填空题Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

填空题Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS or A NUMBER. Chilli-Cook's notes Origin: South America Oldest archaeological evidence: chillies cultivated in (11) Europeans introduced to chillies: Spanish → sent shiploads of chillies to Europe Portuguese → took chilli plants with them to (12) Indies Southern Europe and Asia: ideal climates for growing chillies; both fresh and powdered forms popular Now: chillies grown all over the world, except in (13) climates Confusion over nomenclature: early Spanish and Portuguese used same word for both chillies and (14) "Cayenne" derived from Native American "Chilli" derived from Native Mexican Spelling: Australia related to potatoes, eggplants and (16) ; variety of sizes and colours; skin tough and shiny; all chillies are (17) with seeds running up centre The burning effect: strongest in seeds; active ingredient = CAPSAICIN; amount determines heat of chilli; Example: bell peppers- (18) of total liquid chilli peppers- (19) of total liquid Evolutionary purpose: heat designed to (20) mammals

填空题Dung beetles were brought to Australia by the CSIRO over a fourteen-year period.

填空题Mozart was acutely aware of his own remarkable talent.

填空题Complete the following notes on reducing reverse culture shock using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. · while abroad, keep in touch with 37.______ back home, and with other people from your own country · read newspapers and magazines from your home country so that you know about important 38.______ · before you leave, get the addresses of the friends you have made in the UK so you can keep in touch · when you get home, give yourself time to readjust to life there—and give your friends and family time to readjust to you · stay in contact with anyone who lives near you and has also studied abroad

填空题Complete the sentences below.Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

填空题Age is a factor

填空题black powder

填空题 Questions 1-5 Complete the form below. Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer MEGEQUIP CUSTOMER DETAILS Name {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}Greening Address {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}York Terrace Delivery address 5, York {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}} Payment method {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}} in advance Reason for discount address within the {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}

填空题Listen to the statement and complete the table below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each blank.

填空题Questions 38-40 Choose THREE letters, A-G. Write the correct letters in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet. Which THREE statements below represent the views of Joan Walsh? A．Linguistic issues are impeding black academic success rather than social issues. B．Ebonics deserves to be considered as nothing less than a gift to American society. C．Children of non-English-speaking immigrants should be denied access to limited educational resources. D．Ebonics is a debate that reflects rising multi-minority tensions and frustration over funding issues. E．Ebonics is just another hostile encounter between black and white opponents. F．Many urban African-American children do not have the same exposure to accepted norms of English that they used to. G．Blacks need more flexibility in their dealings with the white public.

填空题Documentation of past weather conditions is limited: our main sources of knowledge of conditions in the distant past are (18) and (19) We can deduce that the Little Ice Age was a time of (20) rather than of consistent freezing. Within it there were some periods of very cold winters, others of (21) and heavy rain, and yet others that saw (22) with no rain at all. A climatic shifts B ice cores C tree rings D glaciers E interactions F weather observations G heat waves H storms I written accounts

填空题The effect of American culture on young Indian women was not forecast when satellite and cable TV arrived in India.

填空题You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.WONDER PLANTThe wonder plant with an uncertain future: more than a billion people rely on bamboo for either their shelter or income, while many endangered species depend on it for their survival. Despite its apparent abundance, a new report says that many species of bamboo may be under serious threat.Section AEvery year, during the rainy season, the mountain gorillas of Central Africa migrate to the foothills and lower slopes of the Virunga Mountains to graze on bamboo. For the 650 or so that remain in the wild, it's a vital food source. Although they eat almost 150 types of plant, as well as various insects and other invertebrates, at this time of year bamboo accounts for up to 90 per cent of their diet. Without it, says Ian Redmond, chairman of the Ape Alliance, their chances of survival would be reduced significantly.Gorillas aren't the only locals keen on bamboo. For the people who live close to the Virungas, it's a valuable and versatile raw material used for building houses and making household items such as mats and baskets. But in the past 100 years or so, resources have come under increasing pressure as populations have exploded and large areas of bamboo forest have been cleared to make way for farms and commercial plantations.Section BSadly, this isn't an isolated story. All over the world, the ranges of many bamboo species appear to be shrinking, endangering the people and animals that depend upon them. But despite bamboo's importance, we know surprisingly little about it. A recent report published by the UN Environment Programme(UNEP)and the International Network for Bamboo and Rattan(INBAR)has revealed just how profound is our ignorance of global bamboo resources, particularly in relation to conservation.There are almost 1,600 recognised species of bamboo, but the report concentrated on the 1,200 or so woody varieties distinguished by the strong stems, or culms, that most people associate with this versatile plant. Of these, only 38 'priority species' identified for their commercial value have been the subject of any real scientific research, and this has focussed mostly on matters relating to their viability as a commodity.This problem isn't confined to bamboo. Compared to the work carried out on animals, the science of assessing the conservation status of plants is still in its infancy. "People have only started looking hard at this during the past 10-15 years, and only now are they getting a handle on how to go about it systematically," says Dr. Valerie Kapos, one of the report's authors and a senior adviser in forest ecology and conservation to the UNEP.Section CBamboo is a type of grass. It comes in a wide variety of forms, ranging in height from 30 centimetres to more than 40 metres. It is also the world's fastest-growing woody plant; some species can grow more than a metre in a day. Bamboo's ecological role extends beyond providing food and habitat for animals. Bamboo tends to grow in stands made up of groups of individual plants that grow from root systems known as rhizomes. Its extensive rhizome systems, which lie in the top layers of the soil, are crucial in preventing soil erosion. And there is growing evidence that bamboo plays an important part in determining forest structure and dynamics. "Bamboo's pattern of mass flowering and mass death leaves behind large areas of dry biomass that attract wildfire," says Kapos. "When these burn, they create patches of open ground within the forest far bigger than would be left by a fallen tree." Patchiness helps to preserve diversity because certain plant species do better during the early stages of regeneration when there are gaps in the canopy.Section DHowever, bamboo's most immediate significance lies in its economic value. Modern processing techniques mean that it can be used in a variety of ways, for example, as flooring and laminates. One of the fastest growing bamboo products is paper -25 per cent of paper produced in India is made from bamboo fibre, and in Brazil, 100,000 hectares of bamboo are grown for its production.Of course, bamboo's main function has always been in domestic applications, and as a locally traded commodity it's worth about US$4.5billion annually. Because of its versatility, flexibility and strength(its tensile strength compares to that of some steel), it has traditionally been used in construction. Today, more than one billion people worldwide live in bamboo houses. Bamboo is often the only readily available raw material for people in many developing countries, says Chris Staple-ton, a research associate at the Royal Botanic Gardens. "Bamboo can be harvested from forest areas or grown quickly elsewhere, and then converted simply without expensive machinery or facilities," he says. "In this way, it contributes substantially to poverty alleviation and wealth creation."Section EGiven bamboo's value in economic and ecological terms, the picture painted by the UNEP report is all the more worrying. But keen horticulturists will spot an apparent contradiction here. Those who've followed the recent vogue for cultivating exotic species in their gardens will point out that if it isn't kept in check, bamboo can cause real problems. "In a lot of places, the people who live with bamboo don't perceive it as being endangered in any way," says Kapos. "In fact, a lot of bamboo species are actually very invasive if they've been introduced." So why are so many species endangered?There are two separate issues here, says Ray Townsend, vice president of the British Bamboo Society and arboretum manager at the Royal Botanic Gardens. "Some plants are threatened because they can't survive in the habitat - they aren't strong enough or there aren't enough of them, perhaps. But bamboo can take care of itself - it is strong enough to survive if left alone. What is under threat is its habitat." It is the physical disturbance that is the threat to bamboo, says Kapos. "When forest goes, it is converted into something else: there isn't anywhere for forest plants such as bamboo to grow if you create a cattle pasture."Section FAround the world, bamboo species are routinely protected as part of forest ecosystems in national parks and reserves, but there is next to nothing that protects bamboo in the wild for its own sake. However, some small steps are being taken to address this situation. The UNEP-INBAR report will help conservationists to establish effective measures aimed at protecting valuable wild bamboo species.Townsend, too, sees the UNEP report as an important step forward in promoting the cause of bamboo conservation. "Until now, bamboo has been perceived as a second-class plant. When you talk about places such as the Amazon, everyone always thinks about the hardwoods. Of course these are significant, but there is a tendency to overlook the plants they are associated with, which are often bamboo species. In many ways, it is the most important plant known to man. I can't think of another plant that is used so much and is so commercially important in so many countries." He believes that the most important first step is to get scientists into the field. "We need to go out there, look at these plants and see how they survive and then use that information to conserve them for the future."Questions 1-7Reading Passage 1 has six sections A-F.Which section contains the following information?Write the correct letter A-F in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.

填空题Only students have access to computers and network resources.

填空题Labelthemapbelow.Writethecorrectletter,A-H,nexttoquestions16-20.

填空题mental illness

填空题indigenous territory

填空题It is ______ to compare the number of species of ant and butterfly.

填空题Cell-Phone Bans While Driving Have More Impact in Dense, Urban Areas A The study, conducted by Sheldon Jacobson, a professor of computer science and the director of the simulation and optimisation laboratory at Illinois, analysed the relationship between pre-and post-law automobile accident rates using public data from 62 counties in New York. Jacobson and co-researchers Alexander Nikolaev and Matthew Robbins published their results in an article titled Evaluating the Impact of Legislation Prohibiting Hand-Held Cell Phone Use While Driving, which will appear in a forthcoming issue of the Journal Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. B The team found that after banning hand-held cell phone use while driving, 46 counties in New York experienced lower fatal accident rates, 10 of which did so at a statistically significant level, while all 62 counties experienced lower personal injury accident rates. They also discovered that the personal injury accident rate decrease was more substantive in counties such as Bronx, New York and Queens, where there was a high density of licensed drivers rather than in sparsely populated areas of upstate New York. 'What that suggests is, if you have a congestion of cars and you're distracted, you're more likely to hit someone,' Jacobson said. 'If you have a lower congestion of cars, you're still distracted, but you're less likely to hit anyone because there are less people to hit. It's simple probability.' Driver distraction is thought to be the cause of nearly 80 per cent of automobile accidents in the U.S., resulting in about 2,600 deaths, 330,000 injuries and 1.5 million instances of property damage annually. C Although a ban on hand-held cell phone use while driving in rural areas has less of an impact on driver safety, Jacobson says that doesn't necessarily mean the ban itself is worthless. 'Hand-held cell phone bans are very valuable in high-density urban areas, but less so in lower-density rural areas,' Jacobson said. 'But that doesn't mean they have no impact in rural areas. It just means that such legislation is less likely to have an impact on driver accident rates.' D Jacobson's study differs from other studies in that, rather than focusing on reaction times of simulated drivers in lab setting, it analysed publicly available data of accident rates published by the New York State Department of Motor Vehicles. To allow for a proper comparison between time periods, the years 1997 to 2001 were treated as the pre-law time period, and the years 2002 to 2007 were considered as the post-law time period. 'Nobody's done a study like this before,' he said. 'Everything prior to this is a micro-analysis of reaction time in laboratories by researchers.' The challenge, Jacobson said, was getting the right data to analyse. 'The best state that had the data to analyse was New York,' he said. 'They've had the hand-held cell phone ban in place since 2001. So we had a lot of data.' E Jacobson said one of the limitations of the study is extrapolating the data from New York state and projecting it onto the nation at large. 'That's fraught with problems, but these are limitations we acknowledge,' he said. 'Every state is unique, but the overall conclusions still stand to reason.' Jacobson, who also holds appointments as a professor of industrial and enterprise systems engineering, of civil and environmental engineering, says the holy grail of data sets to analyse would be the property damage data collected by insurance companies. Jacobson says the difference between his study and one recently published by the Highway Loss Data Institute, an affiliate of the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, is that he used publicly available data and the number of licensed drivers as a proxy for accident prediction. (The insurance industry-backed report studied pre- and post-ban insurance claims from accidents in California, Connecticut, New York and Washington, D.C. It contends that state laws banning the use of cell phones while driving didn't reduce the number of vehicle crashes.) If the property damage data were available to Jacobson and his co-researchers, 'We could come up with a more definitive statement,' he said. F Another challenge for Jacobson and his team was how to standardise accident data across the counties. Their solution was to use the number of licensed drivers and compare the statistical inferences to licensed-driver density. 'Measuring the throughput of cars is very difficult,' Jacobson said. 'As a result, using the number of licensed drivers is a reasonable way to standardise, and licensed-driver density provided an interesting measure to compare the counties.' The measures of traffic safety considered in the study are the number of fatal automobile accidents per 100,000 licensed drivers per year and the number of personal injury accidents per 1,000 licensed drivers per year, Jacobson said. For the purpose of analysis, the personal injury accident rate proved to be a more appropriate measure. 'The trend that we saw was that high-density driving areas tended to have a more precipitous drop in the number of fatalities and accidents after the ban was implemented than in lower- density areas,' Jacobson said. 'This was more pronounced for personal-injury rates than it was for fatality rates.' G Despite the exponential growth in cell phone subscribers, Jacobson says that all the evidence suggests that hand-held cell phone bans while driving are worthwhile. 'All the evidence suggests hand-held cell phone bans while driving are a good thing, and this is more evidence to that effect,' he said. 'But it doesn't establish it definitively. There's still more work to be done, but this helps to further clarify the picture.'