways to reach food that other animals cannot get. For example, the brightly colored toucan is a bird with a long, strong beak which it uses to reach into tight places to grab fruit. The toucan's feet have four toes—two face toward the front while two face backward—that it utilizes to latch onto branches very tightly and securely as it bends its body to reach fruit that is hard to get at. Another example of an animal whose body has adapted so that it can acquire food is the jaguar. This big cat is not a fussy eater but will instead devour virtually anything. It has developed powerful jaws that can kill prey with a single bite and has strong legs and sharp claws that let it climb trees to reach prey attempting to stay high above the ground to avoid predators. Two additional adaptations are its padded paws, which permit the jaguar to walk silently through the jungle to sneak up on its prey, and its fur pattern, which provides it with camouflage while hunting. Many prey animals also utilize camouflage to hide from predators. The sloth, for example, hides in trees and hardly moves, preventing predators from sighting it, and it has blue-green algae growing on its fur, which lets it blend in with its leafy surroundings. ❶Many other reptiles and amphibians have greenish skin that enables them to hide in the rainforest. ❷Others, however, have brightly colored skin that warns predators to avoid them. ❸The poison dart frog comes in a variety of bright colors, indicating to predators that it is poisonous so should be neither hunted nor consumed. ❹Some other species of frogs trick predators by mimicking the bright colors of the poisonous dart frog yet are not toxic if eaten. Predators have adapted to the camouflage employed by prey animals by hunting at night. Many mammalian and reptilian predators have developed the senses necessary to become nocturnal hunters. Big cats such as the jaguar possess enhanced vision, making it easier for them to see at night. Most species of snakes can also sense body heat, so they can slither up to prey and attack it without warning, and they can easily climb trees to seek food at most layers in the rainforest, too. These are just a few of the adaptations rainforest animals have developed in the constant battles between predators and prey animals. *Glossary equator: the imaginary line that runs around the center of the Earth nocturnal: active at night; relating to the night slither: to move on the ground in a sliding motion29. In paragraph 1, the author's description of tropical rainforests mentions which of the following? ______

______, particularly the oxides of sulfur, greatly increases the rate at which rust forms.

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______ 200 bones forming the framework, or skeleton, of the human body.

The atmosphere that originally surrounded Earth was probably much different from the air we breathe today. Earth's first atmosphere (some 4.6 billion years ago) was most likely hydrogen and helium--the two most abundant gasses found in the universe--as well as hydrogen compounds, such as methane and ammonia, Most scientists feel that5 this early atmosphere escaped into space from the Earth's hot surface. A second, more dense atmosphere, however, gradually enveloped Earth as gasses from molten rocks within its hot interior escaped through volcanoes and steam vents. We assume that volcanoes spewed out the same gasses then as they do today: mostly water vapor (about 80 percent), carbon dioxide (about ten percent), and up to a few10 percent nitrogen. These same gasses probably created Earth's second atmosphere. As millions of years passed, the constant outpouring of gasses from the hot interior--known as outgassing--provided a rich supply of water vapor, which formed into clouds. Rain fell upon Earth for many thousands or years, forming the rivers, lakes, and oceans of the world. During this Lime, large amounts of carbon dioxide were15 dissolved in the oceans. Through chemical and biological processes, much of the carbon dioxide became locked up in carbon sedimentary rocks, such as limestone. With much of the water vapor already condensed into water and the concentration of carbon dioxide dwindling, the atmosphere gradually became rich nitrogen. It appears that oxygen, the second most abundant gas in today's atmosphere, probably20 began an extremely slow increase in concentration as energetic rays from the sun split water vapor into hydrogen and oxygen during a process called photodissociation. The hydrogen, being lighter, probably rose and escaped into space, while the oxygen remained in the atmosphere. This slow increase in oxygen may have provided enough of this gas for primitive25 plants to evolve, perhaps two to three billion years ago. Or the plants may have evolved in an almost oxygen-free (anaerobic) environment. At any rate, plant growth greatly enriched our atmosphere with oxygen. The reason for this enrichment is that plants, in the presence of sunlight, process carbon dioxide and water to produce oxygen.

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The languages spoken by early Europeans are still shrouded in mystery. There is no linguistic continuity between the languages of Old Europe (a term sometimes used for Europe between 7000 and 3000 B.C.) and the languages of the modem world, and we cannot yet translate the Old European script, Scholars have deciphered other ancient5 languages, such as Sumerian, Akkadian, and Babylonian, which used the cuneiform script, because of the fortuitous discovery of bilingual inscriptions, When cuneiform tablets were first discovered in the eighteenth century, scholars could not decipher them. Then inscriptions found in baa at the end of the eighteenth century provided a link: these inscriptions were written in cuneiform and in two other ancient languages, Old Persian10 and New Elamite--languages that had already been deciphered. It took several decades, but scholars eventually translated the ancient cuneiform script via the more familiar Old Persian language: Similarly, the hieroglyphic writing of the Egyptians remained a mystery until French troops unearthed the famous Rosetta stone in the late eighteenth century. The stone carried15 the same message written in ancient Greek, Egyptian hieroglyphs, and Egyptian hieratic, a simplified form of hieroglyphs. The Rosetta stone thwarted scholars' efforts for several decades until the early nineteenth century when several key hieroglyphic phrases were decoded using the Greek inscriptions. Unfortunately, we have no Old European Rosetta stone to chart correspondences between Old European script and the languages that20 replaced it. Tim incursions of Indo-European tribes into Old Europe from the late fifth to the early third millennia B.C. caused a linguistic and cultural discontinuity. These incursions disrupted the Old European sedentary farming lifestyle that had existed for 3,000 years As the Indo-Europeans encroached on Old Europe from the east, the continent underwent25 upheavals. These severely affected the Balkans, where the Old European cultures abundantly employed script. The Old European way of life deteriorated rapidly, although pockets of Old European culture remained for several millennia, ~ new peoples spoke completely different languages belonging to the Indo-European linguistic family. The Old European language or languages, and the script used to write them, declined and eventually vanished.

Just over two-thirds of Earth’s surface is covered by wafer, ______ more than 98 percent of this water is contained in the oceans.

Pleasing to look at and touch, beads come in shapes, colors, and materials ______ to handle and to sort them.