填空题traffic congestion

填空题Listen to the statement and fill out the table below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each blank.

填空题Questions 39-40 Choose TWO letters A-E. Write your answers in boxes 39-40 on your answer sheet. Which TWO of the following statements form part of the author's conclusion? A．Economic growth is the primary development goal, but there are other factors to consider. B．It is preferable not to think about development in rigid, structured terms. C．Development projects are likely to fail in the absence of highly-educated experts. D．The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach is more effective than the Growth Model. E．Economic growth should only be considered as a means for development, not an endpoint.

填空题Complete the sentences below.Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

填空题Teenagers whose parents smoke are at risk of getting lung cancer at some time during their lives.

填空题...............

填空题Questions 20-27 Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

填空题{{B}}Questions 9-10{{/B}}Complete the following sentences using {{B}}NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER{{/B}} for each.

填空题Britain's Concealed Advantage?

填空题................

填空题When she had developed a portfolio of illustrations, Rebecca found publishers A more receptive to her work. B equally cautious about her work. C uninterested in her work.

填空题Street and web domination?

填空题SALINISATIONSalinisation(theaccumulationofsaltsinsoil)isoneoftoday'sworstenvironmentaldisastersandyetitdoesnotsharetheglobalspotlightwithotherecologicalissues.Consideringthethreatthatsalinisationposestonearlyallirrigateddrylandsandtheconsequentialimpactontraditionalagriculture,suchlaggingpublicawarenessis,attheveryleast,disconcerting.Reportsindicatethatbetween2.5and6millionhectaresoflandareaffectedbysalinisationandunlessprecautionaryandremedialmeasuresareimplemented,economicandenvironmentalrepercussionswillbeinevitable.Contributingecologicalfactorssuchassoil-type,climate,rainfallandtopographymakesomelandsmorevulnerabletothesalinisationprocess.However,thevastmajorityoflanddegradedthroughsalinisationcanbedirectlylinkedtohumanactivity,whetheritbedestroyingnaturalvegetationandbushlandstoclearthelandforfarms,over-irrigationofcultivatedlandand/orpoorfarmingpractices.CountrieslikeAustraliaarebeginningtoseethedevastationofincreasingsalinitylevelsafterarelativelyshortperiodofintroducedEuropeanfarmingmethods.Saltssuchassodiumchlorideandcalciumsulphates,occurnaturallyinmanysoilsandwaterways.Whentheconcentrationofsaltlevels(salinity)insoilbecomestoohigh,plantgrowthisadverselyaffectedandthesoilstructurecanbedamaged.NaturedealtreasonablysuccessfullywithsalinitylevelsinAustraliapriortoEuropeansettlement.Naturalvegetation,includingperennialgrassesanddeep-rootedtrees,ensuredthatsaltsweredissolvedasrainwaterslowlyfiltereddownthroughthesoil.Saltwasmoveddownwardandremainedinthegroundwaterbelowtherootzoneoftheplants.Thefibrousrootstructureofthosenativeplants,actedasaneffectivefilterwiththeirhighwater-holdingcapacity.Somerainwaterwasheldbytherootsandsomerainwaterleacheddownwardsthroughthesoilcarryingthedissolvedsalts.Groundwatertranspiredbackintotheairthroughthefoliageofthenativeplants.AsEuropeansintroducedtraditionalformsofagricultureandclearedlargeareasoflandforgrazinginthe1800s,muchofthenativevegetationinAustraliawasreplacedbygenerallyshallow-rootedannualcropsandpastures,substantiallychangingthenaturalprocessthathadbeenworkingwell.Thesecropsandpasturesuselesswaterthanoriginalnativevegetationandtherootsdonothavethesamewater-holdingcapacity.Withtheintroductionofthesecrops,morerainwaterandirrigatedwatermakesitswaydownwardsthroughthesoiltobelowtheroot-zone.Thewaterstillcarriesthedissolvedsaltsdownwardspasttheroot-zonebuttheamountandlevelofgroundwaterisincreased.Inaddition,becausetherootsofthesecropsdonotholdasmuchwater,thewaterisdrawnbackupfromthegroundwaterlater,astheplantneedsmoisture.Weseethenthattheamountandlevelofgroundwaterincreasesbecauseofanincreaseintheamountofwaterbeingputintothesoilandnotbeingheldinfibrousrootstructureslikethatofnativevegetation.Thiscausesthewatertabletorise,bringingdissolvedsaltswithitthateventuallyreachthesurfaceofthesoil.Wateristhenevaporatedfromthesurfaceleavinghighconcentrationsofsaltsbehind.Thisistheprocessofsalinisation.SoilswithhighsalinitylevelsoccurnaturallyinAustraliabuttheseweremostlyconfinedtoparticularcoastalandsub-coastalareas.Overthepast200years,thetotalareaaffectedbysalinisationhasexpandedandhasnowspreadtoinlandareas.Groundwatersaltsthathavebeenaccumulatingoverthousandsofyearsarenowrisingtothesurface.Whenthisgroundwaterenterstherootzoneofthecultivatedplantswhicharenaturallynotsalttolerant,theplantsdie.Theeffectsarenotlimitedtotheparticularclearedsitewheresoilbecomesunsuitableforplantproduction.Saltygroundwatercantravelalongthenaturalcontoursofthelandintootheragriculturalareas,creatingsaltydischargesitesquitesomedistancefromtherechargezone.Nativeaquaticandland-basedhabitatsarenowatrisk,threateningthebiologicaldiversityinAustralia.Itisthereforenecessaryforgroundwaterandsurfacerun-offwatertobedealtwith.Landmanagersorfarmersdonothavetowaituntilcropsdietorecognizethatsalinitylevelsareoutofcontrol.Decliningyieldsincropproduction,sickordyingtreesaroundthepropertyortheappearanceofsalt-tolerantspeciesallserveasawarningthatsalinitylevelshaveincreased.Ifthesesignsareignoredandthelandsbecomedegraded,combatingsalinitywillbecomeexpensiveandtime-consuming.Onecurrentpracticeistoreplanttreesinanefforttodrawthewatertabledownandslowthesalinisationprocessbutthisalonewillbeinadequate.Investigationsarealsobeingmadeintoplantingsalt-tolerantcropsandpastureswhilstbuildingupandpreservingnativespeciesandremnantbushlandareas.Moreeffectivetechniquestocounteractthedrainageproblemsintheformofdrainagecanalsarealsobeingcanvassed.Thesehopetoachieveabalancebetweenthevolumeofwaterenteringthesoilintherechargezoneandthevolumeofwaterthatleavesasdischarge.Thekeytofightingsalinityisthroughlong-termmanagementpracticesonagriculturallandthatrecognizetheimportanceoftherolethatnativevegetationplaysinkeepingwaterbalanceinthesoil.Thesepracticeswillneedtoconsideragriculturalrequirementsalongwithlandandwatercarei.e.balancingeconomicdevelopmentwithenvironmentalprotection.Moreover,apublicawarenesscampaignwithgovernment-fundedincentivesmustmakeitclearthatcurrentfarmingpracticesinat-Asklandscapesarenotsustainableandcannotbetolerated.GLOSSARYsalinisation-thebuild-upofconcentrationsofsaltlevelswithinthesoilgroundwater-waterthatisheldinthesoilwatertable-thelevelofgroundwatertranspiration-thelossofwaterthroughtheleavesofplantsCompletethesummarybelow.Choosewordsandphrasesfromtheboxbelowthesummaryandwriteyouranswersinboxes28-35onyourAnswerSheet.Note:useeachwordorphraseONCEonly.Manypeopleareunawareofthe{{U}}{{U}}1{{/U}}{{/U}}tolandthatsalinityiscausingincountrieslikeAustralia.Salinityhasmanycauses,including{{U}}{{U}}2{{/U}}{{/U}}andshort-sightedfarmingstrategieslikeover-irrigation.Eventhoughsaltsarepresentinmanysoilsandwaterways,nativeplants{{U}}{{U}}3{{/U}}{{/U}}toensurethatsaltremainedinthegroundwater,undertherootzones.Introducedorexoticspeciesofplantswiththeirdifferentneedsandplantstructure,allowmore{{U}}{{U}}4{{/U}}{{/U}}intothesoil,causingthe{{U}}{{U}}5{{/U}}{{/U}}torise.Becausesaltscannotbeevaporated,astheyrisewiththegroundwaterandreachthe{{U}}{{U}}6{{/U}}{{/U}}thehighlevelofsaltscausesalinisation.Theresultantrisingsaltlevelscanhavedetrimentaleffectsonallbiologicalgroupsnotonlyatthe{{U}}{{U}}7{{/U}}{{/U}}.Ifwedonottakenoteofthe{{U}}{{U}}8{{/U}}{{/U}}thecostsinvolvedinrepairingthesaltdamagewillbeconsiderable.landclearing　　　　　rechargezone　　　　　warningsignshadevaporated　　　　salinitylevel　　　　Europeanhadrecharged　　　　　trees　　　　　　　　　hadadaptedwatertable　　　　　　surface　　　　　　　　farmingdifficultieshabitats　　　　　　　government　　　　　　waterrainwater　　　　　　　degradation　　　　　　air

填空题Air Traffic Control started after the Grand Canyon crash in 1956.

填空题The girl doesn't like statistics because it relates to data collection and analysis as well as________.

填空题Section F

填空题..............

填空题In Africa, the subspecies of chimpanzees live in different places ________ of countries.

填空题pose a health risk

填空题The ways in which ordinary people can see the global climate is changing.