填空题Today furniture operates as a role sign in the same way as dress has always done.

填空题Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage on the previous page? In boxes 25-28 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

填空题Good Parenting —it"s up for discussion— Raising a baby may, at first, appear to be a highly personal, intimate affair between child and caregiver. In fact, there are often very public battles over every facet of child care, however: Breastfeeding or bottle-feeding? Breastfeeding in public? Toilet training—when and how? Nothing escapes judgment or scrutiny. Restlessness and crying at bedtimes are no different, and three different schools of thought have emerged around how parents should respond to this problem. These have been called extinction, attachment parenting and graduated extinction. Attachment parenting, a term coined by paediatrician William Sears, suggests that children form powerful emotional bonds with caregivers during early childhood that have implications for their development through life. The basis for this theory was generated within the field of developmental psychology during the 1950s, when researcher John Bowlby proposed that maternal deprivation during infancy could decrease a person"s ability to form healthy adult relationships years later. Attachment parenting seeks to avoid this tendency by placing great importance on childhood bonding through the caregiver"s holding and cuddling her baby when he is upset. Attachment parenting also suggests that babies" ability to communicate their requirements is limited to crying, and that parents need to learn to understand what different types of crying signal. No crying is considered superfluous—even if the baby merely wants to be comforted rather than fall asleep—caregivers are encouraged to affirm these desires. The extinction method proposes that, so long as a baby has had adequate calorie intake during the day, he or she can reasonably be expected to maintain nocturnal somnolence. The core postulates of this approach were laid down by Emmett Holt but they have been extrapolated upon by authors such as Warwick Reilly and further adapted recently by Melinda Collins to form the extinction method of today. Caregivers are encouraged to develop a gentle evening routine that involves feeding 45 minutes before bed, bathing, dressing and laying the baby in his sleeping sack, walking out and closing the door and remaining out of the child"s presence until dawn even if he cries for extensive periods of time. It is expected that sooner or later children will realise that crying is ineffective, and that they must learn to comfort themselves into a slumber. Graduated extinction is a modulated version of the extinction method. It postulates that a process of learning needs to be undertaken in order for children to sleep through the night. Richard Ferber, the doctor who popularised this method in the 1980s, emphasised the progressive withdrawal of the caregiver"s company with the child in bed as a way to solve infant sleep problems. At first, for example, the caregiver is encouraged to hold and caress the baby until he or she is asleep. Once this routine is established, the caregiver should lie down next to the baby but touch it less and less until the baby can sleep without contact. Eventually the caregiver can sit on a chair nearby, and finally it is hoped that he or she can retreat from the room altogether. The key to this approach is that the caregiver must never capitulate to a child"s demands for comfort if he starts to become restless or vocal as the method unfolds over time. Doing so is said to let the baby know that he does not need to learn to sleep through the night without comfort or interaction, and also to lessen the chances that the caregiver will complete the programme, knowing that a "quick fix" is available. Ferber has since altered his stance to acknowledge the acceptability of co-sleeping and suggests that there is no single method or golden rule for overcoming sleep difficulties. Each of these systems has its critics. Attachment parenting, for example, is often held accused of being exceedingly strenuous and demanding for caregivers because they must be at the beck and call of their baby"s every demand. In doing so it is likely to create tensions between partners who are raising a child together, and between caregivers and their friends or co-workers, none of which is helpful for the overall development of the household. Critics also point out the absence of conclusive research behind the efficacy of attachment parenting. Many disapprove of the extinction method because, while it may allow a quiet night"s sleep for baby and caregiver and anyone else in the household, it is not because the baby has become settled and comfortable but rather for the reason that he has become detached and apathetic. This, it is suggested, can lead to various emotional problems in early adulthood among which might be depression and insecurity. At the mid-point on the spectrum is graduated extinction, which has, therefore, dodged any vociferous attacks. Advocates of attachment argue that there is no need to teach babies to live without soothing affirmation, however, and advocates of extinction suggest that it is better to use a method of going cold turkey—that is, to withdraw soothing affirmation swiftly rather than as a drawn out process.

填空题Not one company has yet increased the price of its chocolate bars.

填空题CC4G materials are related to the ______ to help girls with schoolwork.

填空题practical purposes

填空题{{B}}SECTION 3 Questions 21-30{{/B}} {{B}}Questions 21-23{{/B}}Complete the following information using {{B}}NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS{{/B}} for each gap. Distraction-related accidents Cause % of accidents rubbernecking 16 driver fatigue 12 21.______ 10 22.______ 9 23.______radio/cassette/CD player 7 Reading 2

填空题How it is generally accepted that different species are named.

填空题What’s the woman’s e-mail address?

填空题..............

填空题...............

填空题The reason for the simplicity of the Indian way of life is that Amazonia has always been unable to support a more complex society.

填空题A person's social class can affect how old they look.

填空题Read the text below and answer Questions. WHY DO CLOCKS GO CLOCKWISE? The simple answer is that clocks always go clockwise!If the clock's hands moved in the opposite direction(to what we are used to), it would still be called 'clockwise' , of course!But, seriously, why do the hands move from left to right at the top?Generally, the answer given is that clocks were invented in the northern hemisphere where the sun rises in the east, travels round to the south, and sets to the west. The shadow on a typical domestic sundial in olden times would move from left to right. So, the answer is completely logical. Or is it? If we go back to early clocks, because of their sheer size and cost, there was generally only one turret clock in a town, usually placed high on a tower for all to see and frequently accompanied by a bell that could be heard when the clock face was not visible. If we go back in time to before mechanical clocks, even if people had a sundial at home, they needed a large public sundial that could be read from a distance when they were out. Sundials were therefore placed high on a wall in the town. This is where the explanation above about clockwise movement no longer rings true:for sundials on vertical walls have to have their hours arranged in an anti-clockwise progression. As vertical sundials would have been the predecessors of clock towers, one wonders why a right to left movement didn't become the standard. An old vertical sundial can still be seen in Queen's College, Cambridge, England. Not only does it go 'anticlockwise' but strangely(for us)the number 'I' is at the bottom rather than the top. Surely the hands on clocks have always moved in the sanle direction, though?Surprisingly, the answer is no. There is a clock Painted in fresco in a Cathedral in Florence that is peculiar in several ways. We are used to clocks with twelve hours on the dial but this one has twenty-four and the twenty-fourth hour does not signify midnight but the hour of sunset(a system that survived until the eighteenth century apparently);furthermore, the layout of the numbers has 'I' at the bottom, although of course Ⅻ is at the top, and it goes anticlockwise!This clock is not unique, however. There were other clocks around in the 15th and 16th centuries with Roman numerals going anti- clockwise. Some of them had a hand that went around once in 24 hours, others went around once every twelve hours. and still others went around four times in 24 hours with the digits Ⅰ to Ⅵ painted on the clock face. Then again, some went around once in 12 hours but the digits were marked Ⅰ to Ⅵ and then Ⅰ to Ⅵ again. Some of the 'once every 24 hours' ones were marked Ⅰ to Ⅻ and Ⅰ to Ⅻ again. There were probably even more variations than this. To find out why all clocks go clockwise and are numbered Ⅰ to Ⅻ (or 1 to 12)today, we have to consider the phenomenon described in 1890 in principles of Economics by Alfred Marshall. Early clocks were massive and extremely heavy (not to mention very expensive)devices and technology over the centuries has reduced these to small timepieces that can sit on a little shelf, be carried(often in a waistcoat pocket), or worn on the wrist. When it comes to new technoloIgies, there are often many designs in competition with one another. Occasionally, one design is obviously pre-eminent and the others soon become obsolete. In the case of the clocks, there would not seem to be one design that is outstandingly more advantageous than the others. That is where Marshall's theory comes in: 'whatever firm design or technology gets a good start' eventually wins. We can assume, therefore, that one type of clock face—although it may not have had any technological advantage over the others—was somewhat more common;and, once one technology secures a larger share of the market, there are economies of scale, It becomes more cost-efficient to produce thereby giving it even greater advantage over its rivals In this way, one technology can completely eclipse the others. Why do clocks go clockwise?Pure chance is probably the answer. Clockwise may have been more widespread and got off to a good start. After the invention of the first mechanical clock, for a century and a half, there was no consistency in the direction, the position of the numbers on the dial, or even the number of hours shown. All this changed with the mass production of clocks and watches as domestic items. For nearly five hundred years now, they have been consistent—a clockwise dial with twelve hours and two rotations in a 24-hour period. Do the following statements agree with the information given in the text? In boxes on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

填空题The "talent" (paragraph 2) refers to. the celebrity.

填空题Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 21-26 on your answer sheet.Dr William Masters read a book saying that a(an) 【R1】______which struck an American city hundreds of years ago was terminated by a cold frost. And academics found that there is a connection between climate and country's wealth as in the rich but small country of【R2】______. Yet besides excellent surroundings and climate, one country still needs to improve their【R3】______to achieve long prosperity.Thanks to resembling weather conditions across latitude in the continent of【R4】______, crops such as【R5】______is bound to spread faster than from South America to the North. Other researchers also noted that even though geographical factors are important, tropical country such as【R6】______ still became rich due to scientific advancement.

填空题a. each yearb. jamc. importantd. carry oute. response

填空题Buy shock-absorbing inserts

填空题You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.California's Age of MegafiresDrought, housing expansion, and oversupply of tinder make for bigger, hotter fires.There's a reason fire squads now battling more than a dozen blazes in southern California are having such difficulty containing the flames, despite better preparedness than ever and decades of experience fighting fires fanned by the notorious Santa Ana winds. The wildfires themselves, experts say, generally are hotter, move faster, and spread more erratically than in the past.Megafires, also called "siege fires," are the increasingly frequent blazes that burn 500,000 acres or more — 10 times the size of the average forest fire of 20 years ago. One of the current wildfires is the sixth biggest in California ever, in terms of acreage burned, according to state figures and news reports.The short-term explanation is that the region, which usually has dry summers, has had nine inches less rainfall than normal this year. Longer term, climate change across the West is leading to hotter days on average and longer fire seasons. The trend to more superhot fires, experts say, has been driven by a century-long policy of the US Forest Service to stop wildfires as quickly as possible. The unintentional consequence was to halt the natural eradication of underbrush, now the primary fuel for megafires.Three other factors contribute to the trend, they add. First is climate change marked by a I -degree F rise in average yearly temperature across the West. Second is a fire season that on average is 78 days longer than in the late 1980s. Third is increased building of homes and other structures in wooded areas. "We are increasingly building our homes ... in fire-prone ecosystems," says Dominik Kulakowski, adjunct professor of biology at Clark University Graduate School of Geography in Worcester, Mass. Doing that "in many of the forests of the Western US ... is like building homes on the side of an active volcano."In California, where population growth has averaged more than 600,000 a year for at least a decade, housing has pushed into such areas. "What once was open space is now residential homes providing fuel to make fires burn with greater intensity," says Terry McHale of the California Department of Forestry firefighters union. "With so much dryness, so many communities to catch fire, so many fronts to fight, it becomes an almost incredible job."That said, many experts give California high marks for making progress on preparedness since 2003, when the largest fires in state history scorched 750,000 acres, burned 3,640 homes, and killed 22 people. Stung then by criticism of bungling that allowed fires to spread when they might have been contained, personnel are meeting the peculiar challenges of neighborhood- and canyon-hopping fires better than in recent years, observers say.State promises to provide newer engines, planes, and helicopters have been fulfilled. Firefighters unions that then complained of dilapidated equipment, old fire engines, and insufficient blueprints for fire safety are now praising the state's commitment, noting that funding for firefighting has increased despite huge cuts in many other programs. "We are pleased that the Schwarzenegger administration has been very proactive in its support of us and come through with budgetary support of the infrastructure needs we have long sought," says Mr. McHale with the firefighters union.Besides providing money to upgrade the fire engines that must traverse the mammoth state and wind along serpentine canyon roads, the state has invested in better command-and-control facilities as well as the strategies to run them. "In the fire sieges of earlier years, we found out that we had the willingness of mutual-aid help from other jurisdictions and states, but we were not able to communicate adequately with them," says Kim Zagaris, chief of the state's Office of Emergency Services, fire and rescue branch. After a 2004 blue-ribbon commission examined and revamped those procedures, the statewide response "has become far more professional and responsive," he says.Besides ordering the California National Guard on Monday to make 1,500 guardsmen available for firefighting efforts, Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger asked the Pentagon to send all available Modular Airborne Fighting Systems to the area. The military Lockheed C-130 cargo/utility aircraft carry a pressurized 3,000-gallon tank that can eject fire retar-dant or water in fewer than five seconds through two tubes at the rear of the plane. This load can cover an area 1/4-mile long and 60 feet wide to create a fire barrier. Governor Schwarzenegger also directed 2,300 inmate firefighters and 170 custody staff from the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation to work hand in hand with state and local firefighters.Residents and government officials alike are noting the improvements with gratitude, even amid the loss of homes, churches, businesses, and farms. Despite such losses, there is a sense that the speed, dedication, and coordination of firefighters from several states and jurisdictions are resulting in greater efficiency than in past "siege fire" situations."I am extraordinarily impressed by the improvements we have witnessed between the last big fire and this," says Ross Simmons, a San Diego-based lawyer who had to evacuate both his home and business on Monday, taking up residence at a Hampton Inn 30 miles south of his home in Rancho Bernardo. After fires consumed 172,000 acres there in 2003, the San Diego region turned communitywide soul-searching into improved building codes, evacuation procedures, and procurement of new technology. Mr. Simmons and neighbors began receiving automated phone calls at 3:30 a.m. Monday morning telling them to evacuate. "Notwithstanding all the damage that will be caused by this, we will not come close to the loss of life beciuse of what we have ... put in place since then," he says.Questions 14-18Complete the summary below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage.Write your answers in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.Fighting Californian wildfires is still not an easy task because the fires the firefighters now face【R7】______in more unpredictable manner in addition to the raging heat and faster speed than ever. Megafires, as they are called, are often【R8】______ bigger than average forest fire. The reasons for this include【R9】______below the average and the extended【R10】______due to climate change. And according to experts, the government policy has also contributed to this by accidentally making the underbrush the【R11】______for megafires.

填空题The ability to sample a book online before buying it might help sales.