Complete the sentence below.Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for the answer.There are three full scholarships that cover tuition and provide $ 1,500 cash as a______.
Complete the sentences below.Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
Completetheformbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSforeachanswer.
Increasing the price of petrol is the best way to solve growing traffic and pollution problems. To what extent do you agree or disagree? What other measures do you think might be effective?
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40,whicharebasedonReadingPassage3below.America'soldestart?Setwithintreacherouslysteepcliffs,andhiddenawayinthesecludedvalleysofnortheastBrazil,issomeofSouthAmerica'smostsignificantandspectacularrock-art.Mostoftheartsofardiscoveredfromtheongoingexcavationscomesfromthearchaeologically-importantNationalParkoftheSerradaCapivarainthestateofPiaui,anditiscausingquiteacontroversy.Thereasonfortheuproar?Theartisbeingdatedtoaround25,000orperhaps,accordingtosomearchaeologists,even36,000yearsago.Ifcorrect,thisissettochallengethewidelyheldviewthattheAmericaswerefirstcolonisedfromthenorth,viatheBeringStraitsfromeasternSiberiaataround10,000BC,onlymovingdownintoCentralandSouthAmericainthemillenniathereafter.Priortothedesignationof130,000hectaresasaNationalPark,therock-artsitesweredifficulttogetto,andoftendangeroustoenter.Inancienttimes,thisinaccessibilitymusthaveheightenedtheimportanceofthesites,andindeedofthepeoplewhopaintedontherocks.Wildanimalsandhumanfiguresdominatetheart,andareincorporatedintooften-complexscenesinvolvinghunting,supernaturalbeings,fightinganddancing.Theartistsdepictedtheanimalsthatroamedthelocalancientbrushwoodforest.Thelargemammalsareusuallypaintedingroupsandtendtobeshowninarunningstance,asthoughtryingtoescapefromhuntingparties.Processions-linesofhumanandanimalfigures-alsoappearofgreatimportancetotheseancientartists.Mightsuchlinesrepresentfamilyunitsorgroupsofwarriors?Onanumberofpanels,rowsofstylisedfigures,somenumberingupto30individualfigures,werepaintedusingthenaturalundulatingcontoursoftherocksurface,soevokingthecontoursofthesurroundinglandscape.Otherinteresting,butveryrare,occurrencesarescenesthatshowsmallhumanfiguresholdingontoanddancingaroundatree,possiblyinvolvedinsomeformofaritualdance.Duetothefavourableclimaticconditions,theimageryonmanypanelsisinaremarkablestateofpreservation.Despitethis,however,thereareseriousconservationissuesthataffecttheirlong-termsurvival.Thechemicalandmineralqualitiesoftherockonwhichtheimageryispaintedisfragileandonseveralpanelsitisunstable.Aswellasthesecretionofsodiumcarbonateontherocksurface,completepanelsectionshave,overtheancientandrecentpast,brokenawayfromthemainrocksurface.Thesehavethenbecomeburiedandsealedintosometimes-ancientfloordeposits.Perversely,thisformofnaturalerosionandsubsequentdepositionhasassistedarchaeologistsindatingseveralmajorrock-artsites.Ofcourse,datingtheartisextremelydifficultgiventhenon-existenceofplantandanimalremainsthatmightbescientificallydated.However,thereareasmallnumberofsitesintheSerradaCapivarathataregivinguptheirsecretsthroughgoodsystematicexcavation.Thus,atTocadoBoqueiraodaPedraFurada,rock-artresearcherNiedeGuidonmanagedtoobtainanumberofdates.Atdifferentlevelsofexcavation,shelocatedfallenpaintedrockfragments,whichshewasabletodatetoatleast36,000yearsago.Alongwiththepaintedfragments,crudestonetoolswerefound.Alsodiscoveredwereaseriesofscientificallydatablesitesoffireplaces,orhearths,theearliestdatedto46,000BC,arguablytheoldestdatesforhumanhabitationintheAmericas.However,theseconclusionsarenotwithoutcontroversy.Critics,mainlyfromNorthAmerica,havesuggestedthatthehearthsmayinfactbeanaturalphenomenon,theresultofseasonalbrushwoodfires.SeveralNorthAmericanresearchershavegonefurtherandsuggestedthattherock-artfromthissitedatesfromnoearlierthanabout3,730yearsago,basedontheresultsoflimitedradiocarbondating.AddingfurtherfueltothegeneraldebateisthefactthattheartistsintheareaoftheNationalParktendednottodrawoveroldmotifs(asoftenoccurswithrock-art),whichmakesithardtoworkouttherelativechronologyoftheimagesorstyles.However,thediversityofimageryandthenarrativethepaintingscreatefromeachofthemanysiteswithintheNationalParksuggestsdifferentartistswereprobablymakingtheirartatdifferenttimes,andpotentiallyusingeachsiteovermanythousandsofyears.Withfiercedebatesthusragingoverthedating,wheretheseartistsoriginatefromisalsostillverymuchopentospeculation.ThetraditionalviewignoresalltheearlydatingevidencefromtheSouthAmericanrock-artsites.Inarevisedscenario,somepalaeo-anthropologistsarenowsuggestingthatmodernhumansmayhavemigratedfromAfricausingthestrongcurrentsoftheAtlanticOceansome60,000yearsormoreago,whileotherssuggestamoreimprobablecolonisationcomingfromthePacificOcean.Yet,whileeitherhypothesisisplausible,thereisstillnosupportingarchaeologicalevidencebetweentheSouthAmericancoastlineandtheinterior.Rather,itseemspossiblethattherewereanumberofwavesofhumancolonisationoftheAmericasoccurringpossiblyovera60,000-100,000yearperiod,probablyusingtheBeringStraitsasaland-bridgetocrossintotheAmericas.DespitethecompellingevidencefromSouthAmerica,itstandsalone:theearliestsecurehumanevidenceyetfoundinthestateofOregoninNorthAmericaonlydatesto12,300yearsBC.Sothisisafiercedebatethatislikelytogoonformanymoreyears.However,thesplendidrock-artanditsalliedarchaeologyofnortheastBrazil,describedhere,isplayingahugeandsignificantroleinthediscussion.Questions27-29Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,CorD.Writethecorrectletterinboxes27-29onyouranswersheet.
Choose TWO letters, A-E.Write the correct letters in boxes 20 and 21 on your answer sheetWhich TWO of the following people argue against aiming for constant happiness?A Martin SeligmanB Eric WilsonC Sonja LyubomirskyD Russ HarrisE Barry Schwartz
Leaders or directors are often taken by older people, but some people think it is better to have young people to be leaders. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (2015-01-10)
What is the source of each one below in this survey?Choose FOUR answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-F, next to questions 27-30.A radioB council meetingC the televisionD newspaperE journalF the Internet
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. What is Meaning? —Why do we respond to words and symbols in the ways we do?The end product of education, yours and mine and everybody's, is the total pattern of reactions and possible reactions we have inside ourselves. If you did not have within you at this moment the pattern of reactions that we call "the ability to read," you would see here only meaningless black marks on paper. Because of the trained patterns of response, you are (or are not) stirred to patriotism by martial music, your feelings of reverence are aroused by symbols of your religion, you listen more respectfully to the health advice of someone who has "MD" after his name than to that of someone who hasn't. What I call here a "pattern of reactions", then, is the sum total of the ways we act in response to events, to words, and to symbols.Our reaction patterns or our semantic habits, are the internal and most important residue of whatever years of education or miseducation we may have received from our parents' conduct toward us in childhood as well as their teachings, from the formal education we may have had, from all the lectures we have listened to, from the radio programs and the movies and television shows we have experienced, from all the books and newspapers and comic strips we have read, from the conversations we have had with friends and associates, and from all our experiences. If, as the result of all these influences that make us what we are, our semantic habits are reasonably similar to those of most people around us, we are regarded as "normal," or perhaps "dull." If our semantic habits are noticeably different from those of others, we are regarded as "individualistic" or "original," or, if the differences are disapproved of or viewed with alarm, as "crazy."Semantics is sometimes defined in dictionaries as "the science of the meaning of words"— which would not be a bad definition if people didn't assume that the search for the meanings of words begins and ends with looking them up in a dictionary. If one stops to think for a moment, it is clear that to define a word, as a dictionary does, is simply to explain the word with more words. To be thorough about defining, we should next have to define the words used in the definition, then define the words used in defining the words used in the definition and so on. Defining words with more words, in short, gets us at once into what mathematicians call an "infinite regress". Alternatively, it can get us into the kind of run-around we sometimes encounter when we look up "impertinence" and find it defined as "impudence," so we look up "impudence" and find it defined as "impertinence." Yet—and here we come to another common reaction pattern—people often act as if words can be explained fully with more words. To a person who asked for a definition of jazz, Louis Armstrong is said to have replied, "Man, when you got to ask what it is, you'll never get to know," proving himself to be an intuitive semanticist as well as a great trumpet player.Semantics, then, does not deal with the "meaning of words" as that expression is commonly understood. P. W. Bridgman, the Nobel Prize winner and physicist, once wrote, "The true meaning of a term is to be found by observing what a man does with it, not by what he says about it." He made an enormous contribution to science by showing that the meaning of a scientific term lies in the operations, the things done, that establish its validity, rather than in verbal definitions.Here is a simple, everyday kind of example of "operational" definition. If you say, "This table measures six feet in length," you could prove it by taking a foot rule, performing the operation of laying it end to end while counting, "One...two...three...four...". But if you say—and revolutionists have started uprisings with just this statement "Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains!"—what operations could you perform to demonstrate its accuracy or inaccuracy?But let us carry this suggestion of "operationalism" outside the physical sciences where Bridgman applied it, and observe what "operations" people perform as the result of both the language they use and the language other people use in communicating to them. Here is a personnel manager studying an application blank. He comes to the words "Education: Harvard University," and drops the application blank in the wastebasket (that's the "operation") because, as he would say if you asked him, "I don't like Harvard men." This is an instance of "meaning" at work—but it is not a meaning that can be found in dictionaries.If I seem to be taking a long time to explain what semantics is about, it is because I am trying, in the course of explanation, to introduce the reader to a certain way of looking at human behaviour. I say human responses because, so far as we know, human beings are the only creatures that have, over and above that biological equipment which we have in common with other creatures, the additional capacity for manufacturing symbols and systems of symbols. When we react to a flag, we are not reacting simply to a piece of cloth, but to the meaning with which it has been symbolically endowed. When we react to a word, we are not reacting to a set of sounds, but to the meaning with which that set of sounds has been symbolically endowed.A basic idea in general semantics, therefore, is that the meaning of words (or other symbols) is not in the words, but in our own semantic reactions. If I were to tell a shockingly obscene story in Arabic or Hindustani or Swahili before an audience that understood only English, no one would blush or be angry; the story would be neither shocking nor obscene-indeed, it would not even be a story. Likewise, the value of a dollar bill is not in the bill, but in our social agreement to accept it as a symbol of value. If that agreement were to break down through the collapse of our government, the dollar bill would become only a scrap of paper. We do not understand a dollar bill by staring at it long and hard. We understand it by observing how people act with respect to it. We understand it by understanding the social mechanisms and the loyalties that keep it meaningful. Semantics is therefore a social study, basic to all other social studies.Questions 27-31Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-H, below. Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet.A is meaningless.B has lasting effects on human behaviours.C is a symbol that has lost its meaning.D can be understood only in its social context.E can provide inadequate explanation of meaning.F reflects the variability of human behaviours.G emphasises the importance of analysing how words were used.H suggests that certain types of behaviours carry more meanings than others.
{{B}}Reading Module (60 minutes){{/B}}
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 31-36 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the views of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the views of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
Choose the correct heading for A-G from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet. List of Headingsi A comparison between similar buildingsii The negative reaction of local residentsiii An unusual job for a psychologistiv A type of building benefiting from prescribed guidelinesv The need for government actionvi A failure to use available information in practical waysvii Academics with an unhelpful attitudeviii A refusal by architects to accept criticismix A unique co-operative schemex The expanding scope of environmental psychology Is there a psychologist in the building?CHRISTIANJARRETT reports on psychology's place in new architectural development.A The space around us affects us profoundly -emotionally, behaviourally, cognitively. In Britain that space is changing at a pace not seen for a generation. Surely psychology has something to say about all this change. But is anyone listening? There is a huge amount of psychology research that is relevant, but at the moment we're talking to ourselves,' says Chris Spencer, professor of environmental psychology at the University of Sheffield. Spencer recalls a recent talk he gave in which he called on fellow researchers to make a greater effort to communicate their findings to architects and planners. 'I was amazed at the response of many of the senior researchers, who would say: "I'm doing my research for pure science, the industry can take it or leave it".' But there are models of how to apply environmental psychology to real problems, if you know where to look. Professor Frances Kuo is an example.B Kuo's website provides pictures and plain English summaries of research conducted by her Human Environment Research Laboratory. Among these is a study using police records that found inner-city Chicago apartment buildings surrounded by more vegetation suffered 52 per cent fewer crimes than apartment blocks with little or no greenery. Frances Kuo and her co-researcher William Sullivan believe that greenery reduces crime - so long as visibility is preserved - because it reduces aggression, brings local residents together outdoors, and the conspicuous presence of people deters criminals.C 'Environmental psychologists are increasingly in demand,' says David Uzzell, professor of environmental psychology. 'We're asked to contribute to the planning, design and management of many different environments, ranging from neighbourhoods, offices, schools, health, transport, traffic and leisure environments for the purpose of improving quality of life and creating a better people-environment fit'. Uzzell points to the rebuilding of one south London school as a striking example of how building design can affect human behaviour positively. Before its redesign, it was ranked as the worst school in the area - now it is recognised as one of the country's twenty most improved schools.D Uzzell has been involved in a pioneering project between MSc students in England and Scotland. Architecture students in Scotland acted as designers while environmental psychology students in England acted as consultants, as together they worked on a community project in a run-down area of Glasgow. The psychology students encouraged the architecture students to think about who their client group was, to consider issues of crowding and social cohesion, and they introduced them to psychological methodologies, for example observation and interviewing local residents about their needs.' The collaborative project currently stands as a one-off experiment. 'Hopefully these trainee architects will now go away with some understanding of the psychological issues involved in design and will take into account people's needs,' says Uzzell.E Hilary Barker, a recent graduate in psychology, now works for a design consultancy. She's part of a four-person research team that contributes to the overall work of the company in helping clients use their office space more productively. Her team all have backgrounds in psychology or social science, but the rest of the firm consists mainly of architects and interior designers. 'What I do is pretty rare to be honest,' Barker says. 'I feel very privileged to be able to use my degree in such a way.' Barker explains that the team carries out observational studies on behalf of companies, to identify exactly how occupants are using their building. The companies are often surprised by the findings, for example that staff use meeting rooms for quiet, individual work.F One area where the findings from environment-behaviour research have certainly influenced building is in hospital design. The government has a checklist of criteria that must be met in the design of new hospitals, and these are derived largely from the work of the behavioural scientist Professor Roger Ulrich,' Chris Spencer says. Ulrich's work has shown, for example, how the view from a patient's window can affect their recovery. Even a hospital's layout can impact on people's health, according to Dr John Zeisel. 'If people get lost in hospitals, they get stressed, which lowers their immune system and means their medication works less well. You might think that way-finding round the hospital is the responsibility of the person who puts all the signs up, but the truth is that the basic layout of a building is what helps people find their way around,' he says.G Zeisel also points to the need for a better balance between private and shared rooms in hospitals. 'Falls are reduced and fewer medication errors occur' in private rooms, he says. There's also research showing how important it is that patients have access to the outdoors and that gardens in hospitals are a major contributor to well-being. However, more generally, Zeisel shares Chris Spencer's concerns that the lessons from environmental psychology research are not getting through. 'There is certainly a gap between what we in social science know and the world of designers and architects,' says Zeisel. He believes that most industries, from sports to filmmaking, have now recognised the importance of an evidence-based approach, and that the building trade needs to formulate itself more in that vein, and to recognise that there is relevant research out there. 'It would be outrageous, silly, to go ahead with huge building projects without learning the lessons from the new towns established between 30 and 40 years ago,' he warns.
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 32-35 on you answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts with the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this.
The government thinks that the education system should be up to date. Following are a list of the subjects taught in school. Which do you think are the two most important subjects and which one is the least important for young people? literature geography history mathematics sports foreign languages physics economics psychology music
Some people think that the use of animals for experimentation is cruel; others think it is good for the development of science. Discuss both sides and give your opinion.
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1below.SeedvaultguardsresourcesforthefutureFionaHarveypaidavisittoabuildingwhosecontentsareveryprecious.About1,000kmfromtheNorthPole,Svalbardisoneofthemostremoteplacesonearth.Forthisreason,itisthesiteofavaultthatwillsafeguardapricelesscomponentofourcommonheritage-theseedsofourstaplecrops.Here,seedsfromtheworld'smostvitalfoodcropswillbelockedawayforhundredsoreventhousandsofyears.Ifsomethinggoeswrongintheworld,thevaultwillprovidethemeanstorestorefarming.We,orourdescendants,willnothavetoretreadthousandsofyearsofagriculturefromscratch.Deepinthevaultattheendofalongtunnel,arethreestoragevaultswhicharelinedwithinsulatedpanelstohelpmaintainthecoldtemperatures.Electronictransmitterslinkedtoasatellitesystemmonitortemperature,etc.andpasstheinformationbacktotheappropriateauthoritiesatLongyearbyenandtheNordicGeneBankwhichprovidethetechnicalinformationformanagingtheseedvaults.Theseedsareplacedinsealedboxesandstoredonshelvesinthevaults.Theminimalmoisturelevelandlowtemperatureensurelowmetabolicactivity.Theremotelocation,aswellastheruggedstructure,provideunparalleledsecurityfortheworld'sagriculturalheritage.Thethreevaultsareburieddeepinthehillside.Toreachthem,itisnecessarytoproceeddownalongandsurprisinglylargecorridor.At93.3metresinlength,itconnectsthe26-metrelongentrancebuildingtothethreevaults,eachofwhichextendsafurther27metresintothemountain.Towardstheendofthistunnel,afterabout80metres,thereareseveralsmallroomsontheright-handside.Oneisatransformerroomtowhichonlythepowercompanyofficialshaveaccess-thishousestheequipmentneededtotransformtheincomingelectricalcurrentdownto220volts.Asecondisanelectricalroomhousingcontrolsforthecompressorandotherequipment.Theotherroomisanofficewhichcanbeheatedtoprovidecomfortableworkingconditionsforthosewhowillmakeaninventoryofthesamplesinandoutofthevault.Anyoneseekingaccesstotheseedshastopassthroughfourlockeddoors:theheavysteelentrancedoors,aseconddoorapproximately90metresdownthetunnelandfinallythetwokeyeddoorsseparatedbyanairlock,fromwhichitispossibletoproceeddirectlyintotheseedvaults.Keysarecodedtoallowaccesstodifferentlevelsofthefacility.Aworkofartwillmakethevaultvisibleformilesaround.Thevaultentranceisfilledwithhighlyreflectivesheetsofsteelandmirrorswhichformaninstallationactingasabeacon.Itreflectspolarlightinthesummermonths,whileinthewinter,anetworkof200fibre-opticcableswillgivethepieceamutedgreenish-turquoiseandwhitelight.CaryFowler,themastermindbehindthevault,standsinsidetheechoingcavern.Forhim,thisistheculminationofnearly30yearsofwork.'It'saninsurancepolicy,'heexplains,'averycheapinsurancepolicywhenyouconsiderwhatwe'reinsuring-theearth'sbiologicaldiversity.'Seedsarebeingbroughtherefromallovertheworld,fromseedbankscreatedbygovernments,universitiesandprivateinstitutions.Soon,therewillbeseedvarietiesfromatleast100cropsintheSvalbardvault-extendingtoexamplesofallofthe1.5millionknowncropseedvarietiesintheworld.Ifanymoreareunearthed,eitherinthewildorfoundinobscurecollections,theycanbeadded,too-thevaulthasroomforatleast4.5millionsamples.Insidetheentranceareaitismorethan10°Cbelowfreezing,butinthechamberswheretheseedsarekept,refrigeratorspushdownthetemperatureevenfurther,to-18°C.Atthistemperature,whichwillbekeptconstanttostoptheseedsgerminatingorrotting,thewheatseedswillremainviableforanestimated1,700years,thebarleyfor2,000yearsandthesorghumfor20,000years.Svalbard'sArcticconditionswillkeeptheseedscold.Inordertomaintainthetemperatureataconstant-10°Cto-20°C,thecoldArcticairwillbedrawnintothevaultduringthewinter,automaticallyandwithouthumanintervention.Thesurroundingrockwillmaintainthetemperaturerequirementsduringtheextremelycoldseasonand,duringwarmerperiods,refrigerationequipmentwillengage.Lookingoutacrossthesnow-coveredmountainsofSvalbard,itishardnottofeelrespectforthe2,300orsopeoplewholivehere,mainlyinLongyearbyen,avillageafewmilesaway.Therearethreemonthswithoutlightinwinter.Svalbardisintendedastheseedbankoflastresort.Eachsampleismadeupofafewhundredseeds,sealedinsideawatertightpackagewhichwillneverbetamperedwithwhileitisinthevault.Thepackagesofseedsremainthepropertyofthecollectionstheyhavecomefrom.Svalbardwilldisbursesamples'onlyifalltheotherseedsinothercollectionsaroundtheworldaregone,'explainsFowler.Ifseedsdohavetobegivenout,thosewhoreceivethemareexpectedtogerminatethemandgeneratenewsamples,tobereturnedtothevault.Questions1-6Labelthediagrambelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSORANUMBERfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes1-6onyouranswersheet.
The writer mentions rainforests and the ozone layer
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonthistask.Thebarchartbelowgivesinformationaboutthepercentageofthepopulationlivinginurbanareasindifferentpartsoftheworld.Summarisetheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemainfeatures,andmakecomparisonswhererelevant.Writeatleast150words.
Labelthemapbelow.Writethecorrectletter,A-H,nexttoquestions15-20.