问答题Lecture 4： 　　考古学，教授讲agricultural问面粉有什么用是吃还是干啥的，当时它们居住的地方entirely covered by forest.人们放火只是破坏一小部分，而且有研究表明现在很多地方仍然被保护得很好。没有人们使用weapon的记录，而且骨头上有mark刚好证明人们是吃死掉的动物。它们经过了差不多四次的climate changing 都活下来了。

问答题As for students, how to get better grades and improve efficiency in the class? Include reasons and details to support your response.

问答题Thewomanexpressesheropinionaboutthefeeincrease.Stateheropinionandexplainthereasonsshegivesforholdingthatopinion.

问答题What are the benefits of owning pets? Please provide specific examples and details in your explanation.

问答题教授先讲能量和能量之间的转换，比如电能可以转换成光能，热能等等。一般一种能量同时转换成好几种能量。最理想的能量转换就是100%的转换成单一的目标能量，比如说，电能转换光能，理想的模式就是所有电能都转化成光能（有题，根据教授的说法，理想的能量转换是怎样的）。比如说古代的人获取光的方式，就是fire。fire显然还释放大量热能，所以不是理想的转换。然后现代的白炽灯泡incandescent light bulbs, 会产生大量的热，浪费能量（有题）。然后是florescent light, 日光灯/荧光灯。这是一种冷光源（几乎没有热量产生），里面的mercury在电极管的作用下发出光。虽然很节能，但是mercury是有害的，处理这些废旧灯泡不容易（有题，荧光灯的缺点是什么）。然后提到另外一种正在研究中的发光chemical light, 这种是因为化学物质在作用下释放光，涉及物质反应而产生光，不需要提供能量，是最节省能源的。自然界中的firefly萤火虫就是利用这种发光原理，还有其他一些生物等等，这种光应该是以后发展的方向，但是目前的技术还不够，但是假以时日，说不准人们就可以应用这种光。目前，人造的chemical light都太dim了（有题，教授对chemical light前景的看法是什么）。

问答题Question: Using points and examples from the talk, explain the two effects of the invention of the camera on painters.

问答题Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: students who work harder will be successful later in life? Please include specific details in your explanation.

问答题第三篇： 　　bird nesting,说鸟喜欢在colonies筑巢，说了有什么好处，有一种鸟有自我保护意思，可以群体攻击那些天敌，有些seabird都在哪里筑巢比较安全，同时，集体筑巢又有什么隐患，例如吸引大量天敌。etc. 　　Bird Nesting Colonies 　　In many species, including herons, swallows, and most seabirds, individual birds come together each year to build nests near the nests of many others of the species. The resulting aggregations are called nesting colonies. Colonial nesting involves a number of factors. Seabirds, for example, often forage widely over the ocean surface, where the only available nesting land may be an island of limited area. The birds may also prefer an island to mainland nesting sites because it is safer, being inaccessible to most land predators. Also, by watching their neighbors returning to the colony with food for their chicks, colony-nesting gulls, or puffins may learn from one another where they can forage most successfully. Bank and Cliff Swallows, for example, build their nests in sites protected from ground predators such as foxes, skunks, and weasels. 　　Because residents in a colony usually share their feeding sites, colonial nesters are not, strictly speaking, territorial birds. They do, however, defend their nests against the adjacent birds, and with good reason: Colony members are known to sometimes steal nesting material from one another. They have also been known to sneak eggs into other birds' nests and to seduce other birds' mates. On the positive side, a few colony nesters have been known, on rare occasions, to feed another neighbor's chicks. 　　Bird Colonies 　　The habit of nesting in groups is believed to provide better survival against predators in several ways. Many colonies are situated in locations that are naturally free of predators. In other cases, the presence of many birds means there are more individuals available for defense. Also, synchronized breeding leads to such an abundance of offspring as to satiate predators. 　　For seabirds, colonies on islands have an obvious advantage over mainland colonies when it comes to protection from terrestrial predators. Other situations can also be found where bird colonies avoid predation. A study of Yellow-rumped Caciques in Peru found that the birds, which build enclosed, pouch-like nests in colonies of up to one hundred active nests, situate themselves near wasp nests, which provide some protection from tree-dwelling predators such as monkeys. When other birds came to rob the nests, the caciques would cooperatively defend the colony by mobbing the invader. Mobbing, clearly a group effort, is well-known behavior, not limited to colonial species; the more birds participating in the mobbing, the more effective it is at driving off the predator. Therefore, it has been theorized that the larger number of individuals available for vigilance and defense makes the colony a safer place for the individual birds nesting there. More pairs of eyes and ears are available to raise the alarm and rise to the occasion. 　　Another suggestion is that colonies act as information centers and birds that have not found good foraging sites are able to follow others, who have fared better, to find food. This makes sense for foragers because the food source is one that can be locally abundant. This hypothesis would explain why the Lesser Kestrel, which feeds on insects, breeds in colonies, while the related Common Kestrel, which feeds on larger prey, is not. 　　Colonial behaviour has its costs as well. It has been noted that parasitism by haematozoa is higher in colonial birds and it has been suggested that blood parasites might have shaped adaptations such as larger organs in the immune system and life-history traits. Other costs include brood parasitism and competition for food and territory. Colony size is a factor in the ecological function of colony nesting. In a larger colony, increased competition for food can make it harder for parents to feed their chicks. 　　The benefits and drawbacks for birds of nesting in groups seem to be highly situational. Although scientists have hypothesized about the advantages of group nesting in terms of enabling group defensive behavior, escape from predation by being surrounded by neighbors (called the selfish herd hypothesis), as well as escaping predators through sheer numbers, in reality, each of these functions evidently depends on a number of factors. Clearly, there can be safety in numbers, but there is some doubt about whether it balances out against the tendency for conspicuous breeding colonies to attract predators, and some suggest that colonial breeding can actually make birds more vulnerable. At a Common Tern colony in Minnesota, a study of Spotted Sandpipers observed to nest near the tern colony showed that the sandpipers that nested nearest the colony seemed to gain some protection from mammalian predators, but avian predators were apparently attracted to the colony and the sandpipers nesting there were actually more vulnerable. In a study of a Least Tern colony in Connecticut, nocturnal avian predators in the form of Black-crowned Night Herons and Great Horned Owls were observed to repeatedly invade a colony, flying into the middle of the colony and meeting no resistance. 　　For seabirds, the location of colonies on islands, which are inaccessible to terrestrial predators, is an obvious advantage. Islands where terrestrial predators have arrived in the form of rats, cats, foxes, etc., have devastated island seabird colonies. One well-studied case of this phenomenon has been the effect on Common Murre colonies on islands in Alaska, where foxes were introduced for fur farming.

问答题NowreadthepassageaboutE-books.Youwillhave45secondstoreadthepassage.Beginreadingnow.ReadingTime:45secondsE-booksAlthoughmainstreamacceptanceremainsafewyearsdowntheroad,E-booksappeartobeontheirway.TheearlysuccessofStephenKing'sinternet-onlywork,ThePlant,hasshownthatthemediumisbeginningtocatchon,thoughsignificanthurdlesremainbeforeit,gainswidespreadpopularity.SeveralpublishershaveestablishedE-bookdivisionsexclusivelydevotedtothetechnology,andbothAmazon.comandbn.com(Barnes&Noble'sonlinevenue)havecreatedspacesontheirsitestohandleE-books.Thenewtechnologyhasanumberofadvantagesoveritspaperrelation,calledthe"P-book"bythoseinthepublishingindustry,posingthequestionastowhethertheyoutweightheseeminglyirreplaceableintimacysharedbetweenreaderandhistree-born,black-and-whitetypedcompanion.

问答题Thewomanexpressesheropinionaboutthefeeincrease.Stateheropinionandexplainthereasonsshegivesforholdingthatopinion.

问答题Conversation 1： 　　大一结束马上要升大二的学生到学校咨询有没有校园的community house可以申请，老师给提供了music house的信息。说上一学期的Jazz Festival就是music house举办的，男生很兴奋说自己不是音乐专业的，但是平时也会联系萨克斯，老师说有些人不愿意住在music house因为很吵，申请的通过率也不高，大概30%。要交application，上面要写清楚自己的意愿。

问答题Inthisquestion,youwilllistentoaconversation.Thenyouwillbeaskedtotalkabouttheinformationintheconversationandgiveyouropinionabouttheideaspresented.Afterthequestion,youwillhave20secondstoprepareyourresponseand60secondstospeak.Listentoastudentandaprofessordiscussingafailinggrade.QuestionTheprofessorandthestudenttalkabouttwopossiblesolutionstothestudent'sproblem.Describetheproblemandthenstatewhichofthetwosolutionsyoupreferandexplainwhy.

问答题Some people like to cook their own meals at home. Others prefer to eat in a restaurant or a cafeteria. Which do you prefer and why? Include details and examples in your explanation.

问答题女生进门就自报姓名，问教授记不记得自己，她去年选了教授的音乐课，老师说当然记得，然后女生问能不能临时加入老师组织的下下周的某人的opera。然后老师说其实是下周末。原来老师每学期音乐课的实践课程，还算学分的，去年女生因为工作错过了音乐会（有题，问为什么去年女生没有去成音乐会），今年很想跟着一块去。老师说通常来说，参加opera的都是班上的学生（有题，问教授suggest what about the concert）， 不大好破例。而且她来的太晚了，几周之前就已经确定了订票情况，现在他就算有心帮忙，也无能为力，下周末就开演的。然后学生还问就连多一张票也没有吗。其 实是因为这个票是老师内部价，比学生票还便宜，所以老师建议他可以去买学生票，比他的内部票贵点，但是也比正价便宜多了。学生还是不罢休，教授（看出了是 钱的问题），又提出一个方案（有题，提出了哪两个方案），说她可以打电话问有没有类似于volunteer的工作机会，比如Usher（引座员）就可以免费观看opera, 但是时间太紧迫，不确定起不起效。学生说打个电话也无妨，还问可不可以提到她是老师名下的学生。老师说可以，但是我的名字不出名，最好提department的名字，工作人员知道department学生还是对音乐多虔诚的（有题，问imply:就说他们这个部门的学生去做志愿者有优势吧）。

问答题Describethewoman'sproblemandthetwosuggestionstheprofessormakesabouthowtodealwithit.Whatdoyouthinkthewomanshoulddo,andwhy?