填空题Choose TWO letters, A-E.Which TWO aspects did the new rules at the end of the 19th century focus on?A cooperationB competitionC moral valuesD player's physical protectionE business model

填空题As Ireland became richer, Irish people became less interested in simple ideas.

填空题EyeRobotPooreyesightremainsoneofthemainobstaclestolettingrobotslooseamonghumans.Butitisimproving,inpartbyapingnaturalvision.AROBOTSaregettingsmarterandmoreagileallthetime.Theydisarmbombs,flycombatmissions,puttogethercomplicatedmachines,evenplayfootball.Why,then,onemightask,aretheynowheretobeseen,beyondwarzones,factoriesandtechnologyfairs?Onereasonisthattheythemselvescannotseeverywell.Andpeopleareunderstandablywaryofpurblindcontraptionsbumpingintothemwilly-nillyinthestreetorathome.BAllthatacamera-equippedcomputer"sees"islotsofpictureelements,orpixels.Apixelismerelyanumberreflectinghowmuchlighthashitaparticularpartofasensor.Thechallengehasbeentodevisealgorithmsthatcaninterpretsuchnumbersasscenescomposedofdifferentobjectsinspace.Thiscomesnaturallytopeopleand,barringcertainopticalillusions,takesnotimeatallaswellaspreciouslittleconsciouseffort.Yetemulatingthisfeatincomputershasprovedtough.CInnaturalvision,afteranimageisformedintheretinaitissenttoanareaatthebackofthebrain,calledthevisualcortex,forprocessing.Thefirstnervecellsitpassesthroughreactonlytosimplestimuli,suchasedgesslantingatparticularangles.Theyfireupothercells,furtherintothevisualcortex,whichreacttosimplecombinationsofedges,suchascorners.Cellsineachsubsequentareadiscernevenmorecomplexfeatures,withthoseatthetopofthehierarchyrespondingtogeneralcategorieslikeanimalsandfaces,andtoentirescenescomprisingassortedobjects.AllthistakesDTheoutlineofthisprocesshasbeenknownforyearsandinthelate1980sYannLeCun,nowatNewYorkUniversity,pioneeredanapproachtocomputervisionthattriestomimicthehierarchicalwaythevisualcortexiswired.Hehasbeentweakinghis"convolutionalneuralnetworks"(ConvNets)eversince.EAConvNetbeginsbyswipinganumberofsoftwarefilters,eachseveralpixelsacross,overtheimage,pixelbypixel.Likethebrain'sprimaryvisualcortex,thesefilterslookforsimplefeaturessuchasedges.Theupshotisasetoffeaturemaps,oneforeachfilter,showingwhichpatchesoftheoriginalimagecontainthesought-afterelement.Aseriesoftransformationsisthenperformedoneachmapinordertoenhanceitandimprovethecontrast.Next,themapsareswipedagain,butthistimeratherthanstoppingateachpixel,thefiltertakesasnapshoteveryfewpixels.Thatproducesanewsetofmapsoflowerresolution.Thesehighlightthesalientfeatureswhilereiningincomputingpower.Thewholeprocessisthenrepeated,withseveralhundredfiltersprobingformoreelaborateshapesratherthanjustafewscouringforsimpleones.Theresultingarrayoffeaturemapsisrunthroughonefinalsetoffilters.Theseclassifyobjectsintogeneralcategories,suchaspedestriansorcars.FManystate-of-the-artcomputer-visionsystemsworkalongsimilarlines.TheuniquenessofConvNetsliesinwheretheygettheirfilters.Traditionally,theseweresimplypluggedinonebyone,inalaboriousmanualprocessthatrequiredanexperthumaneyetotellthemachinewhatfeaturestolookfor,infuture,ateachlevel.Thatmadesystemswhichreliedonthemgoodatspottingnarrowclassesofobjectsbutineptatdiscerninganythingelse.GDrLeCun'sartificialvisualcortex,bycontrast,lightsontheappropriatefiltersautomaticallyasitistaughttodistinguishthedifferenttypesofobjects.Whenanimageisfedintotheunprimedsystemandprocessed,thechancesareitwillnot,atfirst,beassignedtotherightcategory.But,shownthecorrectanswer,thesystemcanworkitswayback,modifyingitsownparameterssothatthenexttimeitseesasimilarimageitwillrespondappropriately.Afterenoughtrialruns,typically10,000ormore,itmakesadecentfistofrecognisingthatclassofobjectsinunlabelledimages.HThisstillrequireshumaninput,though.Thenextstageis"unsupervised"learning,inwhichinstructionisentirelyabsent.Instead,thesystemisshownlotsofpictureswithoutbeingtoldwhattheydepict.Itknowsitisontoapromisingfilterwhentheoutputimageresemblestheinput.Inacomputingsense,resemblanceisgaugedbytheextenttowhichtheinputimagecanberecreatedfromthelower-resolutionoutput.Whenitcan,thefiltersthesystemhadusedtogetthereareretained.IInatributetonature'snous,thelowest-levelfiltersarrivedatinthisunaidedprocessareedge-seekingones,justasinthebrain.Thetop-levelfiltersaresensitivetoallmannerofcomplexshapes.Caltech-101,adatabaseroutinelyusedforvisionresearch,consistsofsome10,000standardisedimagesof101typesofjustsuchcomplexshapes,includingfaces,carsandWatches.WhenaConvNetwithunsupervisedpre-trainingisshowntheimagesfromthisdatabaseitcanlearntorecognisethecategoriesmorethan70%ofthetime.Thisisjustbelowwhattop-scoringhand-engineeredsystemsarecapableof—andthosetendtobemuchslower.JThisapproach(whichGeoffreyHintonoftheUniversityofToronto,adoyenofthefield,hasdubbed"deeplearning")neednotbeconfinedtocomputer-vision.Intheory,itoughttoworkforanyhierarchicalsystem:languageprocessing,forexample.Inthatcaseindividualsoundswouldbelow-levelfeaturesakintoedges,whereasthemeaningsofconversationswouldcorrespondtoelaboratescenes.KFornow,though,ConvNethasproveditsmettleinthevisualdomain.GooglehasbeenusingittoblotoutfacesandlicenceplatesinitsStreetviewapplication.IthasalsocometotheattentionofDARPA,theresearcharmofAmerica'sDefenceDepartment.ThisagencyprovidedDrLeCunandhisteamwithasmallrovingrobotwhich,equippedwiththeirsystem,learnedtodetectlargeobstaclesfromafarandcorrectitspathaccordingly—aproblemthatlessermachinesoften,asitwere,tripover.Thescooter-sizedrobotwasalsorathergoodatnotrunningintotheresearchers.Inaselflessactofscientificbravery,theystrodeconfidentlyinfrontofitasitrodetowardsthematabriskwalkingpace,onlytoseeitstopinitstracksandreverse.Suchmachinesmaynotquiteyetbereadytowalkthestreetsalongsidepeople,butthedaytheycanissurelynotfaroff.Questions21-27Completethesummarybelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes21-27onyouranswersheet.InDrLeCun'sartificialvisualcortex,(21)candistinguishdifferenttypesofobjects.Afterthe(22)isputintotheunfilledsystem,thecorrectanswerwillbeshownandthesystemcanmodify(23)torespondproperlylater.Butthisstillneeds(24).Thereisno(25)inthenextstage.Inacomputersense,(26)ismeasuredbytheextenttowhichtheinputimagecanbereproducedfromtheoutput.AConvNetwithunaidedpre-trainingcanlearntoidentifythecategorieswhenitisshowntheimagesfrom(27).

填空题Questions21-30Completethenotesbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSforeachanswer."ResearchMethodology"Closescientificmethodbasedonempiricalevidence(=(21))Findaresearchproblemorquestion—acommonlyheldbeliefe.g.lackofsleephasnegativeimpacton(22)—reviewtheliterature—aneverydayproblem:e.g.researchdifferentmemorization(23)DefineyourvariablesDevelopahypothesisConduct(24)research—books;jumbles;onlinedatabaseswebsites—makenoisesandcreate(25)Selectanexperimentaldesign—pre-experimental=experimentalgrouponly—quasi-experimental=includecontrolgroupbutnotrandom—trueexperimental=bothkindsofgroups+randomStandardizeyour(26)—comparelikewithlikeChooseyourparticipantsClosedifferent(27)—randomsample=selectfromsamegroup—stratifiedrandomsample=selectfromsubsetswithdifferent(28)ConducttestsandcollectdataAnalyzetheresults—use(29)methods(tobecoverednextweek)Writeupandcommunicateresults—(30)and......ofpaperisimportant;tipsforwriting(tobecoverednexttwoweeks)

填空题Listen to the statements and fill in the blanks with the phone numbers mentioned. Listen to the statements and fill in the blanks with the phone numbers mentioned.

填空题The suggestion that parents are more aware of how advertisers try to sell products.

填空题The dingo is indigenous to Australia.

填空题Questions 28-34 Look at the following descriptions in scientific contribution in 2007 ( Questions 28-34 ) and the list of countries below. Match each description with the correct countries, A-J. Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 28-34 on your answer sheet. List of countries A US B China C Europe D Japan E India F Brazil G Singapore H South Korea I Russia J International

填空题Improving energy efficiency can be done quickly.

填空题Creating recycling programmes can cause a ______ in the market—reducing the price of recyclables.

填空题Listen to the statement and fill out the table below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each blank.

填空题..............

填空题However, she points out that native speaker students will usually stop talking if you ______.

填空题Questions 32-35 Choose FOUR letters, A-G. Write the correct letters in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet. Which four items are identified as features of the Greek government's austerity measure programmer in 2010? A．reducing public sector wages between 2010 and 2014 B．cutting allowances for public sector workers C．raising the sales tax D．making the compulsory retirement age the same for both genders E．multiple general strikes F．making cigarettes more expensive G．eliminating the budget deficit

填空题Read the text below and answer Questions 14-22. Employees and Contractors An employee is someone who performs work under a contract of employment. Identifying who is, or is not, an employee has become an increasingly disputed area, with a number of different factors to be considered. Non-employees may be 'independent contractors' or 'sub-contractors' and are employed under a contract for services or even as agents representing a client business. The legal consequences of being an independent contractor are significantly different to those for employees. Only an 'employee' can be covered by an award award:something(e.g.a pay rise)given as a result of arbitration(process of resolving a dispute e.g between employers and a trade union) or make a workplace agreement. However, some cleaners, outworkers and some drivers of public passenger vehicles who might ordinarily be considered independent contractors are deemed to be employees under the Fair Work Act. The rights and obligations of employees are very different to those who are self-employed. To distinguish between employees and independent contractors, the courts take into account a number of factors to determine what the real nature of a particular work relationship is. These factors may include: Control over work—generally an employee works as directed by the employer whereas a contractor has a greater say in how the work is to be done. Payment—employees are usually paid on the basis of an hourly rate or a salary. Contractors are more often paid for a required outcome, with less regard for time. Work injury—contractors are responsible to insure themselves against injury but employees are not. Risk—employees generally do not bear in a direct way the risk of financial loss incurred by the business for which they work. Contractors have a chance of profit, and also the risk of loss. Sub-contracting—an employee cannot assign or delegate the work to others whereas a contractor is typically permitted to do so. Tools and equipment—contractors may supply special equipment or tools to do the job. Income tax and superannuation—employers usually pay these for their employees whereas contractors make their own arrangements. Classify the following asA．contractorsB．employeesC．employers Write the correct letterA, B or C in boxes 14-22 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any lettermore than once. People who

填空题 A Higher education is overvalued. B Some poor-quality students have had to postpone taking courses. C Students nowadays are better at using technology. D The number of university applications has declined this year. E The government wants 50% of young people in higher education. F Alison Wolf agrees with Julian Nicholds. G Bill Rammell agrees with Tony Blair. H Switzerland is following Britain's example.

填空题Academic staff sometimes taught a range of medical subjects during the Tang era.

填空题Questions 21-30Questions 21 and 22 Choose TWO letters from A-E. What TWO suggestions does Gloria give to Paul? A talk with past graduates B choose from Science, Maths or English C study subjects that he naturally likes D consult the university handbook E go to the office of Academic Affairs

填空题Academic ______ are insured up to ￡5000.

填空题Questions 33-36 Answer the question below, choosing the correct answers from the list provided. N.B. You may use any answer more than once. When were the following invented?