填空题Look at the following people and the list of statements below.Match each person with the correct statement.Write the correct letter A-E in boxes 19-21 on your answer sheet.List of StatementsA Wrote criticisms of children's literatureB Used animals to demonstrate the absurdity of fairy talesC Was not a writer originallyD Translated a book into EnglishE Didn't write in the English language

填空题______ are freely talked about on American TV shows.

填空题Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-26whicharebasedonReadingPassage2below.CHILDREN'SLITERATUREStoriesandpoemsaimedatchildrenhaveanexceedinglylonghistory:lullabies,forexample,weresunginRomantimes,andafewnurserygamesandrhymesarealmostasancient.Yetsofaraswritten-downliteratureisconcerned,whiletherewerestoriesinprintbefore1700thatchildrenoftenseizedonwhentheyhadthechance,suchastranslationsofAesop'sfables,fairy-storiesandpopularballadsandromances,thesewerenotaimedatyoungpeopleinparticular.Sincetheonlygenuinelychild-orientedliteratureatthistimewouldhavebeenafewinstructionalworkstohelpwithreadingandgeneralknowledge,plustheoddPuritanicaltractasanaidtomorality,theonlycourseforkeenchildreaderswastoreadadultliterature.Thisstilloccurstoday,especiallywithadultthrillersorromancesthatincludemoreexciting,graphicdetailthanisnormallyfoundintheliteratureforyoungerreaders.Bythemiddleofthe18thcenturytherewereenougheagerchildreaders,andenoughparentsgladtocatertothisinterest,forpublisherstospecializeinchildren'sbookswhosefirstaimwaspleasureratherthaneducationormorality.InBritain,aLondonmerchantnamedThomasBorehamproducedCajanus,TheSwedishGiantin1742,whilethemorefamousJohnNewberypublishedALittlePrettyPocketBookin1744.Itscontents—rhymes,stories,children'sgamesplusafreegift('Aballandapincushion')—inmanywaysanticipatedthesimilarlucky-dipcontentsofchildren'sannualsthiscentury.ItisatributetoNewbery'sflairthathehituponawinningformulaquitesoquickly,tobepiratedalmostimmediatelyinAmerica.Suchpleasinglevitywasnottolast.InfluencedbyRousseau,whoseEmile(1762)decreedthatallbooksforchildrensaveRobinsonCrusoewereadangerousdiversion,contemporarycriticssawtoitthatchildren'sliteratureshouldbeinstructiveanduplifting.ProminentamongsuchvoiceswasMrs.SarahTrimmer,whosemagazineTheGuardianofEducation(1802)carriedthefirstregularreviewsofchildren'sbooks.Itwasshewhocondemnedfairy-talesfortheirviolenceandgeneralabsurdity;herownstories,FabulousHistories(1786)describedtalkinganimalswhowerealwaysmodelsofsenseanddecorum.Sothemoralstoryforchildrenwasalwaysthreatenedfromwithin,giventhewaychildrenhaveofdrawingoutentertainmentfromthesternestmoralist.Butthegreatestblowtotheimprovingchildren'sbookwastocomefromanunlikelysourceindeed:early19th-centuryinterestinfolklore.Bothnurseryrhymes,selectedbyJamesOrchardHalliwellforafolkloresocietyin1842,andcollectionoffairy-storiesbythescholarlyGrimmbrothers,swiftlytranslatedintoEnglishin1823,soonrockettopopularitywiththeyoung,quicklyleadingtoneweditions,eachonemorechild-centeredthanthelast.Fromnowonyoungerchildrencouldexpectstorieswrittenfortheirparticularinterestandwiththeneedsoftheirownlimitedexperienceoflifekeptwelltothefore.Whateventuallydeterminedthereadingofolderchildrenwasoftennottheavailabilityofspecialchildren'sliteratureassuchbutaccesstobooksthatcontainedcharacters,suchasyoungpeopleoranimals,withwhomtheycouldmoreeasilyempathize,oraction,suchasexploringorfighting,thatmadefewdemandsonadultmaturityorunderstanding.Thefinalapotheosisofliterarychildhoodassomethingtobeprotectedfromunpleasantrealitycamewiththearrivalinthelate1930sofchild-centeredbest-sellersintentonentertainmentatitsmostescapist.InBritainnovelistsuchasEnidBlytonandRichmalCromptondescribedchildrenwhowerealwaysfreetohavethemostunlikelyadventures,secureintheknowledgethatnothingbadcouldeverhappentothemintheend.Thefactthatwarbrokeoutagainduringherbooks'greatestpopularityfailstoregisteratallintheself-enclosedworldinhabitedbyEnidBlyton'syoungcharacters.Reactionagainstsuchdream-worldswasinevitableafterWorldWarII,coincidingwiththegrowthofpaperbacksales,children'slibrariesandanewspiritofmoralandsocialconcern.Urgedonbycommittedpublishersandprogressivelibrarians,writersslowlybegantoexplorenewareasofinterestwhilealsoshiftingthesettingsoftheirplotsfromthemiddle-classworldtowhichtheirchieflyadultpatronshadalwayspreviouslybelonged.Criticalemphasis,duringthisdevelopment,hasbeendivided.Forsomethemostimportanttaskwastoridchildren'sbooksofthesocialprejudiceandexclusivenessnolongerfoundacceptable.Othersconcentratedmoreonthepositiveachievementsofcontemporarychildren'sliterature.Thatwritersoftheseworksarenowoftenrecommendedtotheattentionsofadultaswellaschildreadersechoesthe19th-centurybeliefthatchildren'sliteraturecanbesharedbythegenerations,ratherthanbeingadefensivebarrierbetweenchildhoodandthenecessarygrowthtowardsadultunderstanding.Questions14-18Completethetablebelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromReadingPassage2foreachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes14-18onyouranswersheet.

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填空题Large Waist Size Linked to Higher Diabetes Rates Among Americans A higher rate of diabetes seen among adult Americans when compared to peers in England is explained primarily by a larger waist size rather than conventional risk factors such as obesity, according to a new study. Researchers say the findings offer more evidence that accumulating fat around the mid-section poses a health risk and suggests that studies of diabetes risk should emphasise waist size along with traditional risk factors. 'Americans carry more fat around their middle sections than the English do, and that was the single factor that explained most of the higher rate of diabetes seen in the United States, especially among American women,' said James P. Smith, one of the study's authors and corporate chair of economics at RAND, a nonprofit research organisation. 'Waist size is the missing new risk factor we should be studying.' Other authors of the study are James Banks of the Institute for Fiscal Studies, and MeenaKumari and Paolo Zaninotto of the Department of Epidemiology at University College London. The findings were published online by the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. Researchers say that Americans middle-aged and older are significantly more likely to suffer from diabetes compared to their peers in England despite a similar standard of living. About 16 per cent of American men report having diabetes as compared to 11 per cent of English men. About 14 per cent of American women have diabetes, compared to 7 per cent among English women. An earlier study co-authored by Banks and Smith demonstrated that middle-aged Americans are less healthy than their English counterparts, although medical spending in the United States is more than twice as high as it is in the United Kingdom. Analysing studies about the health and lifestyles of large numbers of people from the United States and England, researchers found no association between higher diabetes rates in the United States and conventional risk factors such as age, smoking, socioeconomic status or body mass index, the commonly used ratio of height and weight that is used to measure obesity and overweight. The conventional risk factors for diabetes were similar among both the American and English populations. Americans had slightly higher scores on body mass index and were a little older. The English were less educated and more likely to have smoked. However, American men had waists that averaged three centimetres larger than their English peers and the waists of American women were five centimetres bigger than English women. American women were significantly more likely to face higher risk because of their waist size when compared to English women (69 per cent to 56 per cent), while American men had only a slightly higher waist risk than their English peers did. The higher waist size of Americans posed more risk compared to their English peers across most body mass index categories. For example, among women with normal weight, 41 per cent of American women were categorised as having high waist risk compared to 9 per cent of English women. The study concludes that waist circumference explains a substantial proportion of the higher diabetes rate in America for men and virtually all the higher rate seen among women. Researchers say there may be many reasons why Americans have larger waists than their English peers. It may be caused by different rates of physical activities through exercise or daily activities, diet differences or perhaps other social and environmental factors such as stress that occur in the United States. Researchers say that future research needs to address the different mechanisms that may be responsible for this association. For example, there is evidence that fat in the midsection has a different metabolism than fat carried elsewhere on the torso. Researchers say that past evidence has shown that waist circumference is a better marker for visceral fat than other measurements. Previous studies have shown that fat cells located in a person's midsection have specific dysfunction that may be involved in the mechanisms that lead to diabetes. The research was supported by a grant from the National Institute on Aging and was conducted through the RAND Labour and Population programme. The programme examines issues involving U.S. labour markets, the demographics of families and children, social welfare policy, the social and economic functioning of the elderly, and economic and social change in developing countries. —Science Daily

填空题 {{I}} TRUE if the information in the text agrees with the statement FALSE if the information in the text contradicts the statement NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this{{/I}}

填空题Nineteenth-century studies of the nature of genius failed to take into account the uniqueness of the person's upbringing.

填空题{{B}}Questions 9-10{{/B}}Answer the questions using only a date or a telephone number.

填空题How two schools are trying to deal with the problem.

填空题______ such as bridges, will allow wild animals to travel long distances.

填空题The Difference Engine: The Answering Machine A It was not quite a foregone conclusion, but all the smart money was on the machine. Since the first rehearsal over a year ago, it had become apparent that Watson—a supercomputer built by IBM to decode tricky questions posed in English and answer them correctly within seconds—would trounce the smartest of human challengers. And so it did earlier this week, following a three-day contest against the two most successful human champions of all time on 'Jeopardy!', a popular quiz game aired on American television. By the end of the contest, Watson had accumulated over $77,000 in winnings, compared with $24,000 and $21,600 for the two human champions. IBM donated the $1m in special prize money to charity, while the two human contestants gave half their runner-up awards away. B IBM has a long tradition of setting 'grand challenges' for itself—as a way of driving internal research and innovation as well as demonstrating its technical smarts to the outside world. A previous challenge was the chess match staged in 1997 between IBM's Deep Blue supercomputer and the then world champion, Garry Kasparov. As shocking as it seemed at the time, a computer capable of beating the best chess-player in the world proved only that the machine had enough computational horsepower to perform the rapid logical analysis needed to cope with the combinatorial explosion of moves and counter-moves. In no way did it demonstrate that Deep Blue was doing something even vaguely intelligent. C Even so, defeating a grandmaster at chess was child's play compared with challenging a quiz show famous for offering clues laden with ambiguity, irony, wit and double meaning as well as riddles and puns—things that humans find tricky enough to fathom, let alone answer. Getting a mere number-cruncher to do so had long been thought impossible. The ability to parse the nested structure of language to extract context and meaning, and then use such concepts to create other linguistic structures, is what human intelligence is supposed to be all about. D Four years in the making, Watson is the brainchild of David Ferrucci, head of the DeepQA project at IBM's research centre in Yorktown Heights, New York. Dr. Ferrucci and his team have been using search, semantics and natural-language processing technologies to improve the way computers handle questions and answers in plain English. That is easier said than done. In parsing a question, a computer has to decide what is the verb, the subject, the object, the preposition as well as the object of the preposition. It must disambiguate words with multiple meanings, by taking into account any context it can recognise. When people talk among themselves, they bring so much contextual awareness to the conversation that answers become obvious. 'The computer struggles with that,' says Dr. Ferrucci. E Another problem for the computer is copying the facility the human brain has to use experience—based short-cuts (heuristics) to perform tasks. Computers have to do this using lengthy step-by-step procedures (algorithms). According to Dr. Ferrucci, it would take two hours for one of the fastest processors to answer a simple natural-language question. To stand any chance of winning, contestants on 'Jeopardy!' have to hit the buzzer with a correct answer within three seconds. For that reason, Watson was endowed with no fewer than 2,880 Power 750 chips spread over 90 servers. Flat out, the machine can perform 80 trillion calculations a second. For comparison's sake, a modern PC can manage around 100 billion calculations a second. F For the contest, Watson had to rely entirely on its own resources. That meant no searching the Internet for answers or asking humans for help. Instead, it used more than 100 different algorithms to parse the natural-language questions and interrogate the 15 trillion bytes of trivia stored in its memory banks—equivalent to 200m pages of text. In most cases, Watson could dredge up answers quicker than either of its two human rivals. When it was not sure of the answer, the computer simply shut up rather than risk losing the bet. That way, it avoided impulsive behaviour that cost its opponents points. G Your correspondent finds it rather encouraging that a machine has beaten the best in the business. After all, getting a computer to converse with humans in their own language has been an elusive goal of artificial intelligence for decades. Making it happen says more about human achievement than anything spooky about machine dominance. And should a machine manage the feat without the human participants in the conversation realising they are not talking to another person, then the machine would pass the famous test for artificial intelligence devised in 1950 by Alan Turing, a British mathematician famous for cracking the Enigma and Lorenz ciphers during the second world war. H It is only a matter of time before a computer passes the Turing Test. It will not be Watson, but one of its successors doubtless will. Ray Kurzweil, a serial innovator, engineer and prognosticator, believes it will happen by 2029. He notes that it was only five years after the massive and hugely expensive Deep Blue beat Mr. Kasparov in 1997 that Deep Fritz was able to achieve the same level of performance by combining the power of just eight personal computers. In part, that was because of the inexorable effects of Moore's Law halving the price/performance of computing every 18 months. It was also due to the vast improvements in pattern-recognition software used to make the crucial tree-pruning decisions that determine successful moves and countermoves in chess. I Now that the price/performance of computers has accelerated to a halving every 12 months, Mr. Kurzweil expects a single server to do the job of Watson's 90 servers within seven years—and by a PC within a decade. If cloud computing fulfils its promise, then bursts of Watson-like performance could be available to the public at nominal cost even sooner. Mr. Kurzweil believes that once computers master human levels of pattern recognition and language understanding, they will leave mankind way behind. By then, they will have combined the human skills of language and pattern recognition with their own unique ability to master vast corpora of knowledge. J Will that mean game over for humans—with robots keeping people around merely as pets? 'Absolutely not', says Oren Etzioni, director of the Turing Centre at the University of Washington in Seattle. But it does mean, he notes, that computers will be able to achieve vastly more than they can today. For a start, super-smart machines capable of answering questions in English (or any other natural language) will change search engines out of all recognition. No longer will Google and Bing bombard users with hundreds or even thousands of dumb links to dubious sources. Instead, people will get the unique and meaningful answers they are seeking.

填空题Section A

填空题What does the tutor give the student a list of?

填空题Who does the teacher recommend to the boy?_______

填空题{{B}}Questions 34-37{{/B}}Answer the following questions about Hallstadt culture using {{B}}NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER{{/B}} for each answer.

填空题TheGreatBarrierReefATheGreatBarrierReefboastsover2,800coralreefsandadiversityofspeciesonlyrivalledbytropicalrainforests.However,inrecentdecades,justliketherainforests,reefsandtheirinhabitantshavebeendecliningdrasticallyinnumber.Althoughnaturalfactorssuchaspredators,cyclonesanddiseasehavealwayshadaneffectonmarinewildlifeandhabitats,humanactionsneedtoshouldermostoftheblameforthisdestruction.BFishingisonesuchactionwhichisdirectlyandindirectlyharmingmarinewildlifepopulationnumbers.Thesettingofnetsaccountsforthedeathofturtles,dugongs,whalesanddolphins.Turtles,forexample,canholdtheirbreathforuptoanhour,however,iftheygetcaughtinatrawlnetfromatrawler,theiroxygenisusuallydepletedwithin15minutesasitisanenforcedsubmergence.Dugongs,ontheotherhand,canonlyholdtheirbreathforamaximumof8minutessooncetheybecomeentangledincertaintypesofmeshnets,theydrown.Sharknets(netssettocatchsharksnearbathingareas)havealsobeenresponsibleforthedeathofmorethan4,000turtles,500dugongsand700whalesanddolphinssincetheQueenslandSharkControlProgrammecommencedin1962atmanyQueenslandbeaches.Fishnettingandillegalhuntingarethebiggestcontributorstothedegradationofmarinewildlife.However,itisdifficulttoestimatetheextenttowhichillegalactivitiesadverselyaffectmarinewildlifepopulations.CAllvessels,includingcommercialships,fishingvessels,andrecreationalcraftendangermarinewildlife.Theincreasingnumberofhigh-speedvesselsoperatinginreefwatersfrequentedbymarinewildlifeincreasestheriskofcollisions,whichoftenresultindeathorinjury.Vesselsmayalsoscaremarinewildlifefromtheirfeedingareasordisruptsocialbondsinpopulations.Insomecircumstances,stressissuspectedofcontributingtoillnessesindugongs.DWhilefishingandboatingmainlycauseharmtothemarinewildlife,coastaldevelopmentisamajorthreattothecoralreefs.AnincreasingnumberofseasidewetlandsalongnortheasternAustralia'scoastalplainhavebeenreplacedbycroplandsanddevelopment.Thesewetlandsarethenaturalfiltersoffreshwatercomingfromthecontinent.Deforestation,overgrazingbylivestock,andrun-offfromtowns,farms,andindustriesupstreamresultinmoresedimentsandnutrientsflowingouttowardstheGreatBarrierReef.Thetotalhasquadrupledsincecolonialtimes.Coralscanendureinsurprisinglymurkywaterprovidedthatsedimentscanbeperiodicallysweptoffbytidesandcurrents.However,itisthenutrientsthatactuallywreckthereef.Anythingbeyondmoderatelevelsofnitrogenhurtsmaturationandreproductionincorals.EThedumpingofgarbageisprohibitedinsidetheGreatBarrierReefMarinePark.Yet,increasingamountsofdebris,suchasplasticobjectsandfishingline,enterthemarineenvironmenteveryyear.Theconsequencesofthesethoughtlessactionscanmeanthatturtlescanentanglethemselvesindiscardedlinesorevenmistakenlyingestplasticbagsasfood.AsmallnumberofturtlesdieorfloatashoreonQueenslandbeacheseveryyearasaresultofthis.Furthermore,debrisonnestingbeachescanalsocauseharmorevendeathtoaturtle.Suchrefuseinterfereswithaturtle'sabilitytodiganeggchamberanddepositeggsandmaypreventhatchlingsfromreachingthesea.Turtlesarenottheonlyvictimsofthisgarbage;in2000alargerareBryde'swhalediednearCairnsandwhenexamined,itsstomachwascompactedwithplasticsheets,baitbags,ziptopbags,fertiliserbags,severalmetresofplasticstrips,supermarketbagsandfrayedropepieces.FApartfromtheman-madedestructionoftheGreatBarrierReef,thenaturalenvironmenthasalsoplayedarole.Forinstance,thecrownofthornsseastars,armedwithpoisonspikesandanappetiteforhardcoral,cankillareef.Byprojectingtheirstomachsoutoftheirmouthsandwrappingthemaroundcoral,theyslowlydevourit.Thesedaystheyareoutinforce,whichmeansthereefisbeingeatenmorequicklywitheachpassingday.Whilesomebelievethattheyarepartofanaturalcycle,likewildfires,othersthinkthathumanshavecausedtheoutbreaksbytheoverflshingofspeciesthatculljuvenilecrownofthornsseastars.Nevertheless,ithasreachedtheepidemicstageandalthoughsomediversaretrainedtokillthem,thereisnolarge-scaleweaponagainsttheseastars.Conservationistssimplywatchandwait,hopingthatafflictedareaswillmakearecovery.GFinally,globalwarmingalsothreatenstheGreatBarrierReef.Abnormallyhighoceantemperatures,inflowsoffreshwater,highultravioletradiation,andchangesinsalinitycausebleachingincoral.Thatistosay,whenstressed,coralsexpelalgaethatliveintheirtransparentoutertissues,exposingthecorals'limestoneskeletons.Bleachedcoralisnotnecessarilydeadcoralthough,itoftenregainsitshealthycolourwhenconditionsreturntonormal.However,prolongedbleachingcanleadtocoral'sdeath.ThisisjustonemorewayglobalwarmingandperiodicclimateshiftssuchasElcanchangethefaceoftheEarth.HAgreatdealofthereefandwildlifecanbesaved.Alongwithconservationists,theGreatBarrierReefMarineParkAuthorityneedsthesupportofallcitizenstoprovidefortheprotection,wiseuse,understandingandenjoymentoftheGreatBarrierReefinperpetuity.

填空题Questions24-30Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.Procedure(dealtwithbyprof.)Identifytopicofinterestinvolvingsome(24)InvitepanellistsSelecta(25)Decideon(26)Guidelineslntrocluctionoftopicsealers—set(27)informationFromproof.EachpanelistspeaksForZrains—makeahand(28)toshowtimeisupPrimaryfunction=paneldiscussion(about40mines)ClosecJiscussiongive(29)SeconclaryFunction=questiontime(about15-20rains)Atendofquestiontime,panelisthankedandaudienceshowsappreciationby(30).

填空题How much do students pay for catered accommodation during term time?

填空题Complete the sentences below with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage.Write your answers in boxes 34-36 on your answer sheet.

填空题 Questions 31-40 Complete the table below, Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. THE HISTORY OF THE ELECTRIC GUITAR DATE MAKER NAME OF GUITAR FEATURES 1890s Orville Gibson no name similar in shane to a{{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}}{{/U}} 1925 John Dopyera The National Guitar made of metal good for playing {{U}}{{U}} 2 {{/U}}{{/U}}music 1930s C. E Martin Company The Dreadnought strings made of {{U}}{{U}} 3 {{/U}}{{/U}} 1931 George Beauchamp The {{U}}{{U}} 4 {{/U}}{{/U}} used two {{U}}{{U}} 5 {{/U}}{{/U}}shaped like horsehoesto increase sound 1935 Adolph Rickenbacker The Rickenbacker ElectroSpanish made from {{U}}{{U}} 6 {{/U}}{{/U}} 1941 Les Paul The Log the first to be completely {{U}}{{U}} 7 {{/U}}{{/U}} 1950 Leo Fender The Fender Broadcaster its simplicity made it ideal for {{U}}{{U}} 8 {{/U}}{{/U}} 1951 Leo Fender The {{U}}{{U}} 9 {{/U}}{{/U}} easy to carry around 1952 Ted McCarty The Gibson Les Paul {{U}}{{U}} 10 {{/U}}{{/U}}in colour 1954 Leo Fender The Fender Stratocaster double cutaway design