{{B}}Set 5{{/B}} THE DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS1 The domestication of wild species led directly to denser human populations by yielding more food than the hunter-gatherer lifestyle could provide. In societies that possessed domestic animals, livestock helped to feed more people by providing meat, milk, and fertilizer, and by pulling plows. Large domestic animals became the societies' main source of animal protein, replacing wild game, and they also {{U}}furnished{{/U}} wool, leather, and land transport. Humans have domesticated only a few species of large animals, with "large" defined as those weighing over 100 pounds (45 kilograms). Fourteen such species were domesticated before the twentieth century, all of them terrestrial mammals and herbivores. The five most important of these are sheep, goats, pigs, horses, and cattle or oxen. 2 Small animals such as ducks, geese, rabbits, dogs, cats, mink, bees, and silkworms have also been domesticated. Many of these small animals provided food, clothing, or warmth. However, none of them pulled plows or wagons, none carried riders, and none except dogs pulled sleds. Furthermore, no small domestic animals have been as important for food as have large domestic animals. 3 Early herding societies quickly domesticated all large mammal species that were suitable for domestication. There is archaeological evidence that these species were domesticated between 10,000 and 4,500 years ago, within the first few thousand years of the origins of farming-herding societies after the last Ice Age. The continent of Eurasia has been the primary site of large mammal domestication. Having the most species of wild mammals to begin with, and losing the fewest to extinction in the last 40,000 years, Eurasia has generated the most candidates for domestication. 4 Domestication involves transforming wild animals into something more useful to humans. Truly domesticated animals differ in many ways from their wild ancestors. These differences result from two processes: human selection of individual animals that are more useful to humans than other individuals of the same species, and evolutionary responses of animals to the forces of natural selection operating in human environments rather than in wild environments. 5 To be domesticated, a wild species must possess several characteristics. {{U}}A candidate for domestication must be primarily a herbivore because it takes less plant biomass to feed a plant eater than it does to feed a carnivore that consumes plant eaters{{/U}}. No carnivorous mammal has ever been domesticated for food simply because it would be too costly. A candidate must not only weigh an average of over 100 pounds but also grow quickly. That eliminates {{U}}gorillas and elephants{{/U}}, even though they are herbivores. Moreover, candidates for domestication must be able to breed successfully in captivity. 6 Since almost any sufficiently large mammal species is capable of killing a human, certain qualities {{U}}disqualify{{/U}} a wild animal for domestication. The animal cannot have a disposition that is nasty, dangerous, or unpredictable—characteristics that eliminate bears, African buffaloes, and some species of wild horses. The animal cannot be so nervous that it {{U}}panics{{/U}} around humans. Large herbivorous mammal species react to danger from predators or humans in different ways. Some species are nervous, fast, and programmed for instant flight when they perceive danger. Others are less nervous, seek protection in herds, and do not run until necessary. Most species of deer and antelope are of the former type, while sheep and goats are of the latter. 7 Almost all domesticated large mammals are species whose wild ancestors share three social characteristics: living in a herd, maintaining a dominance hierarchy in the herd, and having herds that occupy overlapping home ranges instead of mutually exclusive territories. Humans have taken advantage of these characteristics in keeping domestic animals together with others of their species and in close proximity to other species of domestic animals. Glossary: terrestrial: living on land rather than in water herbivores: animals that feed mainly on plants

Scholarship Clerk: Good Morning. I am Jeanette. Student: Good morning. I am Don Balducci. I have been ______ a freshman next year in the Faculty of Arts and I would like information on what scholarships are available to first year students. Clerk: There are many scholarships available to first year students. Some are only for one year and others are for the full four years of the degree ______. Student: ______ do you need to apply for the scholarships? Clerk: Well, the top 2 percent of ______ are invited by the Faculty Committee on Honors, Awards and Prizes to compete for the David White scholarship. This is a scholarship of $10,000 a year. ______? Student: I have a 92% average from my school, but I have not yet received the marks from my government exams. Clerk: Well, if you get 95% or better on your government exams, you could definitely ______ the David White Scholarship. The government exam is weighted 50% and your local school marks are weighted 50%. Most students in the past who have received this award had an average of over 93% ______. Student: Hmm. If I don"t get 95%, ______? Clerk: Well, it certainly ______ this scholarship, but there is nothing preventing you from applying. There are generally about 400 applicants a year. Student: Does the David White award guarantee me housing in the university residence? Clerk: Yes, it guarantees housing in residence for all four years ______. Another bonus, if you have a car, is parking privileges at the residence. Student: If I am not in the top 2 percent of entering freshmen, what other scholarships can I apply for? Clerk: You could go to our website. The Faculty Committee selects students ______ of each student. Different awards have different criteria. Some scholarships and awards require you to write an essay ______, life hardships, distinctive personal achievement or letters of recommendation. ______. Student: How many scholarships are there in all to apply for? Clerk: There are ______, however, filling out scholarship applications is a time-consuming job so I would recommend you ______. Student: Do most scholarships apply to all four years? Clerk: No, most are ______. The ones that are for the full four years, providing that you maintain your eligibility ______, also usually give the additional privilege of ______. This has the advantage of giving you first crack at registering for the courses of your choice. Student: Are all scholarships determined by the same committee? Clerk: All full scholarships are. By the way, do you have a website address? Student: Yes, I have it here on your card. I picked your card up when I was at the Open House in the spring. Clerk: Good, well then I would suggest you go to the website now. If you have further questions, you could ______. Student: Okay. Thanks for your help. Clerk: You"re welcome. Student: Good Bye. Clerk: Good Bye.

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WHITE--COLLAR CRIME 1 A variety of illegal acts committed by people in the course of their employment, for their own personal gain, are collectively known as white-collar crime. Embezzlement, theft, and trading securities on the basis of insider information are common forms of white-collar crime. The majority of cases involve low-level employees who steal because they are under temporary financial stress. Many plan to put the money back as soon as possible but may never do so. Their crimes are usually never discovered because the amounts of money are small, no one notices the loss, and law enforcement agencies have few resources for investigating this type of crime. 2 However, there are some very large cases of white-collar crime, such as multimillion- dollar stock market or banking scams that take years to discover and are extremely difficult and expensive to prosecute. In the 1980s, hundreds of executives of American savings and loan associations took advantage of a change in the law that allowed them to make unsecured loans to friends and relatives--which they then did, in the amount of $500 billion in unpaid debt. Only a few of those executives were prosecuted, and little of the money was recovered. American taxpayers ultimately covered the amount at a cost of about $4,000 per person. 3 White-collar crime is not confined to the business sector. Government employment, especially at the city level, also provides opportunities to line one's pockets. For example, building inspectors accept bribes and kickbacks, auctioneers rig sales of seized property, and full-time employees receive welfare payments. 4 Although white-collar crime is less violent than street crime, it involves far more money and harm to the public than crimes committed by street criminals. It is likely that there are more criminals in the office suites than in the streets, yet the nature of white- collar crime makes it difficult to uncover the offenses and pursue the offenders. As the economy shifts from manufacturing to services and electronic commerce, opportunities for white-collar crime will multiply, while the technology needed to stop such crimes will lag behind.

1 Both the Greeks and the Romans minted coins. The Romans called the place where coins were made and stored by the Latin word moneta, the ancestor of the English word money. Even after coins were developed, however, the world was still a long way away from our current system of money. Each city made its own coins, with no common way of exchanging one type for another. Gradually, traders worked out different rates of exchange. 2 Another complication lay in the fact that for thousands of years, most people did not use money for important purchases. Although the wealthier classes used money for major transactions, ordinary people continued to barter for most things in their daily lives. For example, workers would be paid in food, clothing, and shelter, rather than in money. Farmers would grow food and make items for themselves, trading the tiny surplus for whatever they could not make or grow. 3 Paper money had a lot of advantages: it was lighter and easier to carry. It was also a lot cheaper to make. The development of paper money meant that people had grasped the difference between money as a symbol and money as something that was worth only the actual cost of the paper and ink in making a bill. The first known use of paper money was in China, around the year 1300. The first use of paper money in Europe was in Sweden in the 1600s, a time of extensive international trade and exploration. Because paper money made trade easier and more efficient, its use quickly caught on throughout the world.

语法与词汇From photography’s infancy, ---------of landscape views by camera began to support handmade depictions in watercolour, pencil, or ink.

语法与词汇(By) the end of the nineteenth century, organic chemistry had (develop) new (methods) for the (synthesis) of dyes, perfumes, explosives, and medicines.

语法与词汇Salamanders are sometime confused with lizards, but unlike lizards ________no scales or claws.

语法与词汇In jazz music, a riff is a simple melodic figure, ________ and repeated several times.

语法与词汇Elementary schools in the United states provide formal education __________ arithmetic, science, social science, and communication skills that including reading, writing, spelling, and speaking.

语法与词汇Gourds were (introduced) to what is now the southwestern United States by (earliest) peoples (who) migrated north (from) Mesoamerica about 7000 years ago.

语法与词汇(Although some) details about the atmospheres of the other planets and (their) satellites (are known), but a complete description is available (only for) Earth’s atmosphere.

语法与词汇The production and sale of cosmetics in the U.S. was virtually unregulated--------the food, drug, and cosmetic art of 1938

语法与词汇In their designs the S. always sought ___ to a problem,.....

语法与词汇(Found) in large herds, usually (near water), the impala (is noted) for its graceful movement and its (able) to jump.

语法与词汇Not until the eighteenth century ____ the complex chemistry of metallurgy.

语法与词汇Soap operas, a type of television drama series, are so called because at first they were ---such as soap manufacturers.

语法与词汇____ 1810, water-powered textile manufacturing arrived in New Hampshire with the founding of a company in Manchester that manufactured cotton and wool.

语法与词汇The (influence of) gravity in (everyday) life is (so) pervasive that we often (take for) granted.