填空题Economists use the term market to refer to a collection of buyers and sellers who transact to a particular

填空题The Passive-Aggressive Organisation Healthy companies are hard to mistake．Their managers have access to good，timely information， the authority to make informed decisions．and the incentives to make them on behalf of the organisation，which promptly and capably carries them out A good term for the healthiest of such organisations is"resilient"，since they can react nimbly (31) challenges and recover quickly (32) those they cannot dodge． Unfortunately，most companies are not resilient．In fact，fewer than one (33) five of the approximately 30，000 individuals (34) responded to a global online survey Booz Allen Hamilton conducted describe their organisations that way．The largest number- over one-quarter-say they suffer from the cluster of pathologies we place (35) the label"passive-aggressive"．The category takes its name from the organisation's quiet but tenacious resistance，in every way but openly，to corporate directives． In passive-aggressive organisations，people pay those directives lip service，putting in only enough effort to appear compliant．Employees feel free to do as they see fit (36) there are hardly ever unpleasant consequences，and the directives themselves are often misguided and thus seem worthy (37) defiance． Making matters worse，senior management has left unclear where accountability actually lies，in effect absolving managers of final responsibility (38) anything they do． Those (39) initiative must wait interminably for a go-ahead．and their actions when finally taken (40) accompanied by a chorus of second-guessing，a poor but understandable substitute for the satisfaction of accomplishing the task at hand．

填空题of the rich and neglect to the needs of the poor. Workers would be exploited by industrial barons

填空题We shall instruct our legal department to take action against you. ______

填空题·Read this text about information-oriented society.·Choose the best sentence from the opposite page to fill each of the gaps.·For each gap g- 14, mark one fetter (A- H) on your Answer Sheet.·De not use any letter more than once. {{B}}New Developments for an Information-Oriented Society{{/B}}The astounding technological progress that is being achieved recently with electronics as the centerpiece is providing our society with sophisticated means for information processing and distribution. Information channeling technology is undergoing rapid progress and has, in reality, become a decisive factor determining the very future of our society and economy. in our society, "information" is gaining relatively greater significance compared with material resources.Backed by civilian factors such as diversification of philosophies of value and sophistication of needs and preferences in concert with the nation's rising living standard, Japanese society is presently undergoing changes in the extension of economic services and in the industrial structure. Meanwhile, newly coined words such as "information channeling, " "software-based operations" and "de-industrialization" have come into use to make these changes tangible, and whet can be said commonly in connection with these words in that.{{U}} (9) {{/U}}.The trend toward and information-oriented society is becoming apparent even in industry, with personnel engaged in information channeling professions increasing at a fast pace recently in all sectors of industry. These trends in both society and industry have been made possible primarily through poplar acceptance of the computer, communications equipment and data processing equipment, but further reliance on sophisticated computerized systems can be seen not only in the sector of industry but also in our daily lives.{{U}} (10) {{/U}}.Information channeling is undergoing remarkable progress an various sectors of society-in industrial activities, public services and, more recently, in daily living.In the sector of industrial activities, automations is continuing with the aim of increasing productivity-introduction of computers for process control by the manufacturing industry, end introduction of NC machine tools, industrial robots, CAD/CAM systems and, more recently, FMS by the processing and assembling industries.Meanwhile, in offices, rapid office automation is presently in progress, stimulated by the popular acceptance of computerized systems, expansion of communications networks and the remarkable technological progress achieved in related equipment such as Japanese word processors.{{U}} (11) {{/U}}Information channeling is being utilized actively in the field of public services. For example, large-capacity computers were introduced from an early stage for the control of railway trains and for extending seat reservation services, and more recently diagnostic systems utilizing computers have become commonplace in medical care to cope with the steady an aging society, research is in progress to develop technologies related to medical information systems with the aim of improving efficiency in medical services.{{U}} (12) {{/U}}.In the sector of administration, efficiency of clerical work is being improved through the introduction of computers, and huge volumes of administrative data are more recently being stored in data base systems. "In the wore of these, computers have become indispensable for advancing large-scale R&D projects as in connection with space development and atomic power development, and also in the field of basic research in life sciences.{{U}} (13) {{/U}}.To cope with civilian needs for more convenience in home living and in order to meet the needs raised by growing diversification of lifestyles, active research is presently in progress to develop and commercialize new media incorporating sophisticated data processing functions for use in addition to existing media involving the television, radio and telephone. In concert, research is being directed at developing technologies related to automation in the home.Progress of Science and Technology Supporting Information ChannelingElectronic element technology, the foundation for progress of the computer as well as communications equipment, has undergone a steady transition form the vacuum tube, followed with the transistor and IC, to the current LSI. Progress has been so dramatic in integration rates that, today, super LSIs integrating more than 100. 00 elements on a single circuit are being developed one after another elements on a single circuit are being developed one after another.{{U}} (14) {{/U}}.A The Current State of Information Channeling in Japan.B In our society, "information" is gaining relatively greater significance compared with material re- sources.C Rapid automation and efficiency improvement are also being achieved in the sector of commodity distribution through the introduction of advanced POS systems.D Dally living is also a sector in which information channeling is taking firm root.E This progress has led to remarkable improvements in system economy and reliability, leading to the successive development of microcomputers and elements designed for the widest range of applications.F Introduction of Information Systems in Various Sectors Sectors of Society.G This has resulted in computers today that feature performances that were unimaginable in the early days of the computer.H Regarding education, computerized systems including the CAI system and CMI system are presently being put to trial operation.

填空题A To maintain a statistical measure of the quantity of goods shipped abroad and to provide a means of determining whether regulations are being met, most countries require ship ments abroad to be accompanied by an export declaration. Usually such a declaration, presented at the port of exit, includes the names and addresses of the principals involved, the destination of the goods, a full description of the goods, and their declared value. When manufacturers are exporting from the United States, Customs and the Department of Cormmerce require an export declaration for all shipments. If specific licenses are required to ship a particular commodity, the export license must be presented with the export declaration for proper certification. It thus serves as the principal means of control for regulatory agencies of the U.S. government. B In exporting, the bill that the exporter or consignor sends to the importer or consignee is called a commercial invoice. This invoice lists full particulars of the shipment. The marks, the number of packages, an accurate packing list, and a full description of the merchandise should appear on the commercial invoice. It should state the name of the ship (if ocean transportation is used), the name and address of the consignee, the contract number, the code word for the contract if one is used, the price per unit of the merchandise, and the total price of the shipment. The commercial invoice should also show the nature of the price quotation, whether the merchandise is sold FOB factory, FAS vessel, or ClF port of destination. C Another essential shipping document for shipments to some countries is the consular invoice. This is a document obtained by the exporter in his or her country from the governmental representative of the importer's country. It was originally designed to help ensure that fair market values would be listed on the invoices prepared by the exporter. Thus the exporter must prepare and haw certified before the foreign consul or representative a document containing all essential details of the sale. After certification the document is forwarded to the buyer for presentation to customs with the customs declaration, ostensibly for use in determining the amount of tariff to be levied. In recent years, a number of countries including the United States and the Philippines, have eliminated the requirement for the consular invoice. But where they are still required, they must be provided. D The packing list is sometimes displayed on the commercial invoice, or it may be a separate document, depending on the number of packages and the complexity of the list. It should contain, item by item, the contents of cases or containers in a shipment. The items should be listed separately with their weight and description set forth so as to make a complete check of the contents of each package possible upon arrival at the port of destination or the customs office. This information is also useful for the consignee. Any variation in description from the commercial invoice or consular invoice usually subjects the consignee to large fines, which are then passed on to the exporter. E These contain a wide variety of special inspection certificates issued by various authorities and may be required by the importer to meet his or her own or government requirements. These documents certify as to purity and absence of disease, and are issued to cover food products, plants, seeds, and live animals. Frequently, they must be legalized by the consular representative of the importing country. Food products are those for which sanitary certificates are most often required. Special certificates are also issued for certain types of merchandise, to certify a required composition or the existence of specific ingredients. Some types of steel, for example, are sold on analysis. Certain chemical mixtures must be analyzed and certified with respect to the presence of desired constituents.

填空题·You will hear five extracts about five low-cost ways to market their business. ·For each extract there are two tasks. For Task One, choose the relatively suitable title of each extract from the list A--H. For Task Two, choose the benefit of the way inferred in each extract from the list A--H. ·You will hear the recording twice. {{B}} TASK ONE--TITLE{{/B}} ·For questions 13--17, match the extracts with the titles, listed A--H. ·For each extract, choose the title given. ·Write one letter (A--H) next to the number of the extract. A Create a destination B Combine business with pleasure and charity C Become an online expert D Court local media E Take steps to make customers feel special F Stop servicing break-even customers G Create business cards that prospects keep H Don't let customers simply slip away

填空题O & M

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填空题WHAT EMPLOYEES SAY THEY WANT Employees say one thing and do another, a recent UK-based report claims. (0) H Addressing these problems is especially important when there are skills shortages, and companies are trying hard to retain the workers they have. According to the report, there is a consistent discrepancy between what really attracts staff and keeps them, and what they say are priorities. The report found that, although there are differences in preferences, depending on age, home country and gender, all age groups say they rate the work/life balance as an extremely important consideration for staying with their particular company. (9) This is followed by job security and financial rewards. However, despite their proclamations about wanting a work/life balance, it was established that this does not have a positive effect on retention for any subgroup. Similarly, people profess to identify more closely with a company which has a clear strategy for success, but in fact that does not result in improved retention either. (10) Another finding was that it is the high-flyers in a company who are most likely to be ungrateful and leave. This is despite the fact that they are more likely to attract fast-track promotion, career development, training and financial rewards, which should be the glue to keep them loyal. (11) All this makes life difficult for managers. (12) This is because they have to spend as much time creating an employment brand that attracts the best talent as they do in creating a consumer brand that builds customer loyalty. That is all the more important for major companies, who, increasingly these days, are no longer viewed as the employer of choice by top graduates. (13) This involves both corporate attitudes and individual encouragement. At corporate level, there is a need for a clear and convincing strategy for the business, and an innovative environment low in bureaucracy. One level down from that, there should be tasks that interest and challenge employees, and sharpen their skills. At individual level, profit-related bonuses go clown well. (14) Above all, companies should remember that since the requirements are different for the young, middle-aged and elderly, as well as for men and women, the package has to be enticing to the right target age and gender. A Top executives find that they can no longer delegate personnel matters. B That is possibly because they are most likely to find other jobs. C What the report did conclude though, was that money, especially performance-related pay, does increase commitment, as do share options and profit-sharing. D In addition, companies need to motivate key people with appropriate recognition and by giving them what they actually want, rather than just relying on an attractive basic salary, which can easily be matched by any other employer. E Moreover, when it comes to choosing a job, women rate it even more highly than men. F As a result, the report concludes that focusing on the top performers can be counterproductive because it can cause underdevelopment, underutilization and demotivation of the rest of the workforce. G The report reckons that in order to change this situation, a two-stage policy is required. H This will come as no surprise to anyone involved with market research, but it is causing problems for employers trying to recruit staff.

填空题· For each extract, there are two tasks. For Task One, choose the business they are running from th Task One—Business · For questions 13-17, match the extracts with the business types, listed A-H. · For each extract, choose the business type stated. · Write one letter (A-H) next to the number extract. A offering professional suggestion. B presenting seminars and motivational presentations for the young C networking CEOs in different area D working in big company P&G E health improvement service F running a juice bar G selling garage products H real estate & mortgage lending

填空题its being return or replacement.

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填空题reasonable approve workable frequent efficient written fair comfortable equal convenient impressive credible trust welcome advisable believe restricted security changeable credit

填空题·Read the article below about successful e-mail negotiation.·Choose the best sentence from the opposite page to fill each of the gaps.·For each gap 9-14, mark one letter (A-H) on your Answer Sheet.·Do not use any letter more than once. Successful E-mail NegotiationGiven that you are involved in a negotiation that must proceed via information technology, how can you best achieve your goals? The following prescriptions are important. Most people overestimate the ability of other people to make sense out of what they mean. People have a hard enough time deciphering our messages in face-to-face interactions; accuracy decreases dramatically in e-mail exchanges. Many people assume that longer means clearer. It does not. People have a slant attention span and often dislike long e-mail messages, or perhaps even stop reading them if they began to fall off of the screen. Must people are capable of only retaining seven, plus-or-minus two, ideas in their head at any one 6rae. As a general rule of thumb, most e- mail messages should fit on a single screen. Screen loading, or the tendency to write very long message can lead to annoyance on the part of the recipient, especially if be or she is busy. Negotiations are more productive when the parties exchange a greater number of shorter e-mails, rather than fewer, but longer e-malls.{{U}} (9) {{/U}}This also builds reciprocity in exchange. The asynchronous nature of e-mail provides people with the dubious luxury of not having to immediately receive of respond to e-mail messages. However, the sender of e-mail messages often expects a timely response. Not responding to e-mail may be perceived as rejection and disinterest. Further, newer forms of software allow senders to ascertain whether the recipient has read their e-mail. Failure to provide a timely response to e-mall is akin to giving the "silent treatment" to someone.{{U}} (10) {{/U}}. Meta-communication is communication about communication. This boils down to people talking about how they should communicate.{{U}} (11) {{/U}}In any electronic communication, it is important to let team members know how often you check your e-mail, whether you or someone else reads and responds to your e-mail, and whether you forward your e-mail to others. Flaming refers to the insults, criticisms, and character assassinations that people hurl over e-mail. Flaming remarks make fun of grammar, include labeling and accusations, character attack, backhanded compliments, and blunt statements.{{U}} (12) {{/U}}. In contrast, face-to-face groups have mechanisms and norms, such as conformity pressure, that largely prevent flaming. People react to each other with less politeness, empathy or inhibition if they cannot sense the other's social presence.{{U}} (13) {{/U}}. There is more uncertainty, doubt, and ambiguity in electronic mail exchanges.{{U}} (14) {{/U}}.As a consequence, people become frustrated and seek to control the exchange by issuing threats, e.g. "I am not going to read my e-mail again". Along lines, do nut chastise or deliver negative feedback via e-mail; face-to-face or telephone communication is more appropriate.A Such and other negative interpersonal behaviors often stem from feelings of isolation.B This stems from the asynchronous nature of communication.C Increasing the rate of e-mail exchange prevents misunderstanding because misperceptions can be quickly rectified.D This will result in the failure of communication.E Suspicion and hostility increase as the communication between parties diminishes.F Negotiators are much more likely to issue threats when communicating via information technology.G Most people overestimate the ability of other people to make sense out of what they mean.H This is of critical importance in electronic interaction because the norms of mm taking and conversation are not clear.

填空题· For each extract, there are two tasks. For Task One, choose the cause of the trouble from the list A-H. For Task Two, choose the solutions they applied from the list A-H. Task One—Cause of Trouble · For questions 13-17, match the extracts with the business trouble, listed A-H. · For each extract, choose the cause of trouble stated. · Write one letter (A-H) next to the number extract. A weak sales performance B tight financial budget to offer discounts to buyers C low-cost of new medium D big mistakes in business analysis E the popularity of Internet F illegal operation of the company G imbalance between work and customers responsibilities H indifferent customers