阅读理解Native Americans probably arrived from Asia in successive waves over several millennia, crossing a plain hundreds of miles wide that now lies inundated by 160 feet of water released by melting glaciers. For several periods of time, the first beginning around 60,000 B.C. and the last ending around 7,000 B.C., this land bridge was open. The (5) first people traveled in the dusty trails of the animals they hunted. They brought with them not only their families, weapons, and tools but also a broad metaphysical understanding, sprung from dreams and visions and articulated in myth and song, which complemented their scientific and historical knowledge of the lives of animals and of people. All this they shaped in a variety of languages, bringing into being oral literatures of power and beauty. (10) Contemporary readers, forgetting the origins of western epic, lyric, and dramatic forms, are easily disposed to think of “literature” only as something written. But on reflection it becomes clear that the more critically useful as well as the more frequently employed sense of the term concerns the artfulness of the verbal creation, not its mode of presentation. Ultimately, literature is aesthetically valued, regardless of language, culture, (15)or mode of presentation, because some significant verbal achievement results from the struggle in words between tradition and talent. Verbal art has the ability to shape out a compelling inner vision in some skillfully crafted public verbal form. Of course, the differences between the written and oral modes of expression are not without consequences for an understanding of Native American literature. The essential (20)difference is that a speech event is an evolving communication, an “emergent form,” the shape, functions, and aesthetic values of which become more clearly realized over the course of the performance. In performing verbal art , the performer assumes responsibility for the manner as well as the content of the performance, while the audience assumes the responsibility for evaluating the performer’s competence in both areas. It is this intense (25)mutual engagement that elicits the display of skill and shapes the emerging performance. Where written literature provides us with a tradition of texts, oral literature offers a tradition of performances.

阅读理解Many ants forage across the countryside in large numbers and undertake mass migrations; these activities proceed because one ant lays a trail on the ground for the others to follow. As a worker ant returns home after finding a source of food, it marks the route by intermittently touching its stinger to the ground and depositing a tiny amount of trail (5)pheromone—a mixture of chemicals that delivers diverse messages as the context changes. These trails incorporate no directional information and may be followed by other ants in either direction. Unlike some other messages, such as the one arising from a dead ant, a food trail has to be kept secret from members of other species. It is not surprising then that ant species use (10)a wide variety of compounds as trail pheromones. Ants can be extremely sensitive to these signals. Investigators working with the trail pheromone of the leafcutter ant Atta texana calculated that one milligram of this substance would suffice to lead a column of ants three times around Earth. The vapor of the evaporating pheromone over the trail guides an ant along the way, (15)and the ant detects this signal with receptors in its antennae. A trail pheromone will evaporate to furnish the highest concentration of vapor right over the trail, in what is called a vapor space. In following the trail, the ant moves to the right and left, oscillating from side to side across the line of the trail itself, bringing first one and then the other antenna into the vapor space. As the ant moves to the right, its left antenna arrives in the vapor space. (20)The signal it receives causes it to swing to the left, and the ant then pursues this new course until its right antenna reaches the vapor space. It then swings back to the right, and so weaves back and forth down the trail.

阅读理解Aggression When one animal attacks another, it engages in the most obvious example of aggressive behavior

阅读理解Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer The vast grasslands of the High Plains in the central United States were settled by farmers and ranchers in the 1880s

阅读理解The "large, broad wheels" of the Conestoga wagon are mentioned in line 21 as an example of a feature of wagons that was

阅读理解The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area

阅读理解In 1903 the members of the governing board of the University of Washington. In 　　　 Seattle. engaged a firm of landscape architects, specialists in the design of outdoor 　　　 environments--Olmsted Brothers of Brookline, Massachusetts-to advise them on an 　　　 appropriate layout for the university grounds. The plan impressed the university officials, (5) and in time many of its recommendations were implemented. City officials in Seattle, the 　　　 largest city in the northwestern United States, were also impressed, for they employed the 　　　 same organization to study Seattle''s public park needs. John Olmsted did the investigation 　　　 and subsequent report on Seattle''s parks. He and his brothers believed that parks should 　　　 be adapted to the local topography, utilize the area''s trees and shrubs, and be available to (10) the entire community. They especially emphasized the need for natural, serene settings 　　　 where hurried urban dwellers could periodically escape from the city. The essence of the 　　　 Olmsted park plan was to develop a continuous driveway, twenty miles long, that would 　　　 tie together a whole series of parks, playgrounds, and parkways. There would be local 　　　 parks and squares, too, but all of this was meant to supplement the major driveway, (15) which was to remain the unifying factor for the entire system. 　　　 In November of 1903 the city council of Seattle adopted the Olmsted Report, and 　　　 it automatically became the master plan for the city''s park system. Prior to this report, 　　　 Seattle''s park development was very limited and funding meager. All this changed 　　　 after the report. Between 1907 and 1913, city voters approved special funding measures (20) amounting to $4,000,000. With such unparalleled sums at their disposal, with the Olmsted 　　　 guidelines to follow, and with the added incentive of wanting to have the city at its best 　　　 for the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition of 1909, the Parks Board bought aggressively. 　　　 By 1913 Seattle had 25 parks amounting to 1,400 acres, as well as 400 acres in 　　　 playgrounds, pathways, boulevards, and triangles. More lands would be added in the (25) future, but for all practical purposes it was the great land surge of 1907-1913 that 　　　 established Seattle''s park system.

阅读理解What did the voyages of HMS Challenger (line13) and The Fram (line 26) have in common?

阅读理解The word "witnessed”'in line 26 is closest in meaning to

阅读理解It can inferred from the discussion about ducks that the molting of their flight feathers takes.

听力题 Finally there is one more element to business success that we haven''t talked about. I know what you think I''m going to say, luck and you''re partially right. Good entrepreneurs know how to make their own luck and that means being in the right place at the right time with the right product. Let me give you a little example, early in this century, if you’re a traveler by train and subway and you happen to get a little thirsty in the station, where would you go for some water? There were no big soda machine at every corner or even drinking fountains, yet there were thousands of thirsty travelers out there, well, what they did was drank water out of one little tin cup that was passed from one thirsty commuter to the next. That''s right, everybody drank out of the same cup, and you can bat it didn’t get washed after every user. Will, that was the right time for the right product and there was a man who had it. His name is H M and his product was the disposable paper cup. He came up with it just as the nation was becoming concerned about their health risks associated with the tin cups. Laws were passed outlying the things; reports were published showing just what sorts of germs can be passed around from sharing them. Mr. M road that way to become the best known producers of one of the most successful paper products of all time. He originally called his product health cups, but later changed the nature, so can anyone guess what that name might be? Finally there is one more element to business success that we haven''t talked about. I know what you think I''m going to say, luck and you''re partially right. Good entrepreneurs know how to make their own luck and that means being in the right place at the right time with the right product. Let me give you a little example, early in this century, if you’re a traveler by train and subway and you happen to get a little thirsty in the station, where would you go for some water? There were no big soda machine at every corner or even drinking fountains, yet there were thousands of thirsty travelers out there, well, what they did was drank water out of one little tin cup that was passed from one thirsty commuter to the next. That''s right, everybody drank out of the same cup, and you can bat it didn’t get washed after every user. Will, that was the right time for the right product and there was a man who had it. His name is H M and his product was the disposable paper cup. He came up with it just as the nation was becoming concerned about their health risks associated with the tin cups. Laws were passed outlying the things; reports were published showing just what sorts of germs can be passed around from sharing them. Mr. M road that way to become the best known producers of one of the most successful paper products of all time. He originally called his product health cups, but later changed the nature, so can anyone guess what that name might be?

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听力题Today

听力题 Human population near the equator have evolved dark skin over many generations because of exposure to the fiercest rays of the sun. A similar phenomenon has also occurred in other parts of the animal kingdom. The African grass mouse is a good example. Most mice are nocturnal, but the African grass mouse is active during daylight hours. This means that it spends its days searching for food in the semi-dry bush in squired habitats of eastern and southern Africa. Its furry stripe''s like a chipmunk''s, which helps it blend in with its environment. Because it spends a lot of time in the intense tropical sun, the grass mouse has also evolved two separate safeguards against the sun''s ultraviolet radiation. First, like the population of humans in this region of the world, the skin of the grass mouse contains lots of melanin, or dark pigment. Second and quite unusual, this mouse has a layer of melanin pigmented tissue between its skull and skin. This unique cap provides an extra measure of protection for the grass mouse and three other types of African mouse, like rodents that are active during the day. The only other species scientists have identified with the same sort of skull of that occasion is the white camp-making bat of the Central American tropic. Although these bats sleep during the day, they do so curled up with their head exposed to the sun. Human population near the equator have evolved dark skin over many generations because of exposure to the fiercest rays of the sun. A similar phenomenon has also occurred in other parts of the animal kingdom. The African grass mouse is a good example. Most mice are nocturnal, but the African grass mouse is active during daylight hours. This means that it spends its days searching for food in the semi-dry bush in squired habitats of eastern and southern Africa. Its furry stripe''s like a chipmunk''s, which helps it blend in with its environment. Because it spends a lot of time in the intense tropical sun, the grass mouse has also evolved two separate safeguards against the sun''s ultraviolet radiation. First, like the population of humans in this region of the world, the skin of the grass mouse contains lots of melanin, or dark pigment. Second and quite unusual, this mouse has a layer of melanin pigmented tissue between its skull and skin. This unique cap provides an extra measure of protection for the grass mouse and three other types of African mouse, like rodents that are active during the day. The only other species scientists have identified with the same sort of skull of that occasion is the white camp-making bat of the Central American tropic. Although these bats sleep during the day, they do so curled up with their head exposed to the sun.

听力题W: ok

听力题Excuse me

听力题Today most astronomers accept the notion that groups of stars that make up the universe are all moving farther and farther away from each other. but until very recently this idea of an expanding universe was not a theory most European scholars believed in since ancient times and up to about the17th century most of these scholars thought the size of the universe have remained unchanged since the moment of its creation or perhaps forever, with all the stars remaining more or less in place in relation to each other. but that was challenged in the late 17th century by Izic Newton''s idea of gravity as a force of attraction, which contradicted the idea of a university that is static, unchanging. If gravity causes all the stars out there in space to attract each other as Newton said, then they could remain motionless. Sooner or later all the stars will fall in absorb each other. well, scientists then propose a new model, taking Newton''s theory into account, they didn''t want to abandon the idea of motionless stars, but for this model to work, so the stars won''t fall in each other, they had to modify Newton''s law of gravity, so they theorize that for distance as large as those between stars, the gravitation force repels rather attracts. As you might guess, this other contradictions. But this is prettily resolved in the past centuries by currently accepted theory, which says the universe is continuously expanding. You''ll be reading all about that as your homework tonight. Today most astronomers accept the notion that groups of stars that make up the universe are all moving farther and farther away from each other. but until very recently this idea of an expanding universe was not a theory most European scholars believed in since ancient times and up to about the17th century most of these scholars thought the size of the universe have remained unchanged since the moment of its creation or perhaps forever, with all the stars remaining more or less in place in relation to each other. but that was challenged in the late 17th century by Izic Newton''s idea of gravity as a force of attraction, which contradicted the idea of a university that is static, unchanging. If gravity causes all the stars out there in space to attract each other as Newton said, then they could remain motionless. Sooner or later all the stars will fall in absorb each other. well, scientists then propose a new model, taking Newton''s theory into account, they didn''t want to abandon the idea of motionless stars, but for this model to work, so the stars won''t fall in each other, they had to modify Newton''s law of gravity, so they theorize that for distance as large as those between stars, the gravitation force repels rather attracts. As you might guess, this other contradictions. But this is prettily resolved in the past centuries by currently accepted theory, which says the universe is continuously expanding. You''ll be reading all about that as your homework tonight.

听力题M: I see you still got all your suitcases with you too. We must have the same problem. W: Let me guess. Your room''s been given to someone else? M: Yep. W: I don''t get it! They sent me my room number a long time ago. M: Me too. Well, at least there is room in another dorm, Bundy Hall. W: That''s where they''re putting me too. But you''ll realize that unless you have a car, Bundy is at least at 25 minutes walk from the center of campus. And don''t count on taking the campus bus, it runs at really inconvenient time. M: Great way to start your college career. But, I don''t know, maybe there is a positive side of all these. Since we''ll be so far away from everything, we''ll be forced to use our time wisely. W: True. I''ve heard lots of first year students get into trouble because they hang out every day in the student center till it closes. M: Exactly! And not only that, we will get plenty of exercise from all that extra walking. W: Yeah. And that is not exactly easy walking either. Around here you just about need a pair of hiking boots, and to enjoy mountain climbing. M: You count to get avoid there. But at least there are great vistas from some of the buildings, not to mention the possibility of some serious sled riding when it snows. M: I see you still got all your suitcases with you too. We must have the same problem. W: Let me guess. Your room''s been given to someone else? M: Yep. W: I don''t get it! They sent me my room number a long time ago. M: Me too. Well, at least there is room in another dorm, Bundy Hall. W: That''s where they''re putting me too. But you''ll realize that unless you have a car, Bundy is at least at 25 minutes walk from the center of campus. And don''t count on taking the campus bus, it runs at really inconvenient time. M: Great way to start your college career. But, I don''t know, maybe there is a positive side of all these. Since we''ll be so far away from everything, we''ll be forced to use our time wisely. W: True. I''ve heard lots of first year students get into trouble because they hang out every day in the student center till it closes. M: Exactly! And not only that, we will get plenty of exercise from all that extra walking. W: Yeah. And that is not exactly easy walking either. Around here you just about need a pair of hiking boots, and to enjoy mountain climbing. M: You count to get avoid there. But at least there are great vistas from some of the buildings, not to mention the possibility of some serious sled riding when it snows.

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