ChangesinreadinghabitsWhataretheimplicationsofthewaywereadtoday?Lookaroundonyournextplanetrip.TheiPadisthenewpacifierforbabiesandtoddlers.Youngerschool-agedchildrenreadstoriesonsmartphones;olderkidsdontreadatall,buthunchovervideogames.Parentsandotherpassengersreadontabletsorskimaflotillaofemailandnewsfeeds.Unbeknowntomostofus,aninvisible,game-changingtransformationlinkseveryoneinthispicture:theneuronalcircuitthatunderliesthebrainsabilitytoreadissubtly,rapidlychangingandthishasimplicationsforeveryonefromthepre-readingtoddlertotheexpertadult.Asworkinneurosciencesindicates,theacquisitionofliteracynecessitatedanewcircuitinourspeciesbrainmorethan6,000yearsago.Thatcircuitevolvedfromaverysimplemechanismfordecodingbasicinformation,likethenumberofgoatsinonesherd,tothepresent,highlyelaboratedreadingbrain.Myresearchdepictshowthepresentreadingbrainenablesthedevelopmentofsomeofourmostimportantintellectualandaffectiveprocesses:internalizedknowledge,analogicalreasoning,andinference;perspective-takingandempathy;criticalanalysisandthegenerationofinsight.Researchsurfacinginmanypartsoftheworldnowcautionsthateachoftheseessentialdeepreadingprocessesmaybeunderthreataswemoveintodigital-basedmodesofreading.Thisisnotasimple,binaryissueofprintversusdigitalreadingandtechnologicalinnovation.AsMITscholarSherryTurklehaswritten,wedonoterrasasocietywhenweinnovatebutwhenweignorewhatwedisruptordiminishwhileinnovating.Inthishingemomentbetweenprintanddigitalcultures,societyneedstoconfrontwhatisdiminishingintheexpertreadingcircuit,whatourchildrenandolderstudentsarenotdeveloping,andwhatwecandoaboutit.Weknowfromresearchthatthereadingcircuitisnotgiventohumanbeingsthroughageneticblueprintlikevisionorlanguage;itneedsanenvironmenttodevelop.Further,itwilladapttothatenvironmentsrequirements-fromdifferentwritingsystemstothecharacteristicsofwhatevermediumisused.Ifthedominantmediumadvantagesprocessesthatarefast,multi-taskorientedandwell-suitedforlargevolumesofinformation,likethecurrentdigitalmedium,sowillthereadingcircuit.AsUCLApsychologistPatriciaGreenfieldwrites,theresultisthatlessattentionandtimewillbeallocatedtoslower,time-demandingdeepreadingprocesses.Increasingreportsfromeducatorsandfromresearchersinpsychologyandthehumanitiesbearthisout.EnglishliteraturescholarandteacherMarkEdmundsondescribeshowmanycollegestudentsactivelyavoidtheclassicliteratureofthe19thand20thcenturiesinfavourofsomethingsimplerastheynolongerhavethepatiencetoreadlonger,denser,moredifficulttexts.Weshouldbelessconcernedwithstudentscognitiveimpatience,however,thanbywhatmayunderlieit:thepotentialinabilityoflargenumbersofstudentstoreadwithalevelofcriticalanalysissufficienttocomprehendthecomplexityofthoughtandargumentfoundinmoredemandingtexts.Multiplestudiesshowthatdigitalscreenusemaybecausingavarietyoftroublingdownstreameffectsonreadingcomprehensioninolderhighschoolandcollegestudents.InStavanger,Norway,psychologistAnneMangenandhercolleaguesstudiedhowhighschoolstudentscomprehendthesamematerialindifferentmediums.Mangensgroupaskedsubjectsquestionsaboutashortstorywhoseplothaduniversalstudentappeal;halfofthestudentsreadthestoryonatablet,theotherhalfinpaperback.Resultsindicatedthatstudentswhoreadonprintweresuperiorintheircomprehensiontoscreen-readingpeers,particularlyintheirabilitytosequencedetailandreconstructtheplotinchronologicalorder.ZimingLiufromSanJoseStateUniversityhasconductedaseriesofstudieswhichindicatethatthenewnorminreadingisskimming,involvingword-spottingandbrowsingthroughthetext.Manyreadersnowuseapatternwhenreadinginwhichtheysamplethefirstlineandthenword-spotthroughtherestofthetext.Whenthereadingbrainskimslikethis,itreducestimeallocatedtodeepreadingprocesses.Inotherwords,wedonthavetimetograspcomplexity,tounderstandanothersfeelings,toperceivebeauty,andtocreatethoughtsofthereadersown.Thepossibilitythatcriticalanalysis,empathyandotherdeepreadingprocessescouldbecometheunintendedcollateraldamageofourdigitalcultureisnotastraightforwardbinaryissueaboutprintversusdigitalreading.Itisabouthowweallhavebeguntoreadonvariousmediumsandhowthatchangesnotonlywhatweread,butalsothepurposesforwhichweread.Norisitonlyabouttheyoung.Thesubtleatrophyofcriticalanalysisandempathyaffectsusallequally.Itaffectsourabilitytonavigateaconstantbombardmentofinformation.Itincentivizesaretreattothemostfamiliarstoresofuncheckedinformation,whichrequireandreceivenoanalysis,leavingussusceptibletofalseinformationandirrationalideas.Theresanoldruleinneurosciencethatdoesnotalterwithage:useitorloseit.Itisaveryhopefulprinciplewhenappliedtocriticalthoughtinthereadingbrainbecauseitimplieschoice.Thestoryofthechangingreadingbrainishardlyfinished.Wepossessboththescienceandthetechnologytoidentifyandredressthechangesinhowwereadbeforetheybecomeentrenched.Ifweworktounderstandexactlywhatwewilllose,alongsidetheextraordinarynewcapacitiesthatthedigitalworldhasbroughtus,thereisasmuchreasonforexcitementascaution.Question14-17Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,CorD.Writethecorrectletterinboxes14-17onyouranswersheet.

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Question21-22ChooseTWOletters,A-E.WhichTWOpointsdoesAdammakeabouthisexperimentonartificialsweeteners?

Question1-10Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDAND/ORANUMBERforeachanswer.EmploymentAgency:PossibleJobsFirstJobAdministrativeassistantinacompanythatproduces1(NorthLondon)Responsibilities•dataentry•goto2andtakenotes•generaladmin•managementof3Requirements•goodcomputerskillsincludingspreadsheets•goodinterpersonalskills•attentionto4Experienceneedaminimumof5ofexperienceofteleconferencing　SecondJobWarehouseassistantinSouthLondonResponsibilities•stockmanagement•managing6Requirements•abilitytoworkwithnumbersgoodcomputerskillsveryorganisedand7•goodcommunicationskillsusedtoworkingina8•abletocopewithitemsthatare9Needexperienceof•drivinginLondon•warehousework•10service

HowtomakewisedecisionsAcrosscultures,wisdomhasbeenconsideredoneofthemostreveredhumanqualities.Althoughthetrulywisemayseemfewandfarbetween,empiricalresearchexaminingwisdomsuggeststhatitisntanexceptionaltraitpossessedbyasmallhandfulofbeardedphilosophersafterall-infact,thelateststudiessuggestthatmostofushavetheabilitytomakewisedecisions,giventherightcontext.Itappearsthatexperiential,situational,andculturalfactorsareevenmorepowerfulinshapingwisdomthanpreviouslyimagined,saysAssociateProfessorIgorGrossmannoftheUniversityofWaterlooinOntario,Canada.Recentempiricalfindingsfromcognitive,developmental,social,andpersonalitypsychologycumulativelysuggestthatpeoplesabilitytoreasonwiselyvariesdramaticallyacrossexperientialandsituationalcontexts.Understandingtheroleofsuchcontextualfactorsoffersuniqueinsightsintounderstandingwisdomindailylife,aswellashowitcanbeenhancedandtaught.Itseemsthatitsnotsomuchthatsomepeoplesimplypossesswisdomandotherslackit,butthatourabilitytoreasonwiselydependsonavarietyofexternalfactors.Itisimpossibletocharacterizethoughtprocessesattributedtowisdomwithoutconsideringtheroleofcontextualfactors,explainsGrossmann.Inotherwords,wisdomisnotsolelyan“innerquality”butratherunfoldsasafunctionofsituationspeoplehappentobein.Somesituationsaremorelikelytopromotewisdomthanothers.Comingupwithadefinitionofwisdomischallenging,butGrossmannandhiscolleagueshaveidentifiedfourkeycharacteristicsaspartofaframeworkofwisereasoning.Oneisintellectualhumilityorrecognitionofthelimitsofourownknowledge,andanotherisappreciationofperspectiveswiderthantheissueathand.Sensitivitytothepossibilityofchangeinsocialrelationsisalsokey,alongwithcompromiseorintegrationofdifferentattitudesandbeliefs.Grossmannandhiscolleagueshavealsofoundthatoneofthemostreliablewaystosupportwisdominourownday-to-daydecisionsistolookatscenariosfromathird-partyperspective,asthoughgivingadvicetoafriend.Researchsuggeststhatwhenadoptingafirst-personviewpointwefocusonthefocalfeaturesoftheenvironmentandwhenweadoptathird-person,observerviewpointwereasonmorebroadlyandfocusmoreoninterpersonalandmoralidealssuchasjusticeandimpartiality.Lookingatproblemsfromthismoreexpansiveviewpointappearstofostercognitiveprocessesrelatedtowisedecisions.Whatarewetodo,then,whenconfrontedwithsituationslikeadisagreementwithaspouseornegotiatingacontractatwork,thatrequireustotakeapersonalstake?Grossmannarguesthatevenwhenwearentabletochangethesituation,wecanstillevaluatetheseexperiencesfromdifferentperspectives.Forexample,inoneexperimentthattookplaceduringthepeakofarecenteconomicrecession,graduatingcollegeseniorswereaskedtoreflectontheirjobprospects.Thestudentswereinstructedtoimaginetheircareereitherasifyouwereadistantobserverorbeforeyourowneyesasifyouwererightthere.Participantsinthegroupassignedtothedistantobserverroledisplayedmorewisdom-relatedreasoning(intellectualhumilityandrecognitionofchange)thandidparticipantsinthecontrolgroup.Inanotherstudy,couplesinlong-termromanticrelationshipswereinstructedtovisualizeanunresolvedrelationshipconflicteitherthroughtheeyesofanoutsiderorfromtheirownperspective.Participantsthendiscussedtheincidentwiththeirpartnerfor10minutes,afterwhichtheywrotedowntheirthoughtsaboutit.Couplesintheotherseyesconditionweresignificantlymorelikelytorelyonwisereasoning-recognizingothersperspectivesandsearchingforacompromise-comparedtothecouplesintheegocentriccondition.Ego-decenteringpromotesgreaterfocusonothersandenablesabiggerpicture,conceptualviewoftheexperience,affordingrecognitionofintellectualhumilityandchange,saysGrossmann.Wemightassociatewisdomwithintelligenceorparticularpersonalitytraits,butresearchshowsonlyasmallpositiverelationshipbetweenwisethinkingandcrystallizedintelligenceandthepersonalitytraitsofopennessandagreeableness.Itisremarkablehowmuchpeoplecanvaryintheirwisdomfromonesituationtothenext,andhowmuchstrongersuchcontextualeffectsareforunderstandingtherelationshipbetweenwisejudgmentanditssocialandaffectiveoutcomesascomparedtothegeneralized“traits”,Grossmannexplains.Thatis,knowinghowwiselyapersonbehavesinagivensituationismoreinformativeforunderstandingtheiremotionsorlikelihoodtoforgive[or]retaliateascomparedtoknowingwhetherthepersonmaybewiseingeneral.Question36-40DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassageI?Inboxes36-40onyouranswersheet,writeTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis

Question31-40Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.THEEXTINCTIONOFTHEDODOBIRDThedodowasalargeflightlessbirdwhichusedtoinhabittheislandofMauritius.History1507-Portugueseshipstransporting31　stoppedattheislandtocollectfoodandwater.1638-TheDutchestablisheda32　ontheisland.Theykilledthedodobirdsfortheirmeat.Thelastonewaskilledin1681.DescriptionTheonlyrecordwehaveiswrittendescriptionsandpictures(possiblyunreliable).ADutchpaintingsuggeststhedodowasvery33.Theonlyremainingsofttissueisadried34.Recentstudiesofadodoskeletonsuggestthebirdswerecapableofrapid35　.Itsthoughttheywereabletousetheirsmallwingstomaintain　36Their37　wasofaveragesize.Theirsenseof　38　enabledthemtofindfood.ReasonsforextinctionwashedclothesinstreamsHuntingwasprobablynotthemaincause.Sailorsbroughtdogsandmonkeys.39　alsoescapedontotheislandandatethebirdseggs.Thearrivaloffarmingmeantthe40　wasdestroyed.

Question31-40Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.HowtheIndustrialRevolutionaffectedlifeinBritain19thcenturyForthefirsttime,peoplespossessionswereusedtomeasureBritains31.Developmentsinproductionofgoodsandin32　greatlychangedlives.MAINAREASOFCHANGEManufacturingTheIndustrialRevolutionwouldnothavehappenedwithoutthenewtypesof33　thatwereusedthen.Theleadingindustrywas34　(itsproductsbecamewidelyavailable).New35　madefactoriesnecessaryandsomorepeoplemovedintotowns.TransportTherailwaystooktheplaceofcanals.Becauseofthenewtransport:　　　　　-greateraccessto36　madepeoplemoreawareofwhattheycouldbuyinshops.　　　　　-whenshopping,peoplewerenotlimitedtobuying37　goods.RetailingThefirstdepartmentstoreswereopened.Thedisplaysofgoodsweremorevisible:　　　　　-insidestoresbecauseofbetter38.　　　　　-outsidestores,because39　werebigger.40thatwaspersuasivebecamemuchmorecommon.

Question31-40Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.AgriculturalprogrammeinMozambiqueHowtheprogrammewasorganisedItfocusedonadryandaridregioninChicualacualadistrict,neartheLimpopoRiver.Peopledependedontheforesttoprovidecharcoalasasourceofincome.31　wasseenasthemainprioritytoensurethesupplyofwater.Mostoftheworkorganisedbyfarmersassociationswasdoneby32.Fencedareaswerecreatedtokeepanimalsawayfromcrops.Theprogrammeprovided　　　　　-33forthefences　　　　　-34forsuitablecrops　　　　　-waterpumps.Thefarmersprovided　　　　　-labour　　　　　-35forthefencesontheirland.FurtherdevelopmentsThemarketingofproducewassometimesdifficultduetolackof36.Trainingwasthereforeprovidedinmethodsoffood37.Farmersmadespecialplaceswhere38couldbekept.Localpeoplelatersuggestedkeeping39.EvaluationandlessonslearnedAgriculturalproductionincreased,improvingincomesandfoodsecurity.Enoughtimemustbeallowed,particularlyforthe40phaseoftheprogramme.

Question31-40Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.TheEucalyptusTreeinAustraliaImportance•　it　provides31andfoodforawiderangeofspecies•　itsleavesprovide32whichisusedtomakeadisinfectantReasonsforpresentdeclineinnumberA)Diseases(i)　‘Mundulla　Yellows’•　Cause–limeusedformaking　was33absorbed　　　　　　　–treeswereunabletotakeinnecessaryironthroughtheirroots(ii)　‘Bell-minerAssociated　Die-back’•　Cause　–34　feedoneucalyptusleaves–　theysecreteasubstancecontaining　sugar–　bell-minerbirdsareattractedbythisandkeepawayother　speciesB)BushfiresWilliamJackson’stheory:•　high-frequencybushfireshaveimpactonvegetation,resultinginthegrowthof　35•　mid-frequencybushfiresresultinthegrowthofeucalyptusforests,becausethey:–　make　more36availabletothetrees–　maintainthequalityofthe　37•　low-frequencybushfiresresultinthegrowthof38　rainforest’,whichis:–　a　ecosystem39–　anidealenvironmentfor　the40ofthebell-miner

ThefutureofworkAccordingtoaleadingbusinessconsultancy,3-14%oftheglobalworkforcewillneedtoswitchtoadifferentoccupationwithinthenext10-15years,andallworkerswillneedtoadaptastheiroccupationsevolvealongsideincreasinglycapablemachines.Automation-orembodiedartificialintelligence(AI)-isoneaspectofthedisruptiveeffectsoftechnologyonthelabourmarket.DisembodiedAI,likethealgorithmsrunninginoursmartphones,isanother.DrStellaPachidifromCambridgeJudgeBusinessSchoolbelievesthatsomeofthemostfundamentalchangesarehappeningasaresultofthealgorithmicationofjobsthataredependentondataratherthanonproduction-theso-calledknowledgeeconomy.Algorithmsarecapableoflearningfromdatatoundertaketasksthatpreviouslyneededhumanjudgement,suchasreadinglegalcontracts,analysingmedicalscansandgatheringmarketintelligence.Inmanycases,theycanoutperformhumans,saysPachidi,Organisationsareattractedtousingalgorithmsbecausetheywanttomakechoicesbasedonwhattheyconsiderisperfectinformation,aswellastoreducecostsandenhanceproductivity.Buttheseenhancementsarenotwithoutconsequences,saysPachidi.IfroutinecognitivetasksaretakenoverbyAI,howdoprofessionsdeveloptheirfutureexperts?sheasks.Onewayoflearningaboutajobislegitimateperipheralparticipation-anovicestandsnexttoexpertsandlearnsbyobservation.Ifthisisnthappening,thenyouneedtofindnewwaystolearn.Anotherissueistheextenttowhichthetechnologyinfluencesorevencontrolstheworkforce.Forovertwoyears,Pachidimonitoredatelecommunicationscompany.Thewaytelecomssalespeopleworkisthroughpersonalandfrequentcontactwithclients,usingthebenefitofexperiencetoassessasituationandreachadecision.However,thecompanyhadstartedusinga[n]...algorithmthatdefinedwhenaccountmanagersshouldcontactcertaincustomersaboutwhichkindsofcampaignsandwhattoofferthem.Thealgorithm-usuallybuiltbyexternaldesigners-oftenbecomesthekeeperofknowledge,sheexplains.Incaseslikethis,Pachidibelieves,ashort-sightedviewbeginstocreepintoworkingpracticeswherebyworkerslearnthroughthealgorithmseyesandbecomedependentonitsinstructions.Alternativeexplorations-whereexperimentationandhumaninstinctleadtoprogressandnewideas-areeffectivelydiscouraged.Pachidiandcolleaguesevenobservedpeopledevelopingstrategiestomakethealgorithmworktotheirownadvantage.Weareseeingcaseswhereworkersfeedthealgorithmwithfalsedatatoreachtheirtargets,shereports.Itsscenarioslikethesethatmanyresearchersareworkingtoavoid.TheirobjectiveistomakeAItechnologiesmoretrustworthyandtransparent,sothatorganisationsandindividualsunderstandhowAIdecisionsaremade.Inthemeantime,saysPachidi,Weneedtomakesurewefullyunderstandthedilemmasthatthisnewworldraisesregardingexpertise,occupationalboundariesandcontrol.EconomistProfessorHamishLowbelievesthatthefutureofworkwillinvolvemajortransitionsacrossthewholelifecourseforeveryone:Thetraditionaltrajectoryoffull-timeeducationfollowedbyfull-timeworkfollowedbyapensionedretirementisathingofthepast,saysLow.Instead,heenvisagesamultistageemploymentlife:onewhereretraininghappensacrossthelifecourse,andwheremultiplejobsandnojobhappenbychoiceatdifferentstages.Onthesubjectofjoblosses,Lowbelievesthepredictionsarefoundedonafallacy:Itassumesthatthenumberofjobsisfixed.Ifin30years,halfof100jobsarebeingcarriedoutbyrobots,thatdoesntmeanweareleftwithjust50jobsforhumans.Thenumberofjobswillincrease:wewouldexpecttheretobe150jobs.DrEwanMcGaughey,atCambridgesCentreforBusinessResearchandKingsCollegeLondon,agreesthatapocalypticviewsaboutthefutureofworkaremisguided.Itsthelawsthatrestrictthesupplyofcapitaltothejobmarket,nottheadventofnewtechnologiesthatcausesunemployment.Hisrecentlypublishedresearchanswersthequestionofwhetherautomation,AIandroboticswillmeanajoblessfuturebylookingatthecausesofunemployment.Historyisclearthatchangecanmeanredundancies.Butsocialpoliciescantacklethisthroughretrainingandredeployment.Headds:IfthereisgoingtobechangetojobsasaresultofAIandroboticsthenIdliketoseegovernmentsseizingtheopportunitytoimprovepolicytoenforcegoodjobsecurity.Wecanreprogrammethelawtoprepareforafairerfutureofworkandleisure.McGaugheysfindingsareacalltoarmstoleadersoforganisations,governmentsandbankstopre-emptthecomingchangeswithboldnewpoliciesthatguaranteefullemployment,fairincomesandathrivingeconomicdemocracy.Thepromisesofthesenewtechnologiesareastounding.Theydeliverhumankindthecapacitytoliveinawaythatnobodycouldhaveonceimagined,headds.Justastheindustrialrevolutionbroughtpeoplepastsubsistenceagriculture,andthecorporaterevolutionenabledmassproduction,athirdrevolutionhasbeenpronounced.Butitwillnotonlybeoneoftechnology.Thenextrevolutionwillbesocial.Question27-30Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,CorD.Writethecorrectletterinboxes27-30onyouranswersheet.

Quiet/noisyplaces安静/吵闹的地方

Question25-30Completetheflowchartbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.

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WhyweneedtoprotectpolarbearsAPolarbearsarebeingincreasinglythreatenedbytheeffectsofclimatechange,buttheirdisappearancecouldhavefar-reachingconsequences.TheyareuniquelyadaptedtotheextremeconditionsoftheArcticCircle,wheretemperaturescanreach-40℃.Onereasonforthisisthattheyhaveupto11centimetresoffatunderneaththeirskin.Humanswithcomparativelevelsofadiposetissuewouldbeconsideredobeseandwouldbelikelytosufferfromdiabetesandheartdisease.Yetthepolarbearexperiencesnosuchconsequences.BA2014studybyShiPingLiuandcolleaguesshedslightonthismystery.Theycomparedthegeneticstructureofpolarbearswiththatoftheirclosestrelativesfromawarmerclimate,thebrownbears.ThisallowedthemtodeterminethegenesthathaveallowedpolarbearstosurviveinoneofthetoughestenvironmentsonEarth.LiuandhiscolleaguesfoundthepolarbearshadageneknownasAPoB,whichreduceslevelsoflow-densitylipoproteins(LDLs)-aformofbadcholesterol.Inhumans,mutationsofthisgeneareassociatedwithincreasedriskofheartdisease.Polarbearsmaythereforebeanimportantstudymodeltounderstandheartdiseaseinhumans.CThegenomeofthepolarbearmayalsoprovidethesolutionforanothercondition,onethatparticularlyaffectsouroldergeneration:osteoporosis.Thisisadiseasewherebonesshowreduceddensity,usuallycausedbyinsufficientexercise,reducedcalciumintakeorfoodstarvation.Bonetissueisconstantlybeingremodelled,meaningthatboneisaddedorremoved,dependingonnutrientavailabilityandthestressthattheboneisunder.Femalepolarbears,however,undergoextremeconditionsduringeverypregnancy.Onceautumncomesaround,thesefemaleswilldigmaternitydensinthesnowandwillremaintherethroughoutthewinter,bothbeforeandafterthebirthoftheircubs.Thisprocessresultsinaboutsixmonthsoffasting,wherethefemalebearshavetokeepthemselvesandtheircubsalive,depletingtheirowncalciumandcaloriereserves.Despitethis,theirbonesremainstronganddense.DPhysiologistsAlandaLennoxandAllenGoodshipfoundanexplanationforthisparadoxin2008.Theydiscoveredthatpregnantbearswereabletoincreasethedensityoftheirbonesbeforetheystartedtobuildtheirdens.Inaddition,sixmonthslater,whentheyfinallyemergedfromthedenwiththeircubs,therewasnoevidenceofsignificantlossofbonedensity.Hibernatingbrownbearsdonothavethiscapacityandmustthereforeresorttomajorbonereformationinthefollowingspring.Ifthemechanismofboneremodellinginpolarbearscanbeunderstood,manybedriddenhumans,andevenastronauts,couldpotentiallybenefit.EThemedicalbenefitsofthepolarbearforhumanitycertainlyhavetheirimportanceinourconservationefforts,buttheseshouldnotbetheonlyfactorstakenintoconsideration.Wetendtowanttoprotectanimalswethinkareintelligentandpossessemotions,suchaselephantsandprimates.Bears,ontheotherhand,seemtobeperceivedasstupidandinmanycasesviolent.Andyetanecdotalevidencefromthefieldchallengesthoseassumptions,suggestingforexamplethatpolarbearshavegoodproblem-solvingabilities.AmalebearcalledGoGoinTennojiZoo,Osaka,hasevenbeenobservedmakinguseofatooltomanipulatehisenvironment.Thebearusedatreebranchonmultipleoccasionstodislodgeapieceofmeathungoutofhisreach.Problem-solvingabilityhasalsobeenwitnessedinwildpolarbears,althoughnotasobviouslyaswithGoGo.Acalculatedmovebyamalebearinvolvedrunningandjumpingontobarrelsinanattempttogettoaphotographerstandingonaplatformfourmetreshigh.FInotherstudies,suchasonebyAlisonAmesin2008,polarbearsshoweddeliberateandfocussedmanipulation.Forexample,Amesobservedbearsputtingobjectsinpilesandthenknockingthemoverinwhatappearedtobeagame.Thestudydemonstratesthatbearsarecapableofagileandthought-outbehaviours.Theseexamplessuggestbearshavegreatercreativityandproblem-solvingabilitiesthanpreviouslythought.GAsforemotions,whiletheevidenceisonceagainanecdotal,manybearshavebeenseentohitoutaticeandsnow-seeminglyoutoffrustration-whentheyhavejustmissedoutonakill.Moreover,polarbearscanformunusualrelationshipswithotherspecies,includingplayingwiththedogsusedtopullsledsintheArctic.Remarkably,onehand-raisedpolarbearcalledAgeehasformedacloserelationshipwithherownerMarkDumastothepointwheretheyevenswimtogether.Thisisevenmoreastonishingsincepolarbearsareknowntoactivelyhunthumansinthewild.HIfclimatechangeweretoleadtotheirextinction,thiswouldmeannotonlythelossofpotentialbreakthroughsinhumanmedicine,butmoreimportantly,thedisappearanceofanintelligent,majesticanimal.Question8-13Completethenotesbelow.ChooseONEWORDONLYfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes8–13onyouranswersheet.ReasonswhypolarbearsshouldbeprotectedPeoplethinkofbearsasunintelligentand8　.However,thismaynotbecorrect.Forexample:InTennojiZoo,abearhasbeenseenusingabranchasa9　.Thisallowedhimtoknockdownsome10　.Awildpolarbearworkedoutamethodofreachingaplatformwherea11　waslocated.Polarbearshavedisplayedbehavioursuchasconsciousmanipulationofobjectsandactivitysimilartoa12　.Bearsmayalsodisplayemotions.Forexample:　Theymaymakemovementssuggesting　13　ifdisappointedwhenhunting.Theymayformrelationshipswithotherspecies.

Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDAND/ORANUMBERforeachanswer.BanksideRecruitmentAgency•　Addressofagency:497Eastside,Docklands•　Nameofagent:Becky1•　Phonenumber:07866510333•　Besttocallherinthe　2Typicaljobs•　Clericalandadminroles,mainlyinthefinanceindustry•　Musthavegood3skills•　Jobsareusuallyforatleastone　4•　Payisusually£5perhourRegistrationprocess•　Weara6　totheinterview•　Mustbringyour7totheinterview•　Theywillaskquestionsabouteachapplicant’s8Advantagesofusinganagency•　The9youreceiveatinterviewwillbenefityou•　Willgetaccesstovacancieswhicharenotadvertised•　Less10isinvolvedinapplyingforjobs

Housework/Cooking家务

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