填空题. The Unsaturated and Saturated Zones The two primary divisions in the upper layers of the Earth are called the unsaturated and saturated zones. These two terms refer to the amount of water that each zone holds in addition to the ability of that water to move. Each zone has special characteristics that make the movement of water possible or not based primarily on the amount of soil and the types of rocks found in the ground. These zones do not have defined limits, their depths may vary considerably, and they are both vital for agriculture and for use as sources of fresh water for animals, plants, and people. The unsaturated zone is found in the upper level of the soil, where water may be confined in small spaces between particles of soil and rocks. Because of the greater amount of soil and rock compared to water, water has a difficult time moving through the unsaturated zone. It is more restrained and compressed than water located in the saturated zone beneath it. More solid rock, such as granite, permits water little movement while more porous rocks and soil, such as sand and clay, allow water greater movement. Nevertheless, despite the solidity of the unsaturated zone, water can still move through it by flowing both upward and downward. Rainwater seeps through it to the saturated zone while plant root systems draw water from this zone, which makes it a crucial component for plant survivability. The saturated zone lies beneath the unsaturated zone, and its upper level is commonly called the water table, in the saturated zone, water flows more freely because there is less solid rock to interfere with it. The depth of the saturated zone depends upon a variety of factors, including what type of rock and soil are underneath it, the amount of rainfall the area gets, the presence of nearby rivers and lakes, and the amount of water that is consumed by humans. Layers of solid bedrock beneath the saturated zone limit its depth while the presence of more porous rocks and soil causes it to be deeper. Heavy rainfall means that more water seeps into it and that water exists in greater concentrations. Rivers and lakes, however, tend to drain water from the saturated zone as some geologists estimate that up to thirty percent of the water in some rivers comes from the saturated zone. Finally, when humans dig wells to take water from the ground, the saturated zone gets depleted of water. The area between the unsaturated and saturated zones is a narrow region that has been termed the capillary fringe zone. In this place, which varies in thickness from a few centimeters to more than half a meter, the water in the saturated zone is drawn up by capillary action into the unsaturated zone. The distance the water moves upward depends upon the types of rocks and soil. If the rocks and soil there have large pores, only a small amount of water will be drawn up a relatively small distance. If the rocks and soil have smaller pores, however, more water will be drawn up, and it will travel a greater distance into the unsaturated zone. The reason is that capillary action works better in objects with smaller pores due to the properties of liquid surface tension, which is required for capillary action. The human usage of water from the saturated zone can have tremendous effects on the environment as taking too much water for both agriculture and human consumption can have disastrous results. In some places, the loss of water from the saturated zone causes the subsidence of the unsaturated zone, resulting in large depressions in the surface of the land. In other cases, overconsumption can cause the disruption of agriculture. For example, one of the largest saturated zones in the United States, the Ogallala Aquifer in the Midwest, has 170,000 wells pumping twenty trillion cubic meters of water to the surface annually. The result of this extraction has been an average drop in the depth of the water table of almost four meters in the past few decades, and there have been extreme drops of as much as sixty meters in some regions in Kansas. This has led to a decline in agriculture and an increase in the cost of pumping water up from the saturated zone.44. The word they in the passage refers to ______

填空题. The Structure of the Human Eye Comprised of more than thirty, major parts, the human eye ranks among the body's most intricately designed and complex organs. However, for simplicity's sake, this complicated body part can be reduced to its major components—the pupil, iris, lens, cornea, retina, and optic nerve—and their main functions. Each part plays a vital role in granting sight to a person. The most familiar parts of the eye are the pupil and the iris because they are easily visible when looking at a person's eyes. The pupil is the central hole that allows light to enter the eye. It typically changes size to permit entry to more or less light by contracting in bright light and expanding in dim light. The iris is the colored area of the eye surrounding the pupil and is the part which controls the contracting and expanding of the pupil thanks to muscles connected to it that enable the iris to open and close. The cornea and lens let the eye focus light in particular ways after it enters the eye. The cornea is located in front of the pupil and iris while the lens lies behind them. The cornea is a curved, transparent structure that bends light toward the pupil. On account of this function, the cornea has no blood vessels that could potentially cloud it, so it receives nutrients from the watery tears that cover the eye whenever a person blinks. As for the lens, it takes the light entering the pupil and focuses it toward the back of the eye in the direction of the retina. The lens has the ability to change shapes to focus on objects at various distances. The retina is formed by sensitive photoreceptor cells called rods and cones, which form the images that a person sees through the pupil. The rods handle black and white images and are used mostly in situations involving dim light while the cones are responsible for images requiring colored light. As images form on the retina, they are instantaneously sent along the optic nerve to the brain, where they are interpreted as what a person sees. *component: a piece or pad of something larger *cloud: to make blurry7. The author discusses the iris in paragraph 2 in order to ______

填空题2. The Expanding Universe Theory The Big Bang Theory, which posits that the universe began from a single point of incredibly dense matter, is the most widely accepted theory regarding the creation of the universe. According to it, roughly fourteen billion years ago, this matter exploded and expanded to form the present-day universe. This theory is based upon observations of the universe suggesting that it is not static but is instead continually expanding outward. For centuries, astronomers believed that the universe was fixed and that Earth was located at its center. By the early twentieth century, the notion that Earth was at the center of the universe had been dispelled, but the static universe theory was still the prevailing model. Even Albert Einstein was a great believer in it. Then, in 1917, he had a revelation. His general theory of relativity did not precisely agree with the static universe model, yet he could not reconcile his strong belief in a static universe with his theories, so he concluded that some unknown force was preventing the universe from expanding. Simultaneously, other astronomers were discovering that Earth and the sun belonged to a large collection of stars they called a galaxy. In 1925, American astronomer Edwin Hubble proved other galaxies existed in addition to Earth's galaxy, which had been dubbed the Milky Way. Hubble made further observations that had a profound effect on the static universe theory. In 1929, he realized that the light coming from the galaxies he was observing had a distinctive red shift on the light spectrum. This was due to the Doppler Effect, which makes an object moving away from an observer appear red in color. This meant that the galaxies were moving away from one another and that the universe was expanding outward. There was resistance to Hubble's theory, but Einstein accepted it, and others soon agreed with the expanding universe theory as well. From it, astronomers concluded that if the universe was expanding, then it must have been much smaller at some point. That led to the Big Bang Theory becoming the accepted model for the creation of the universe. *static: stationary; unmoving *Doppler Effect: a shift in the frequency of the radiation emitted by a source that is moving relative to an observer An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas of the passage. Some sentences do not belong because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. Thanks to discoveries made by astronomers in the twentieth century, the expanding universe model replaced the static universe model as accepted science, ANSWER CHOICES ①Edwin Hubble made a discovery that showed that the galaxies in the universe were spreading apart from one another. ②The theory of relativity showed Albert Einstein that his notion that the universe was static was incorrect. ③Most people throughout history have believed that the universe is static and that Earth can be found at its center. ④The belief in the expanding universe model indicated to astronomers that the universe was probably started due to the Big Bang. ⑤Albert Einstein and Edwin Hubble worked together to come up with the expanding universe model. ⑥The Doppler Effect is what makes an object appear red when it is moving away from another object.

填空题.The First Talkies Motion pictures were invented late in the nineteenth century, yet it was not until the 1920s that they featured sound. Prior to then, movies were silent but were usually accompanied by printed words or subtitles on the screen to serve as dialogue or descriptions. Many theaters additionally employed a piano player or music record player to provide live music during the showing of a film. Silent film actors were famed for their ability to show expressive emotions rather than to recite dialogue, such as what was done during staged dramatic performances. When the first sound motion pictures—talkies—came out, however, the landscape of the motion picture industry changed forever. Since motion pictures were invented, people desired to include sound along with the moving images. Some early devices utilized sound discs, which were similar to record albums, to produce sounds for short films; however, the difficulty was getting the sounds and images to synchronize. This was a problematic task because both had to be started at precisely the same moment for the sounds and images to match. Due to this problem, the motion picture industry searched for a way to put sounds and images onto a single medium. By 1920, several European inventors had experienced minor success in putting sound waves on celluloid film strips, but the technology was deemed inadequate for large-scale motion pictures. Meanwhile, in the United States, inventor Lee de Forrest strived to perfect recording sound on celluloid, and, by the mid-1920s, he had solved the problem. He started producing short sound films for public exhibition. At the same time, other inventors successfully worked on sound on disc technology, which synchronized sounds on a record disc with the images in a film. The first major motion picture to take advantage of this system was Don Juan, which premiered in August 1926. It used recorded music and sound effects, yet it had no recorded dialogue, so it is usually not considered the first talkie. That honor went to The Jazz Singer, which was released in October 1927. It was the first major motion picture with prerecorded music, effects, and, in some scenes, singing and dialogue. The Jazz Singer used sound on disc technology, but the standard soon became sound on celluloid, or film, due to the better synchronization between sounds and images that it provided. At first, the big Hollywood studios resisted changing from silent movies to talkies. A major issue was that theaters, which were owned by many of the major studios then, were unequipped to project talkies, so converting them would be expensive. There were also difficulties on movie sets as directors and actors struggled with the new sound recording technology. Nevertheless the success of The Jazz Singer and other talkies changed their minds. In July 1928, Lights of New York, the first film with all its dialogue recorded and played for the audience, became a smash hit. Audiences were amazed by the new technology and clamored for more as they wanted to see their favorite stars singing and talking on the silver screen. For the next few years, studios continued to produce both silent movies and talkies. However, by the mid-1930s, most studios were only producing talkies as silent movies practically disappeared. *subtitle: words in a film that are printed at the bottom of a screen *synchronize: to match; to coordinate *smash hit: a huge success; a bestseller36. Vocabulary ______=to repeat something from memory

填空题. Pacific Island Plant and Animal Migration The Pacific Ocean is covered by a vast archipelago of islands that are spread out in long chains covering thousands of kilometers with some close to large landmasses and others much farther away. When European explorers chanced upon these islands, almost all of them were inhabited, and most had significant amounts of vegetation as well as large populations of various species of animals. Because nearly all of these islands were created by volcanic activity, such life—both plant and animal—would have been absent from them when they rose above the ocean's surface. The plants and animals living on them migrated from elsewhere by both air and sea. In many cases, they accomplished this on their own, but some of them got helping hands from humans. Plant life on the desolate volcanic Pacific islands most likely initially arrived due to the wind. Small seeds such as thistle seeds and the spores of ferns are lightweight enough to have been carried aloft great distances whereas heavy seeds would have had more difficulty being transported that way, especially to remote, isolated islands such as Easter Island and the Galapagos Islands. The latter group has many lichens, ferns, and mosses, which all grow from light spores, yet it has few vascular plants, which have heavier seeds. As for vascular plant life, it could have arrived on other islands through two ways: by water or birds. The coconut tree is widespread throughout the Pacific islands in spite of its enormous seeds being too heavy to be carried by the wind, yet it is light enough to float, so it has moved all across the ocean in that way. Birds may have also consumed various heavy seeds, flown to islands, and then defecated the seeds onto these new lands, whereupon they then began to grow. There may not have been suitable soil for seeds to grow in on these volcanic islands at first, but, over time, as new plant life arrived, the soil was sufficiently broken up and filled with nutrients, thereby allowing many plant species to take root. Similarly, animals arrived by air and sea. The birds that first arrived on the Pacific islands indisputably flew from nearby larger landmasses. Over many generations, they could have island-hopped from one place to another. Small insects—and possibly tiny invertebrates—may have been light enough to be windblown to various islands. Certainly, sea creatures such as turtles and penguins arrived on the islands by swimming to them. Small mammals and reptiles may have arrived on them by water, most likely after floating on rafts of dense vegetation that were blown out to sea during strong storms. Some species of mice have been known to do this, and lizards have also been found on rafts far from their native homelands. Today, many Pacific islands are home to a wide variety of plants and animals that reside throughout the rest of the world. The reason is that they were brought to the islands as a result of human migration. Over thousands of years, people spread from mainland Asia into the Pacific islands as they reached as far south as New Zealand, as far east as Easter Island, and as far north as Hawaii. During these great migrations, people took their plants and animals with them. One example is the chicken, which is found virtually everywhere in the Pacific today because it was transported in large canoes from island to island. The pig was also widespread throughout the Pacific and became an important source of protein for Pacific islanders. Some animals, such as mice, were most likely stowaways on islanders' canoes. Furthermore, people took their staple plants, such as taro and yams, which they planted on the islands as they slowly made their way across the Pacific Ocean. The Pacific natives were not the only ones who contributed to animal and plant migration as Europeans also played a role of their own. Unfortunately, European explorers brought many animals that caused disruptions on the islands. ❶Dogs, rats, snakes, and cats, for instance, hunted many species of small mammals and birds to extinction. ❷Plant eaters such as goats and sheep had negative effects on small islands' vegetation as well. ❸Nevertheless, these new animals provided some benefits. ❹Goats and sheep, for instance, became important to the settlements of Europeans on New Zealand.28. in paragraph 1, the author implies that many of the Pacific islands ______

填空题. Woodrow Wilson's Economic Policies Woodrow Wilson served as the president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. While he is mostly remembered for leading the country into World War Ⅰ and for his peace efforts following the war, he was also heavily involved in domestic affairs, particularly those regarding the American economy. During his presidency, the Federal Reserve banking system was established, antitrust laws were strengthened, tariff reforms were instituted, and the first broad income tax became law. Qn top of those measures, the eight-hour workday was established, and financial assistance was provided to farmers during Wilson's two terms in office. One of Wilson's first moves toward economic reform was the Revenue Act of 1913, which had two objectives: the lowering of tariffs and the implementing of a broad income tax on all sources of income. The income tax was intended to maintain government revenues that would be lost through the lowering of tariffs. The income tax had become law once the Sixteenth Amendment was ratified in February 1913, one month prior to Wilson taking office; however, the details of the new law had not been worked out yet. Wilson's government proposed a one-percent tax on all annual incomes exceeding $4,000 for couples and $3,000 for singles. ❶The new law also allowed higher taxes to be levied on those earning greater incomes. ❷And it lowered tariffs on foreign goods, which was done in the hope of increasing international trade. ❸The immediate effectiveness of this act on the American economy is difficult to calculate though because the outbreak of World War Ⅰ in 1914 tremendously upset global trade.❹ Wilson additionally set his sights on reforming the American banking system. Most American banks were private enterprises, and numerous banks had failed, leaving their depositors impoverished when all their savings were lost. Wilson was determined to create a federal banking system which would have a wide range of responsibilities, among them protecting people's savings and serving as the government's bank. This new bank would additionally be the only legal authority permitted to issue American money. After considerable debate, the Federal Reserve Act was passed in December 1913. Antitrust reform and consumer protection were Wilson's next targets. During his time, many of the largest American companies dominated certain aspects of the economy, including oil, steel, and shopping. Antitrust laws were designed to halt these practices, which they accomplished with the breakup of Standard Oil into several small companies in 1911. The court system handled antitrust cases, but Wilson believed they should be the responsibility of a regulatory body that would oversee all such business practices. Therefore, the Federal Trade Commission was established in 1914 to regulate competition between companies and to protect consumers from unfair business practices. Wilson continued to focus on reforming the American economy when he tackled two more major issues, agriculture and labor laws. Farming was the livelihood of a great majority of Americans in the 1910s, but farms were notoriously susceptible to instability, suffering both good and bad years. Most farmers were cash poor and unable to improve their farms or equipment. Banks frequently refused to lend money to farmers, or, if they did, the loans were short term and had interest rates that were ruinous in nature. The Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916 was passed to enable farmers to borrow money by using their land as collateral. Under this act, farmers could borrow up to $10,000 at low interest rates and had up to forty years to repay the funds. The main results were the revitalization of the small American farmer and the protection of these farmers from absorption by big agricultural companies. Labor reform during Wilson's administration came about due to a threatened major railway strike in 1916 that was averted only when workers were promised an eight-hour workday, which would reduce the work they did on a daily basis. This established a precedent that later led to most workers getting eight-hour workdays. Wilson attempted to reform child labor laws through the Keating-Owen Labor Act of 1916, but the Supreme Court ruled it was unconstitutional and struck it down in 1918. Despite this setback, Wilson's economic reforms as a whole had a significant and long-lasting impact on the American economy.44. In paragraph 1, the author's description of Woodrow Wilson mentions all of the following EXCEPT: ______

______, particularly the oxides of sulfur, greatly increases the rate at which rust forms.

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______ 200 bones forming the framework, or skeleton, of the human body.

The atmosphere that originally surrounded Earth was probably much different from the air we breathe today. Earth's first atmosphere (some 4.6 billion years ago) was most likely hydrogen and helium--the two most abundant gasses found in the universe--as well as hydrogen compounds, such as methane and ammonia, Most scientists feel that5 this early atmosphere escaped into space from the Earth's hot surface. A second, more dense atmosphere, however, gradually enveloped Earth as gasses from molten rocks within its hot interior escaped through volcanoes and steam vents. We assume that volcanoes spewed out the same gasses then as they do today: mostly water vapor (about 80 percent), carbon dioxide (about ten percent), and up to a few10 percent nitrogen. These same gasses probably created Earth's second atmosphere. As millions of years passed, the constant outpouring of gasses from the hot interior--known as outgassing--provided a rich supply of water vapor, which formed into clouds. Rain fell upon Earth for many thousands or years, forming the rivers, lakes, and oceans of the world. During this Lime, large amounts of carbon dioxide were15 dissolved in the oceans. Through chemical and biological processes, much of the carbon dioxide became locked up in carbon sedimentary rocks, such as limestone. With much of the water vapor already condensed into water and the concentration of carbon dioxide dwindling, the atmosphere gradually became rich nitrogen. It appears that oxygen, the second most abundant gas in today's atmosphere, probably20 began an extremely slow increase in concentration as energetic rays from the sun split water vapor into hydrogen and oxygen during a process called photodissociation. The hydrogen, being lighter, probably rose and escaped into space, while the oxygen remained in the atmosphere. This slow increase in oxygen may have provided enough of this gas for primitive25 plants to evolve, perhaps two to three billion years ago. Or the plants may have evolved in an almost oxygen-free (anaerobic) environment. At any rate, plant growth greatly enriched our atmosphere with oxygen. The reason for this enrichment is that plants, in the presence of sunlight, process carbon dioxide and water to produce oxygen.

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The languages spoken by early Europeans are still shrouded in mystery. There is no linguistic continuity between the languages of Old Europe (a term sometimes used for Europe between 7000 and 3000 B.C.) and the languages of the modem world, and we cannot yet translate the Old European script, Scholars have deciphered other ancient5 languages, such as Sumerian, Akkadian, and Babylonian, which used the cuneiform script, because of the fortuitous discovery of bilingual inscriptions, When cuneiform tablets were first discovered in the eighteenth century, scholars could not decipher them. Then inscriptions found in baa at the end of the eighteenth century provided a link: these inscriptions were written in cuneiform and in two other ancient languages, Old Persian10 and New Elamite--languages that had already been deciphered. It took several decades, but scholars eventually translated the ancient cuneiform script via the more familiar Old Persian language: Similarly, the hieroglyphic writing of the Egyptians remained a mystery until French troops unearthed the famous Rosetta stone in the late eighteenth century. The stone carried15 the same message written in ancient Greek, Egyptian hieroglyphs, and Egyptian hieratic, a simplified form of hieroglyphs. The Rosetta stone thwarted scholars' efforts for several decades until the early nineteenth century when several key hieroglyphic phrases were decoded using the Greek inscriptions. Unfortunately, we have no Old European Rosetta stone to chart correspondences between Old European script and the languages that20 replaced it. Tim incursions of Indo-European tribes into Old Europe from the late fifth to the early third millennia B.C. caused a linguistic and cultural discontinuity. These incursions disrupted the Old European sedentary farming lifestyle that had existed for 3,000 years As the Indo-Europeans encroached on Old Europe from the east, the continent underwent25 upheavals. These severely affected the Balkans, where the Old European cultures abundantly employed script. The Old European way of life deteriorated rapidly, although pockets of Old European culture remained for several millennia, ~ new peoples spoke completely different languages belonging to the Indo-European linguistic family. The Old European language or languages, and the script used to write them, declined and eventually vanished.

Just over two-thirds of Earth’s surface is covered by wafer, ______ more than 98 percent of this water is contained in the oceans.

Pleasing to look at and touch, beads come in shapes, colors, and materials ______ to handle and to sort them.

阅读理解According to the passage, all of the following are true about prints EXCEPT that they

阅读理解Which of the following terms is defined in the passage?

阅读理解Industrialization came to the United State after 1790 as North American entrepreneurs 　　　 increased productivity by reorganizing work and building factories. These innovations 　　　 in manufacturing boosted output and living standards to an unprecedented extent; the 　　　 average per capita wealth increased by nearly 1 percent per year―30 percent over (5) the course of a generation. Goods that had once been luxury items became part of 　　　 everyday life. 　　　 The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which workers made 　　　 goods, since the 1790''s, North American entrepreneurs―even without technological 　　　 improvements―had broadened the scope of the outwork system that mace manufacturing (10) more efficient by distributing materials to a succession of workers who each performed a 　　　 single step of the production process. For example, during the 1820''s and 1830''s the shoe 　　　 industry greatly expanded the scale and extend of me outwork system. Tens of thousands 　　　 of rural women, paid according to the amount they produced, fabricated the "uppers" of 　　　 shoes, which were bound to the soles by wage-earning journeymen shoemakers in dozens (15) of massachusetts towns, whereas previously journeymen would have made the enure 　　　 shoe. This system of production made the employer a powerful "shoe boss" and eroded 　　　 workers'' control over the pace and conditions of labor. However, it also dramatically 　　　 increased the output of shoes while cutting their price. 　　　 For tasks that were not suited to the outwork system, entrepreneurs created an even (20) more important new organization, the modem factory, which used power-driven machines 　　　 and assembly-line techniques to turn out large quantities of well-made goods. As early 　　　 as 1782 the prolific Delaware inventor Oliver Evans had buiit a highly automated, 　　　 laborsaving flour mill driven by water power. His machinery lifted the grain to the top of 　　　 the mill, cleaned it as it fell into containers known as hoppers, ground the grain into flour, 25) and then conveyed the flour back to the top of the mill to allow it to cool as it desended 　　　 into barrels. Subsequently, manufacturers made use of new improved stationary steam 　　　 engines to power their mills. This new technology enabled them to build factories in the 　　　 nation''s largest cities, taking advantage of urban concentrations of inexpensive labor, 　　　 good transportation networks, and eager customers.

阅读理解Electricity from Wind Since 1980, the use of wind to produce electricity has been growing rapidly

阅读理解Opportunists and Competitors Growth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy