{{B}}Questions 21-25{{/B}}Answer the following questions using {{B}}NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS{{/B}} for each answer.

Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. Research details: Title of project: 21 .................................................................... Focus of project: entertainment away from 22 ..........................................

Questions 11-14 Complete the sentences below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

Reading Passage 2 has six sections A-F. Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below. Write the correct number i-ix in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet. List of Headings i. Uncertain future for academic freedom ii. Low pay causes problems iii. Tough life, worse prospects iv. A safety net for intellectual risk-takers v. The necessity for economic reform vi. Educational standards decline vii. Adverse effects on health of adjuncts viii. Academic life: perception versus reality ix. Exploitation of a stop-gap system The Rise of Adjuncts A. Academia is often thought of as an occupation with immense job security. The traditional image is one of a middle-aged professor with his own office, his own car park, and a cosy job with a middle-class salary that remains unaffected by upturns and downturns in the "real" business economy. But in the United States today only a minority of professors have anything resembling this lifestyle. For the vast majority, the actual conditions of their employment are very different. They scrape by with low pay, short-term contracts and few or no employee benefits. Many even qualify for food stamps. This shift in employment conditions has far-reaching consequences not only for academics, but also for students and the quality of education they receive, and for academic freedom more generally. B. Originally, almost all professors were in full-time positions and employed under a system known as "life tenure". Tenure all but guarantees professors a well-paid job until retirement; their position can only be terminated with "just cause". Proving just cause is a lengthy, difficult process that happens rarely—only around 50 of 280,000 tenured professors lose their status every year. The purpose of tenure is to provide shelter for researchers who dissent from dominant opinions, disagree with the authorities of universities, donors or political authorities, or choose to research topics that may have social importance but seem unimportant or unnecessary to others. In this way it seeks to keep intellectual pursuits "pure" rather than at the whim of external interests. Without tenure, professors might prefer uncontroversial research on popular topics, and draw dishonest conclusions in a bid to please authorities and keep their jobs. C. In an era of perpetual cost-cutting and budget-tightening, however, guaranteeing large numbers of academics lifetime employment with related benefits is increasing untenable. The proportion of university teachers with tenure has slid from 75 percent in 1960 to just 27 percent today. Rising in their place are "professor adjuncts". Adjuncts are temporary, part-time employees who were initially brought in only occasionally as special guest lecturers or to provide cover for tenured professors on parental or research leave. Adjuncts teach individual classes and have no research or administrative responsibilities, and their contracts typically run for a single semester, after which they might be renewed. Over the last few decades their use has been extended beyond these temporary exigencies, and adjuncts have become a permanent, institutionalised aspect of academic employment. D. This has created several problems for adjunct professors, who are considered by some to make up a growing "academic underclass". Firstly, because contracts are always temporary, adjuncts rarely qualify for insurance and health benefits, such as time off with remuneration for illness, in the same way as tenured professors. Secondly, recompense for adjuncts is often very low. In order to make a living from their work, adjuncts typically need to win contracts with multiple universities. As a consequence of this high teaching workload—and the lack of paid research opportunities—adjuncts tend to find it hard to publish articles and win research grants, therefore making promotion increasingly unlikely with every year that passes (academic promotion is governed by what is known as a "publish or perish" culture). E. The culture of using adjuncts also has flow-on effects for the quality of teaching that students receive. Because adjuncts come in only for classes, they do not have offices or office hours on campus, and usually do not have the time to meet up with students in small groups or for one-on-one sessions. The disengagement between students and teachers can make it difficult for struggling students to find guidance outside of lectures. Adjuncts are also less "tied" to the universities they teach at and fail to accumulate reputations over time in the same way as full-time professors. As such, they are not as personally invested in the quality and outcome of their teaching. Finally, it has been reported that many adjuncts practice grade inflation—raising grades higher than deserved—in order to maintain their job security by keeping students pleased. These outcomes are not because adjuncts are malfeasant or incompetent professors, but rather because of the structural pressures this type of work involves—precisely what the tenure system sought to overcome. F. The rising use of adjunct professors also has implications for the research and pedagogical autonomy of teachers. Because adjuncts do not have tenure, they can be fired with the simplest of explanations. Furthermore, administrators who do not want to give any reason at all can choose to simply not renew an adjunct"s contract after the semester finishes. As such, there is immense pressure on adjuncts to teach in ways that please those who employ them. While only 50 tenured professors lose their jobs in the USA every year, reports emerge every day about adjuncts who have been fired or not had contracts renewed after disputes with faculty or administrators over course design, teaching, or employment issues. As the pool of growing numbers of adjuncts compete desperately for the shrinking amount of tenure-track positions, intellectual conformity can grow as candidates position themselves as safe, mainstream choices. As theoretical physicist Lee Smolin has written, "...it is practically career suicide for young theoretical physicists not to join the field of string theory..." The rising use of adjunct professors is mainly rooted in a need for cost efficiency in education, but it has more diffuse effects on the wellbeing of academic professionals and students, the quality of the education they receive, and academic freedom in general. Everyone who is concerned about more than the fiscal "bottom line" needs to follow this trend carefully.

{{I}}Complete the notes below. Write {{B}}NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS or A NUMBER {{/B}}for each answer. {{/I}} {{B}}{{U}}Braille-a system of writing for the blind{{/U}}{{/B}} Louis Braille was blinded as a child in his {{B}}21{{/B}} ........................ Braille invented the writing system in the year {{B}}22{{/B}} ...................... An early writing system for the blind used embossed letters. A military system using dots was called {{B}}23{{/B}} ........................

GoldFewpeopleknowitbutgoldisactuallyessentialtoourmodernlife.Thousandsofcommonappliancesrequiregoldtoensureperfectperformanceoveralongperiodoftimeasithasanunparalleledcombinationofchemicalandphysicalpropertiesthatmakeitinvaluabletoawiderangeofeverydayapplicationsaswellasavitalcomponentinmanymedical,industrial,andelectricalapplications.Oneofitsuniquequalitiesisthefactthatitisvirtuallyimmunetotheeffectsofair,water,andoxygen.Goldwillnottarnish,rustorcorrode,makingitthemostnon-reactiveofallmetals.In1922whentheyunearthedthetombofoncegreatEgyptianpharaohTutankhamen,theydiscoveredagolddeathmaskwhichstilllookedasbrilliantasitdidwhenitwasentombedmorethan3,000yearsearlier.Goldisbenigninallnaturalandindustrialenvironments.Itisalsooneofthemostelectricallyconductiveofallmetalsproventoperforminextremetemperatures.Goldisabletoconveyevenatinyelectricalcurrentintemperaturesvaryingfrom-55°to+200℃.Thismakesitavitalcomponentforelectricalconnectorsincomputersandtelecommunicationsequipment.Asingleounceofgoldcanbedrawnoutintoawire60mileslongorhammeredinto100square-footsheetsandapileofsuchsheetsaninchhighwouldcontainmorethan200,000separatesheets.Essentially,thismakesitthemostmalleableandductilemetal.Goldcanbehammeredsothinthatsunlightcanshinethroughitandyethighpuritygoldreflects99%ofinfrared.Thismeansthatitisthebestreflectorofinfrared(orheat)energy,absorbinglessthananyothermaterial.Thereforegoldisusedinlife-savingfaceshieldsforastronautsandfirefighterstoreflectradiation.Goldissaidtobesorarethattheworldpoursmoresteelinanhourthanithaspouredgoldsincetimebegan.Aone-ouncegoldnuggetisrarertofindthanafive-caratdiamond.Eventhoughgoldisrare,itisfareasiertofindthanwinningamajorstatelottery.Ineverycubicmileofseawaterthereis25tonsofgold.Thatisatotalofabout10billiontonsofgoldintheoceans;however,thereisnoknownwaytoeconomicallyrecoverit.Goldissoheavythatonecubicfootofitweighshalfaton.Goldissixtoseventimesheavierthanothermaterialsthatequalitssize,yetgoldissosoftitisseldomusedinitspureform.Thehistoryofgolddatesbackasfaras4000BCwhenitwasfirstusedinpartsofcentralandeasternEurope.AthousandyearslaterEgyptianswereknowntobealloyinggoldwithothermetalstoachievevariationsinhardnessandcolour.MeanwhileinsouthernIraqtheSumercivilisationwasusinggoldtocreateawiderangeofjewellery.In1500BCtheMiddleEastbeganusinggoldasarecognisedstandardmediumofexchangeforinternationaltrade.ThiswasfollowedbyChinaalmost500-TearslaterandEuropewhichtookalmostanother1,000yearstoissueitsfirstgoldcoin.ThefirstUSgoldcoinwasnotmadeuntil1787AD.Duringthe1800sthegoldrushesbeganintheUS,AustraliaandSouthAfrica.Inthe1900sitsapplicationsbegantogrowinsuchthingsas,forexample,thetreatmentofrheumatoidarthritis,themakingoftransistors,lasersandmicrochips,airbagsandmorerecentlyintelescopestoproducethemostdetailedimagesofNeptuneandUranusevercaptured.Goldreachedanall-timehighpriceof$800perouncein1980.Goldisobtainedbytwoprincipalminingmethods;placerandveinmining.Placerminingisusedwhenthemetalisfoundinunconsolidateddepositsofsandandgravel,fromwhichgoldcanbeeasilyseparatedduetoitshighdensity.Thesandandgravelaresuspendedinmovingwater;themuchheaviermetalsinkstothebottomandisseparatedbyhand.Vein,orlodemining,isthemostimportantofallgoldrecoverymethods.Althougheachounceofgoldrecoveredrequirestheprocessingofabout100,000ouncesofore,thereissomuchgolddepositedinrockveinsthatthismethodaccountsformorethanhalfoftheworld'stotalgoldproductiontoday.Thegoldintheveinsmaybeofmicroscopicparticlesize,innuggets,sheetsorgoldcompounds.Regardlessofhowitisfound,theorerequiresextensiveextractionandrefining.

The Difference Engine: Beyond Content A The old-media world of newspapers, magazines, radio stations and television networks has a daunting task ahead of it. New-media upstarts like Internet TV, social networking, mash-ups, web stores and online gaming—with their ability to stream content direct to smart phones, tablets, e-readers, laptops and game consoles—have begun to eat the green-eyeshade brigade's breakfast, lunch and tea. At last week's Digital Hollywood meeting in Santa Monica, California, the question on a lot of people's lips was how to fight back. B A recurring theme was 'beyond content'. By that, the gathering of film, broadcasting and entertainment executives meant how to turn the current threat to their livelihoods into a solution for at least survival, if not runaway success. All agreed that, apart from getting their content online in the best shape possible, they needed to move much further downstream in marketing terms. In short, they should start offering services—beyond content—that add to their audience's experience and satisfaction. C The problem is rapidly becoming too big to ignore. In a recent survey of some 10,000 consumers, IBM found that the use of mobile music and video increased five-fold between 2007 and 2009, while readership of online newspapers more than tripled. Over half the respondents used social-networking sites like Facebook and Twitter. Two out of five regularly read newspapers online rather than in print. 'In terms of digital content consumption,' the researchers concluded, 'consumers have clearly moved beyond the trial stage.' D It is not just gadget freaks and early adopters who are making this happen. Sure, the young and the technically nimble were among the first to abandon print and airwaves for online content capable of being accessed anywhere, anytime. But the middle-aged have now also joined the fray. Indeed, Facebook recently had to pull the plug on chatting housewives because they were hogging large chunks of the social network's bandwidth for hours on end. Even 55-year-olds and up—long the bulwark of print and broadcast media—are nowadays getting much of their news, gossip and amusement online. E This migration from old to new media is causing the industry to fragment, as publishers, record companies, film studios, television networks and other content creators butt heads with device makers such as Apple and Sony as well as online distributors and content aggregators like Amazon, Google, Yahoo! and YouTube. In the process, established ways of doing business are being overturned, calling into question how traditional content—whether print, graphics, audio or video—is produced and delivered. F The change is actually twofold, and much of the problem has stemmed from a failure to understand this. For one, not only is content going digital but, in the process, it is also becoming connected. This change from linear type and airwaves to interactive bits and bytes has caused the balance of power to shift to those who aggregate and distribute digital content online. Take the way consumers are swapping from printed books, magazines and newspapers to digital versions that can be downloaded to e-readers, tablets, laptops or even smart phones. It is not only bookshops and newsstands that lose from this process. Publishers, too, are suffering as advertisers abandon printed pages and television slots for the online world. G It is not as though publishers can make up the difference by taking their wares online. A reader of a printed publication typically brings in 18 times the value of an online reader. In part, that is because newspapers and magazines are experts at selling their demographics to advertisers, while websites serving up information and entertainment rely more on generic services like Google's advertising network. Also, there are simply far more outlets on the web than on newsstands for advertisers to choose from. H Television is not much better off. The difference in value between a broadcast viewer and an online equivalent is around three to one. But that discrepancy is expected to widen as traditional television sets are replaced with TVs that can download video direct from the Internet, and more entertainment websites spring up to cater for this burgeoning 'over-the-top' demand. Already viewers have started cancelling their $70 cable or satellite subscriptions, and downloading their favourite television shows from online sites like Hulu or YouTube for nothing or, at most, a small pay-as-you- go fee. Likewise, sales of DVDs are being clobbered, as Netflix and others allow customers to stream unlimited movies direct to their television sets for $9 a month. I The same disintermediation has long been happening to music, as consumers download single tracks direct from iTunes, Apple's online store, for 99 cents a pop, rather than buy whole CD albums from record shops for $10 or more. In the process, Apple has flipped the 'razor-and-blades' model of doing business on its head. Instead of subsidising the cost of media players like the iPod and iPad (the razor in the metaphor) and making tons of money out of downloads from iTunes (the blades), it has done the reverse. Thus, the device makers are joining online aggregators and distributors to capture an increasing share of the disposable income consumers spend on information and entertainment—all at old media's expense. J The second change, in the way marketers are connected to consumers, is more subtle. New media make life easier, richer and more satisfying for the consumer. To do so, they exploit far more of the marketing opportunities that exist between the content and the consumer. Old-media companies have traditionally left that to others, pleased to collect just advertising and subscription revenues. Now they must learn to do the same. K Easier means things like having a single subscription to a publication or pay TV channel that applies across a variety of platforms—from television sets and computers to tablets, e-readers and mobile phones. To make life easier still, each platform needs the same interface, the same set of navigational tools and the same quality of experience. Television sets—with remote controllers capable of moving on-screen cursors only up, down and across, and then just one step at a time—are leagues behind the swiping gestures pioneered by the iPhone. New-media innovators are bent on making the television set as easy to navigate as an iPad. Old-media laggards will need to do the same. —Economist

判断题The production of fish in many countries, like Denmark, increased due to the environmental restriction.

判断题In order to take Danish fish farming a stage further, several measures would be taken, including the expansion of the modem fish farming.

判断题Population growth need increased building of homes and other structures in areas where were used to be forests.

判断题African farmers would get the same result with European and American ones if they used the same kind of technology.

判断题More than 10 groups and organisations worldwide made food the top priority.

判断题A large amount of money has been invested in dealing with malaria in the world.

判断题The mortality rate of children caused by malaria in Africa is higher than people thought.

判断题Climate change is the long-term reason why California was more likely to get megafires.

判断题Firefighters are reluctant to coordinate with people from different states, which reduces the efficiency of fighting fires.

判断题The most popular television programmes in English-speaking countries is about how to lead a healthy life.

判断题Cross-disciplinary collaboration on new technological solutions contributes to a sustainable and profitable increase in production of fish.