填空题The fact that Japan"s birth rate is falling quickly.

填空题She says that non-native speaker students need to anticipate and ______ in order to get involved in seminar discussions.

填空题Wear flat shoes

填空题Do the following statements agree with the information given in the text? {{B}}Write TRUE{{/B}} if the information in the text agrees with the statement. {{B}}Write FALSE{{/B}} if the information in the text contradicts the statement. {{B}}Write NOT GIVEN{{/B}} if there is no information on this.

填空题The conclusion is expected to __________ the question; summarize the main ideas; give your opinion; look to the future.

填空题Questions 28-33 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3 ? In boxes 28-33 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

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填空题When does the man prefer to watch the movie Inception?

填空题Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 25 and 26 on your answer sheet.

填空题Questions 15-20 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 15-20 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

填空题Childhood ______ can adversely influence a person's health later in life.

填空题Wendy says a pre-Master's course costs the same as a ______ Master's programme.

填空题The traffic jam is at________.

填空题How to save the world?

填空题 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. Prime among basic numerical faculties is the ability to distinguish between a larger and a smaller number, says psychologist Elizabeth Brannon. Humans can do this with ease - providing the ratio is big enough - but do other animals share this ability? In one experiment, rhesus monkeys and university students examined two sets of geometrical objects that appeared briefly on a computer monitor. They had to decide which set contained more objects. Both groups performed successfully but, importantly, Brannon's team found that monkeys, like humans, make more errors when two sets of objects are close in number. 'The students' performance ends up looking just like a monkey's. It's practically identical,' she says. Humans and monkeys are mammals, in the animal family known as primates. These are not the only animals whose numerical capacities rely on ratio, however. The same seems to apply to some amphibians. Psychologist Claudia Uller's team tempted salamanders with two sets of fruit flies held in clear tubes. In a series of trials, the researchers noted which tube the salamanders scampered towards, reasoning that if they had a capacity to recognise number, they would head for the larger number. The salamanders successfully discriminated between tubes containing 8 and 16 flies respectively, but not between 3 and 4, 4 and 6, or 8 and 12. So it seems that for the salamanders to discriminate between two numbers, the larger must be at least twice as big as the smaller. However, they could differentiate between 2 and 3 flies lust as well as between 1 and 2 flies, suggesting they recognise small numbers in a different way from larger numbers. Further support for this theory comes from studies of mosquitofish, which instinctively join the biggest shoal* they can. A team at the University of Padova found that while mosquitofish can tell the difference between a group containing 3 shoal-mates and a group containing 4, they did not show a preference between groups of 4 and 5. The team also found that mosquitofish can discriminate between numbers up to 16, but only if the ratio between the fish in each shoal was greater than 2:1. This indicates that the fish, like salamanders, possess both the approximate and precise number systems found in more intelligent animals such as infant humans and other primates. While these findings are highly suggestive, some critics argue that the animals might be relying on other factors to complete the tasks, without considering the number itself. 'Any study that's claiming an animal is capable of representing number should also be controlling for other factors,' says Brannon. Experiments have confirmed that primates can indeed perform numerical feats without extra clues, but what about the more primitive animals? To consider this possibility, the mosquitofish tests were repeated, this time using varying geometrical shapes in place of fish. The team arranged these shapes so that they had the same overall surface area and luminance even though they contained a different number of objects. Across hundreds of trials *a group of fish on 14 different fish, the team found they consistently discriminated 2 objects from 3. The team is now testing whether mosquitofish can also distinguish 3 geometric objects from 4. Even more primitive organisms may share this ability. Entomologist Jurgen Tautz sent a group of bees down a corridor, at the end of which lay two chambers - one which contained sugar water, which they like, while the other was empty. To test the bees' numeracy, the team marked each chamber with a different number of geometrical shapes - between 2 and 6. The bees quickly learned to match the number of shapes with the correct chamber. Like the salamanders and fish, there was a limit to the bees' mathematical prowess - they could differentiate up to 4 shapes, but failed with 5 or 6 shapes. These studies still do not show whether animals learn to count through training, or whether they are born with the skills already intact. If the latter is true, it would suggest there was a strong evolutionary advantage to a mathematical mind. Proof that this may be the case has emerged from an experiment testing the mathematical ability of three- and four-day-old chicks. Like mosquitofish, chicks prefer to be around as many of their siblings as possible, so they will always head towards a larger number of their kin. If chicks spend their first few days surrounded by certain objects, they become attached to these objects as if they were family. Researchers placed each chick in the middle of a platform and showed it two groups of balls of paper. Next, they hid the two piles behind screens, changed the quantities and revealed them to the chick. This forced the chick to perform simple computations to decide which side now contained the biggest number of its "brothers". Without any prior coaching, the chicks scuttled to the larger quantity at a rate well above chance. They were doing some very simple arithmetic, claim the researchers. Why these skills evolved is not hard to imagine, since it would help almost any animal forage for food. Animals on the prowl for sustenance must constantly decide which tree has the most fruit, or which patch of flowers will contain the most nectar. There are also other, less obvious, advantages of numeracy. In one compelling example, researchers in America found that female coots appear to calculate how many eggs they have laid - and add any in the nest laid by an intruder- before making any decisions about adding to them. Exactly how ancient these skills are is difficult to determine, however. Only by studying the numerical abilities of more and more creatures using standardised procedures can we hope to understand the basic preconditions for the evolution of number. Questions 1-7 Complete the table below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet. ANIMAL NUMERACY Subjects Experiment Results Mammals and birds rhesus monkeysand humans looked at two sets of geometrical objects oncomputer screen performance of two groups is almost{{U}}{{U}} 1 {{/U}}{{/U}} chicks chose between two sets of {{U}}{{U}} 2 {{/U}}{{/U}}which are altered chicks can do calculations in order tochoose larger group coots behaviour of {{U}}{{U}} 3 {{/U}}{{/U}}birds wasobserved bird seems to have ability to count eggs Amphibians, fish and insects salamanders offered clear tubes containing differentquantities of {{U}}{{U}} 4 {{/U}}{{/U}} salamanders distinguish between numbersover four if bigger number is at least twotimes larger {{U}}{{U}} 5 {{/U}}{{/U}} shown real shoals and later artificial ones ofgeometrical shapes; these are used to checkinfluence of total {{U}}{{U}} 6 {{/U}}{{/U}}brightness subjects know difference between two andthree and possibly three and four, but notbetween four and five bees had to learn where {{U}}{{U}} 7 {{/U}}{{/U}}was stored could soon choose correct place

填空题News of the most recent technological development was published some years ago.

填空题The museum exhibits rare __________ , fossilized dinosaurs and primitive birds.

填空题widespread adoption

填空题Questions 15-20 Complete the table below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. DREAMTIME TOURS Bookings at 　(15)　or Tel: 07 5562 4402 　(16)　 TOUR SUNDAY, MONDAY, FRIDAY COST: FULL DAY TOUR 280km DEPARTS: Adult　　　　　　　　　　$37.00 　(17)　　　　　　　　　　$33.00 Child　　　　　　　　　　$10.00 (4-14 years) Family$94.00 (2 Adult, 2 Children) Coolangatta　　　　　　　　　7.50 am Burleigh　　　　　　　　　　　8.10 am Surfers Paradise　(18)　 Labrador　　　　　　　　　　　8.45 am Prices include 　(19)　 only* Free pick-up from your resort, hotel or motel *Not included in the fare: Optional tours, luncheons, morning and afternoon tea !unless otherwisei specified), 　(20)　 Meals and refreshments are available at all stops (at your own cost).

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