听力题Today

听力题M: Hi Diana, mind if I sit down? W: Not at all

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听力题We know then that in the US

听力题M: I see you still got all your suitcases with you too. We must have the same problem. W: Let me guess. Your room''s been given to someone else? M: Yep. W: I don''t get it! They sent me my room number a long time ago. M: Me too. Well, at least there is room in another dorm, Bundy Hall. W: That''s where they''re putting me too. But you''ll realize that unless you have a car, Bundy is at least at 25 minutes walk from the center of campus. And don''t count on taking the campus bus, it runs at really inconvenient time. M: Great way to start your college career. But, I don''t know, maybe there is a positive side of all these. Since we''ll be so far away from everything, we''ll be forced to use our time wisely. W: True. I''ve heard lots of first year students get into trouble because they hang out every day in the student center till it closes. M: Exactly! And not only that, we will get plenty of exercise from all that extra walking. W: Yeah. And that is not exactly easy walking either. Around here you just about need a pair of hiking boots, and to enjoy mountain climbing. M: You count to get avoid there. But at least there are great vistas from some of the buildings, not to mention the possibility of some serious sled riding when it snows. M: I see you still got all your suitcases with you too. We must have the same problem. W: Let me guess. Your room''s been given to someone else? M: Yep. W: I don''t get it! They sent me my room number a long time ago. M: Me too. Well, at least there is room in another dorm, Bundy Hall. W: That''s where they''re putting me too. But you''ll realize that unless you have a car, Bundy is at least at 25 minutes walk from the center of campus. And don''t count on taking the campus bus, it runs at really inconvenient time. M: Great way to start your college career. But, I don''t know, maybe there is a positive side of all these. Since we''ll be so far away from everything, we''ll be forced to use our time wisely. W: True. I''ve heard lots of first year students get into trouble because they hang out every day in the student center till it closes. M: Exactly! And not only that, we will get plenty of exercise from all that extra walking. W: Yeah. And that is not exactly easy walking either. Around here you just about need a pair of hiking boots, and to enjoy mountain climbing. M: You count to get avoid there. But at least there are great vistas from some of the buildings, not to mention the possibility of some serious sled riding when it snows.

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听力题W: Hi, Bill, how is it going? M: Oh, hi, Jan

听力题 I''ve mentioned how DNA have solved many mysteries in biology. And today I want to talk about how it might relate to hypothesis about the travels of the green turtle. Every winter some green turtles make a 2000 km journey from Brazil to Ascension Island in the middle of Atlantic, where they mate and lay eggs. But the question is why do they travel so far to lay their eggs? One researcher hypothesized that there are two parts to the explanation. One is natal homing, the instinct that drives green turtles to always return to the beach where they were hatched. The second part has to do with continental drift, the theory that the positions of earth continents have changed considerably overtime. Brazil and Ascension Island were once much closer together, and continental drift drove them apart. But the turtles kept on going back to the island where they hatched. However another scientist question this explanation on the ground that it would be very unlikely that conditions would allowe generations of turtles over hundreds of millions of years to keep going back to the same nesting ground every single year. So, what is the connection to DNA? Well, there are groups of green turtles that nest in locations other than the Ascension Island. If green turtles always return to the place where they were hatched, then the turtles that have been going to the Ascension Island to nest would''ve been genetically isolated long enough to have DNA that was very different from the green turtles that nest else where. But when scientists examine DNA from these turtles, their DNA wasn''t that different from the DNA of the turtles that go to Ascension Island. Do you have a shock? Well, we still don''t know the answer to the question about why a certain group of turtles go to Ascension Island, but this study was a nice example of the usefulness of DNA analysis to biology. I''ve mentioned how DNA have solved many mysteries in biology. And today I want to talk about how it might relate to hypothesis about the travels of the green turtle. Every winter some green turtles make a 2000 km journey from Brazil to Ascension Island in the middle of Atlantic, where they mate and lay eggs. But the question is why do they travel so far to lay their eggs? One researcher hypothesized that there are two parts to the explanation. One is natal homing, the instinct that drives green turtles to always return to the beach where they were hatched. The second part has to do with continental drift, the theory that the positions of earth continents have changed considerably overtime. Brazil and Ascension Island were once much closer together, and continental drift drove them apart. But the turtles kept on going back to the island where they hatched. However another scientist question this explanation on the ground that it would be very unlikely that conditions would allowe generations of turtles over hundreds of millions of years to keep going back to the same nesting ground every single year. So, what is the connection to DNA? Well, there are groups of green turtles that nest in locations other than the Ascension Island. If green turtles always return to the place where they were hatched, then the turtles that have been going to the Ascension Island to nest would''ve been genetically isolated long enough to have DNA that was very different from the green turtles that nest else where. But when scientists examine DNA from these turtles, their DNA wasn''t that different from the DNA of the turtles that go to Ascension Island. Do you have a shock? Well, we still don''t know the answer to the question about why a certain group of turtles go to Ascension Island, but this study was a nice example of the usefulness of DNA analysis to biology.

听力题We are going to talk today about the moon

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听力题 A lot of people think that cultural anthropology is just about studying the special and strange aspects of a society, but anthropologists are also interested in the aspects of life that seems so ordinary that the people in the society think they’re not significant. Let me give you an example, I see lots of T-shirts here in class today, but you probably don''t think of them as an important part of your culture, but anthropologists could learn a lot about the culture of the US just by studying the T shirt. For one thing, T shirts are a mark of how casual clothing has become in America. No one was quite sure where they came from, but the T shirt first become popular in this country as an under shirt for sellers in the 1940s. Then in the 1950s, it became a sign of rebellion for teenagers to wear this white under shirt by itself, not under anything. By the 1960s and 70s, T shirts have become accepted as part of the uniform views. You could even say that they came symbolized that generation''s attitude towards informality and all thing, including dress. On another aspect that anthropologists would find interesting is that T shirts are used to express personal opinions. Look around this room, you know who likes watch TV show, who went where on vacation, who belongs to what organizations on campus. All of these aspects of our culture are printed on your T shirts. OK, I want to stop for a minute and ask you to try to write down five different conclusions you could reach about American culture from just the T shirts in this classroom. A lot of people think that cultural anthropology is just about studying the special and strange aspects of a society, but anthropologists are also interested in the aspects of life that seems so ordinary that the people in the society think they’re not significant. Let me give you an example, I see lots of T-shirts here in class today, but you probably don''t think of them as an important part of your culture, but anthropologists could learn a lot about the culture of the US just by studying the T shirt. For one thing, T shirts are a mark of how casual clothing has become in America. No one was quite sure where they came from, but the T shirt first become popular in this country as an under shirt for sellers in the 1940s. Then in the 1950s, it became a sign of rebellion for teenagers to wear this white under shirt by itself, not under anything. By the 1960s and 70s, T shirts have become accepted as part of the uniform views. You could even say that they came symbolized that generation''s attitude towards informality and all thing, including dress. On another aspect that anthropologists would find interesting is that T shirts are used to express personal opinions. Look around this room, you know who likes watch TV show, who went where on vacation, who belongs to what organizations on campus. All of these aspects of our culture are printed on your T shirts. OK, I want to stop for a minute and ask you to try to write down five different conclusions you could reach about American culture from just the T shirts in this classroom.

听力题W: Hi, Dan, you know that lab you missed

听力题One important thing about art movements is that their popularity can be affected by social conditions, which are themselves often affected by historical events. As an example, look at what happened in the United States early in the 20th century, around the time of the great depression, the art movement known as the Regionalism had begun in the United States even before the depression occurred. But it really flourished in the 1930s, during the depression years. Why? Well, many artists who had been living in big cities were forced by the economic crisis to leave those big cities and move back to their small towns in rural America. Some of these artists came to truly embrace the life in small towns and to eject city life in so called “sophisticated society”. These artists or specifically certain painters really built regionalist movement. They created things in every day life in small towns or farming areas. And their style was not all-neutral, really big glorified or romanticized country life, showing it stable, wholesome, and embodying important American traditions. And this style became very popular, in part because of the economic conditions of the time. You see, the Depression had caused many Americans to begin to doubt their society. But regionalism artists painted scenes that glorified American values, scenes that many Americans could easily identify with. So the movement helped strengthen people’s faith in their country, faith that had weakened as the result of the depression. But in the 1940s, before and after the Second World War, American culture began to take on a much more international spirit, and Regionalism, with its focus on small town life, well, it lost a lot of popularity, as American society changed once again. One important thing about art movements is that their popularity can be affected by social conditions, which are themselves often affected by historical events. As an example, look at what happened in the United States early in the 20th century, around the time of the great depression, the art movement known as the Regionalism had begun in the United States even before the depression occurred. But it really flourished in the 1930s, during the depression years. Why? Well, many artists who had been living in big cities were forced by the economic crisis to leave those big cities and move back to their small towns in rural America. Some of these artists came to truly embrace the life in small towns and to eject city life in so called “sophisticated society”. These artists or specifically certain painters really built regionalist movement. They created things in every day life in small towns or farming areas. And their style was not all-neutral, really big glorified or romanticized country life, showing it stable, wholesome, and embodying important American traditions. And this style became very popular, in part because of the economic conditions of the time. You see, the Depression had caused many Americans to begin to doubt their society. But regionalism artists painted scenes that glorified American values, scenes that many Americans could easily identify with. So the movement helped strengthen people’s faith in their country, faith that had weakened as the result of the depression. But in the 1940s, before and after the Second World War, American culture began to take on a much more international spirit, and Regionalism, with its focus on small town life, well, it lost a lot of popularity, as American society changed once again.

听力题M: One of the most common questions we ask about people''s behavior is why. Why she say this? Why he do that? Sometimes the reason is obvious, for example, someone is driving down the street, the light turns red, they stop, why? W: Because they have to, legally I mean. M: Exactly! In this case the reason is obvious, so we usually don''t question it. But when the reason is not so obvious and especially when the behavior could have negative consequences, we''ll more likely to feel a need to explain the causes of the behavior. Social psychologists have a term for this, for the process of explaining the causes of behavior, it''s called causal attribution. And one theory suggests, there''s a pattern in the way we go about attributing causes to people''s behavior. According to this theory, there are two categories of reasons: internal factors and external factors. Again, Lisa, say you’re driving down the road and all of a sudden some guy turn into the lane right in front of you, and you have to slam on your brake to avoid an accident. How do you react? W: I''ll probably get very angry. M: Because…. W: Well, he''s not paying attention, he''s a bad driver. M: So you automatically attribute the driver’s behavior to an internal factor. He himself is to blame because he is careless. W: So if I said it was because of heavy traffic or something, I''d be attributing his behavior to an external factor, something beyond his control. M: Good. Now how do you usually explain our own negative behavior? W: We blame external factors. M: That''s right. M: One of the most common questions we ask about people''s behavior is why. Why she say this? Why he do that? Sometimes the reason is obvious, for example, someone is driving down the street, the light turns red, they stop, why? W: Because they have to, legally I mean. M: Exactly! In this case the reason is obvious, so we usually don''t question it. But when the reason is not so obvious and especially when the behavior could have negative consequences, we''ll more likely to feel a need to explain the causes of the behavior. Social psychologists have a term for this, for the process of explaining the causes of behavior, it''s called causal attribution. And one theory suggests, there''s a pattern in the way we go about attributing causes to people''s behavior. According to this theory, there are two categories of reasons: internal factors and external factors. Again, Lisa, say you’re driving down the road and all of a sudden some guy turn into the lane right in front of you, and you have to slam on your brake to avoid an accident. How do you react? W: I''ll probably get very angry. M: Because…. W: Well, he''s not paying attention, he''s a bad driver. M: So you automatically attribute the driver’s behavior to an internal factor. He himself is to blame because he is careless. W: So if I said it was because of heavy traffic or something, I''d be attributing his behavior to an external factor, something beyond his control. M: Good. Now how do you usually explain our own negative behavior? W: We blame external factors. M: That''s right.

听力题We are going to talk today about the moon

听力题In order to diagnose and treat abnormal behavior

听力题W: Hi, Bill, how is it going? M: Oh, hi, Jan

听力题 Human population near the equator have evolved dark skin over many generations because of exposure to the fiercest rays of the sun. A similar phenomenon has also occurred in other parts of the animal kingdom. The African grass mouse is a good example. Most mice are nocturnal, but the African grass mouse is active during daylight hours. This means that it spends its days searching for food in the semi-dry bush in squired habitats of eastern and southern Africa. Its furry stripe''s like a chipmunk''s, which helps it blend in with its environment. Because it spends a lot of time in the intense tropical sun, the grass mouse has also evolved two separate safeguards against the sun''s ultraviolet radiation. First, like the population of humans in this region of the world, the skin of the grass mouse contains lots of melanin, or dark pigment. Second and quite unusual, this mouse has a layer of melanin pigmented tissue between its skull and skin. This unique cap provides an extra measure of protection for the grass mouse and three other types of African mouse, like rodents that are active during the day. The only other species scientists have identified with the same sort of skull of that occasion is the white camp-making bat of the Central American tropic. Although these bats sleep during the day, they do so curled up with their head exposed to the sun. Human population near the equator have evolved dark skin over many generations because of exposure to the fiercest rays of the sun. A similar phenomenon has also occurred in other parts of the animal kingdom. The African grass mouse is a good example. Most mice are nocturnal, but the African grass mouse is active during daylight hours. This means that it spends its days searching for food in the semi-dry bush in squired habitats of eastern and southern Africa. Its furry stripe''s like a chipmunk''s, which helps it blend in with its environment. Because it spends a lot of time in the intense tropical sun, the grass mouse has also evolved two separate safeguards against the sun''s ultraviolet radiation. First, like the population of humans in this region of the world, the skin of the grass mouse contains lots of melanin, or dark pigment. Second and quite unusual, this mouse has a layer of melanin pigmented tissue between its skull and skin. This unique cap provides an extra measure of protection for the grass mouse and three other types of African mouse, like rodents that are active during the day. The only other species scientists have identified with the same sort of skull of that occasion is the white camp-making bat of the Central American tropic. Although these bats sleep during the day, they do so curled up with their head exposed to the sun.

听力题As I am sure you are aware

听力题 Human population near the equator have evolved dark skin over many generations because of exposure to the fiercest rays of the sun. A similar phenomenon has also occurred in other parts of the animal kingdom. The African grass mouse is a good example. Most mice are nocturnal, but the African grass mouse is active during daylight hours. This means that it spends its days searching for food in the semi-dry bush in squired habitats of eastern and southern Africa. Its furry stripe''s like a chipmunk''s, which helps it blend in with its environment. Because it spends a lot of time in the intense tropical sun, the grass mouse has also evolved two separate safeguards against the sun''s ultraviolet radiation. First, like the population of humans in this region of the world, the skin of the grass mouse contains lots of melanin, or dark pigment. Second and quite unusual, this mouse has a layer of melanin pigmented tissue between its skull and skin. This unique cap provides an extra measure of protection for the grass mouse and three other types of African mouse, like rodents that are active during the day. The only other species scientists have identified with the same sort of skull of that occasion is the white camp-making bat of the Central American tropic. Although these bats sleep during the day, they do so curled up with their head exposed to the sun. Human population near the equator have evolved dark skin over many generations because of exposure to the fiercest rays of the sun. A similar phenomenon has also occurred in other parts of the animal kingdom. The African grass mouse is a good example. Most mice are nocturnal, but the African grass mouse is active during daylight hours. This means that it spends its days searching for food in the semi-dry bush in squired habitats of eastern and southern Africa. Its furry stripe''s like a chipmunk''s, which helps it blend in with its environment. Because it spends a lot of time in the intense tropical sun, the grass mouse has also evolved two separate safeguards against the sun''s ultraviolet radiation. First, like the population of humans in this region of the world, the skin of the grass mouse contains lots of melanin, or dark pigment. Second and quite unusual, this mouse has a layer of melanin pigmented tissue between its skull and skin. This unique cap provides an extra measure of protection for the grass mouse and three other types of African mouse, like rodents that are active during the day. The only other species scientists have identified with the same sort of skull of that occasion is the white camp-making bat of the Central American tropic. Although these bats sleep during the day, they do so curled up with their head exposed to the sun.