单选题·Read the article below about cost.·Choose the best word to fill each gap, from A, B, C or D.·For each question 19—33, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet.·There is an example at the beginning. {{B}}Cost as a Factor in Supply{{/B}}In a purely competitive market, the supplier of goods and services has no control over the market price, because he produces too little to influence market conditions. With no difference between his product and the products{{U}} (19) {{/U}}his competitors, he will sell nothing if he charges above the market price and he will sell all if he charges at or below the market price. However, in considering the price, be must take cost of production{{U}} (20) {{/U}}. There are times when he may be willing to sell below his cost. This might happen when prices tumble for{{U}} (21) {{/U}}a short time. However, no business person can{{U}} (22) {{/U}}lose money for a prolonged (延长的) period. He must{{U}} (23) {{/U}}of his costs in relation to the market price if he is to compete successfully and earn a profit.Many people have the impression that{{U}} (24) {{/U}}production increases, costs per unit decrease. {{U}}(25) {{/U}}mass production has made this true in certain industries and at certain levels of production, {{U}}(26) {{/U}}logic and practical experience have shown that costs per unit begin to rise beyond a certain level of production. Some economists{{U}} (27) {{/U}}this principle as the law of increasing costs.The reason why{{U}} (28) {{/U}}rise as production goes up is complex. However, it is easy to recognize that as production goes up, the need for additional factors of production will also grow, resulting{{U}} (29) {{/U}}competitive bidding (出价) in the marketplace for the factors of production. If a producer needs{{U}} (30) {{/U}}skilled labour to produce more, and none of this labour is unemployed, the producer will have to get{{U}} (31) {{/U}}from other sources. This can be done by{{U}} (32) {{/U}}higher wages. Higher bidding would also apply to the other factors of production. We must also recognize that not all labour is equally productive, {{U}}(33) {{/U}}not all land is equally fertile (肥沃的) and not all ore is equally rich in the mineral wanted.

单选题Achieving a successful merger However attractive the figures may look on paper, in the long run the success or failure of a merger depends on the human factor. When the agreement has been signed and the accountants have departed, the real problems may only just be beginning. If there is a culture clash between the two companies in the way their people work, then all the efforts of the financiers and lawyers to strike a deal may have been in vain. According to Chris Bolton of KS Management Consultants, 70% of mergers fail to live up to their promise of shareholder value, not through any failure in economic terms but because the integration of people is unsuccessful. Corporates, he explains, concentrate their efforts before a merger on legal, technical and financial matters. They employ a range of experts to obtain the most favourable contract possible. But even at these early stages, people issues must be taken into consideration. The strengths and weaknesses of both organisations should be assessed and, if it is a merger of equals, then careful thought should be given to which personnel, from which side, should take on the key roles. This was the issue in 2001 when' the proposed merger between two pharmaceutical companies promised to create one of the largest players in the industry. For both companies the merger was intended to reverse falling market share and shareholder value. However, although the companies' skill bases were compatible, the chief executives of the two companies could not agree which of them was to head up the new organisation. This illustrates the need to compromise if a merger is to take place. But even in mergers that do go ahead, there can be culture dashes. One way to avoid this is to work with focus groups to see how employees view the existing culture of their organisation. In one example, where two global organisations in the food sector were planning to merge, focus groups discovered that the companies displayed very different profiles. One was sales-focused, knew exactly what it wanted to achieve and pushed initiatives through. The other got involved in lengthy discussions, trying out options methodically and making contingency plans. The first responded quickly to changes in the marketplace; the second took longer, but the option it eventually chose was usually the correct one. Neither company's approach would have worked for the other. The answer is not to adopt one company's approach, or even to try to incorporate every aspect of both organlsations, but to create a totally new culture. This means taking the best from both sides and making a new organisation that everyone can accept. Or almost everyone. Inevitably there will be those who cannot adapt to a different culture. Research into the impact of mergers has found that companies .with differing management styles are the ones that need to work hardest at creating a new culture. Another tool that can help to get the right cultural mix is intercultural analysis. This involves carrying out research that looks at the culture of a company and the business culture of the country in which it is based. It identifies how people, money and time are managed in a company, and investigates the business customs of the country and how its politics, economics and history impact on the way business is done.

单选题We got up early this morning and 1 a long walk after breakfast. We walked through the business section of the city. I told you yesterday that the city was larger 2 I thought it would be. 3 the business section is smaller than I thought it would be. I suppose that"s 4 Washington is a special kind of city. 5 the people in Washington work for the government. A bout 9:30 we went to the White House. It"s 6 to the public from 10 till12, and there was a long line of people waiting to get in. We didn"t have to wait very long, because the line moved 7 quickly. The White House is really white. It is painted every year. And it seems very white, because it"s got beautiful lawns all around it, 8 many trees and shrubs. The grounds 9 about four square blocks. I mean, they"re about two blocks long 10 each side. Of course, we didn"t see the whole building. The part 11 the President lives and works is not open to the public. But the part we saw was beautiful. We went through five of the main rooms. One of them was the library, on the ground floor. On the next floor, there are three rooms named 12 the colors that are used in them: the Red Room, the Blue Room, and the Green Room. The walls are covered with silk 13 . There are 14 old furniture, from the time 15 the White House was first built. And everywhere there are paintings and statues of former presidents and other famous people from history.

单选题The Significance of the Division of Labour The significance of the division of labour was first found by Adam Smith in the 1770s. He explained part of its advantages. He gives as an example the process (19) which pins were made in England. "One man draws (20) the wire; another strengthens it; a third cuts it; a fourth points it; a fifth grinds it at the top to prepare it to receive the head. To make the head (21) two or three operations. To put it on is a (22) operation, to polish the pins is another. And the important business of making pins is, (23) this manner, (24) into about eighteen operations, which in some factories are all performed by different people, (25) in others the same man will sometimes perform two or three of them. " Ten men, Smith said, in this way, turned (26) twelve pounds of pins a day or about 4,800 pins per worker. But if all of them had worked separately and (27) without division of labour, none of them could have made twenty pins in a day and perhaps not even one. There can be no doubt that division of labour is a/an (28) way of (29) work. Fewer people can make more pins. Adam Smith saw this but he also took it for granted that division of labour is in itself responsible for economic (30) and development and that it (31) for the difference between (32) economies and those that (33) still but division of labour adds nothing new; it only enables people to produce more of what they already have.

单选题The Role of Leadership In an organisation where there is faith in the abilities of formal leaders, employees will look towards the leaders for a number of things. During drastic change times, employees will expect effective and sensible planning, confident and effective decision-making, and regular, complete communication that are timely. The best way to summarize is that there is a climate of trust between leader and the rest of the team. The existence of this trust brings hope for better times in the future, and that makes coping with drastic change much easier. In organisations characterized by poor leadership, employees expect nothing positive. In a climate of distrust, employees learn that leaders will act in indecipherable ways and in ways that do not seem to be in anyone's best interests. The organisation must deal with the practical impact of unpleasant change, but more importantly, must labor under the weight of employees who have given up, have no faith in the system or in the ability of leaders to turn the organisation around. When we talk about preparing for the change journey, we are talking about leading in a way that lays the foundation or groundwork for any changes that may occur in the future. Preparing is about building resources, by building healthy organizations in the first place. Much like healthy people, who are better able to cope with infection or disease than unhealthy people, organizations that are healthy in the first place are better able to deal with change. As a leader, you need to establish credibility and a track record of effective decision-making, so that there is trust in your ability to figure out what is necessary to bring the organisation through. Leaders play a critical role during change implementation. During this period, effective leaders need to focus on two things. First, the feelings and confusion of employees must be acknowledged and validated. Second, the leader must work with employees to begin creating a new vision of the altered workplace, and helping employees to understand the direction of the future. Focusing only on feelings may result in wallowing. That is why it is necessary to begin the movement into the new ways or situations. Focusing only on the new vision may result in the perception that the leader is out of touch, cold and uncaring. A key part of leadership in this phase knows when to focus on the pain, and when to focus on building and moving into the future. In a sense you never completely arrive, but here we are talking about the period where the initial instability of massive change has been reduced. The critical thing here is that leaders must now offer hope that the organization is working towards being better, by solving problems and improving the quality of work life. While the new vision of the organization may have begun while people were slogging through the swamp, this is the time to complete the process, and make sure that people buy into it, and understand their roles in this new organization. Playing a leadership role in the three phases is not easy. Not only do you have a responsibility to lead, but as an employee yourself, you have to deal with your own reactions to the change, and your role in it. However, if you are ineffective in leading change, you will bear a very heavy personal load. Since you are accountable for the performance of your unit, you will have to deal with the ongoing loss of productivity that can result from poorly managed change, not to mention the potential impact on your own enjoyment of your job.

单选题{{B}}How to approach Reading Test Part Three{{/B}}· In this part of the Reading Test you read a longer text and answer six questions.· First read the questions. Try to get an idea of what the text will be about. Then read the text quickly for general understanding.· Then read the text and questions more carefully, choosing the best answer to each question. Do not choose an answer just because you can see the same words in the text.· Read the article below about report writing and the questions on the opposite page.· For each question 13 - 18, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet for the answer you choose. {{B}}Report writing: a growing demand{{/B}} Writing reports is an essential business skill, one which is often thought to be quite distinct from those required for letter writing and speech making, for instance, yet in each case success comes from taking a common basic approach. Nowadays, the availability of computers makes it tempting to devote much of the planning stage of writing a report to experimenting with graphics and layout - which may well benefit the reader - but we risk focusing on presentation at the expense of substance. After all, the absence of visible corrections may not mean an absence of errors. Skill at report writing is needed for anything from a short magazine article to a lengthy submission to a public enquiry. In business, it is nor only required for more and more jobs; it can also make a difference to your chances of promotion. When you speak, people know that you don't have the time to organise your ideas, or choose the fight words. But when you write, they assume you've got the time, and expect better organisarion, more careful expression. And - worryingly, perhaps, for many - they may read your words several times. The increasing importance of reports reflects changes in the workplace. Gone are the days when businesses or departments were small enough for decisions to be taken after a discussion between the manager and a specialist on the shop floor. Companies and organisations have expanded and are now increasingly dependent on documentation. This provides a record of decisions taken, and evidence that the issues have been analysed, Effective reports can enable management to retain the confidence of shareholders, directors and binkers. Some reports, like the minutes of a meeting, record the main points of discussions, any decisions made and advice given. They also have one eye on the future. Lawyers and other professionals file reports as a record of their contact with clients. These are then available for future reference and for consukation by colleagues if necessary. A report filed at the time is considered an accurate account of events should the facts be challenged subsequently. It provides evidence that you took appropriate steps, which may be valuable if things go wrong Later. It is always important to be clear about who your readers are. The report may be written for a particular senior executive, but, unless it is confidential, a number of other people are likely to see it. Make sure your report is relevant to their needs too. If you are set a deadline, you will give a poor impression if you miss it. Busy managers can only cope with all the documents they receive by being selective, perhaps turning just to the introduction and summary. If they are really harassed, your report may not even leave the pending tray! To be successful, a report must be read without undue delay, understood without undue effort, accepted and, where appropriate, acted upon. But reading a report can be a daunting experience, in which case the recipient will resist the idea of spending time wading through it. This natural resistance is known as the 'cognitive cost'. A technical, closely typed report, written in a ponderous style, without illustrations, will have a high cognitive cost. It is clearly going to be hard work absorbing the contents.

单选题·Read the article below about advertisement.·Choose the best word or phrase to fill each gap from A, B, C, or D on the opposite page.·For each question 19--33, mark one letter (A, B, C, or D) on your Answer Sheet. {{B}}Advertisement{{/B}}The dynamic developing economies of the world are {{U}}(19) {{/U}} with potential. Not only have they demonstrated {{U}}(20) {{/U}} levels of growth, but we believe this looks set, {{U}}(21) {{/U}} by {{U}}(22) {{/U}} inflows of foreign investment. Fidelity Emerging Markets Fund is supposed to help you {{U}}(23) {{/U}} on this promising {{U}}(24) {{/U}}.The key to real success in Emerging Markets is {{U}}(25) {{/U}} and resources, of Fidelities foremost strengths. As the world's largest {{U}}(26) {{/U}} investment management organization, we can draw upon a(n) {{U}}(27) {{/U}} network of offices covering developing {{U}}(28) {{/U}} across Asia, Latin America and Europe.This local presence means we can apply a hands-on {{U}}(29) {{/U}}, searching out a capitalizing on investment opportunities as soon as they come to {{U}}(30) {{/U}}. As a result, Fidelity becomes one of the world's leading names in {{U}}(31) {{/U}} stock markets, where we currently manage 5 billion pounds?So {{U}}(32) {{/U}} now to find out more about the Fidelity Emerging Markets Fund-- and get the potential of these dynamic markets teamed with the strength of the Fidelity organization. For more information, calls us, free of {{U}}(33) {{/U}} from any of the countries below. If you live elsewhere, please use the UK number or post or fax the coupon.

单选题·Read the following article about job interviews and the questions below the passage.·For each question (13—18), mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet for the answer you choose. {{B}}Making the Right Impression{{/B}} The first thing to remember when you go for a job interview is that this is not a one-sided affair. Treat it as you would do in a negotiation. After all, both you and the prospective employer are selling something. If you approach an interview with the attitude of "any job will do", the interviewer will realize that immediately. If the job is worth anything, you won't get it. You should prepare yourself for an interview just as you would do for a negotiation. Find out as much as you can about the company and the person who is to interview you. Don't be caught unawares. Go to the Internet and look at the company's website. Compare it with that of its competitors. Alternatively, look at the Yellow Pages or trade magazines to see how they advertise themselves. Make enquiries at the Chamber of Commerce and other relevant organizations. Find out at least a little about the sector se that you can ask interesting questions. Think of and note down your strengths and the opportunities that lie ahead. No matter how high unemployment is, regardless of how miserable you are in your current job, it's always an advantage to see things in a positive light. If you have little or no experience m a particular area, consider your capabilities in a similar area. Spend some time trying to imagine what type of employee the company is looking for and what makes you suitable for the job being advertised. First impressions count, so look good and feel good before you go. Choose clothes that make you feel confident, Find out what clothes may put the interviewer off. Ensure you arrive at the interview with time to spare. According to more than one recruitment agency we spoke to. interviewees must understand the importance not only of their personal appearance but also of their body language. During the interview, breathe calmly and try not to appear too nervous. Look the interviewer in the eye and adopt similar body language to theirs. Smile and feel relaxed, enthusiastic and assertive. Remember one thing, though: assertive does net mean aggressive. Don't just answer "yes" or "no" to questions. Treat every question as an opportunity to demonstrate that you are suitable for the job, but remember to stick to the point. When asked about your interests, include group as well as individual activities/hobbies. Be on the lookout for tricky questions about your personal life. You don't need to lie; just sell yourself in the best light. This is something the interviewee needs to be able to do as well. You have the right to find out whether or not you want to work for the company. Furthermore, your interest in the nature of the Comply and how it is nm may well end up being your big selling point.

单选题In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?

单选题· You will hear a news story on the latest development in the U.S. government's legal battle against Microsoft. · For each question 23—30, mark one letter (A, B or C) for the correct answer, · You will hear the recording twice.

单选题HowdidScotthelporganizationsmaximizetheirtechnology?

单选题Under the cash basis of accounting, a firm recognizes revenues from selling goods and providing Services in the period when it receives cash from customers. It reports (19) in the period when it makes cash expenditures for merchandise, salaries, insurance, taxes, and (20) items. To illustrate the measurement of performance under the cash basis of accounting, consider the following example.Donald and Joanne Allens open a hardware store on January 1, Year 1. The firm receives $20,000 (21) cash from the Aliens and borrows $12,000 from a local bank. It must repay the loan on June 30, Year 1, with interest charged (22) the rate of 12 percent per year. The firm rents a store building on January 1, and pays 2 months' rent of $4,000 (23) . On January 1, it also pays the premium of $ 2,400 for property and liability insurance coverage for the year (24) December 31, Year 1. During January it acquires merchandise costing $40,000, (25) it purchases $26,000 for cash and $ 14,000 on account. Sales to customers during January total $50,000, of which $34,000 is for (26) and $16,000 is on account. The acquisition cost of the merchandise (27) during January is $32,000,and various employees receive $5,000 in salaries.Lawyers, accountants, and (28) professionals are the principal entities that use the cash basis of ac counting. These professionals have (29) small investments in multiperiod assets, (30) buildings and equipment, and usually collect cash from clients soon after they (31) services. Most of these firms actually use a modified cash basis of accounting, under which they (32) the costs of buildings, equipment, and similar items as assets (33) . Most individuals use the cash basis of accounting for the purpose of computing personal income and person al income taxes.

单选题·Look at the article about Coca Cola and the questions below.·For each question mark one letter A, B, C, D on your Answer Sheet, for the answer you choose. {{B}}A Brief History of Coke{{/B}}Nowadays, Coca-Cola's trademark is well known around the world and its products average a staggering 400 million servings per day in more than 155 countries. According to legend, it began in a three-legged kettle in the back yard of Atlanta pharmacist Dr. John Styth Permberton who carried a jug of his concoction down the street to Jacob's Pharmacyy where it was sold at the soda fountain for 5 cents a glass. Frank Robinson, Pemberton's partner and bookkeeper thought two "C"s would look good in advertising and wrote "Coca-Cola" in the flowering script so famous today.It is significant that Permberton spent almost twice as much money on advertising during the first years of operation as he made in profits, for the growth of Coke's popularity is as much due to the advertising and marketing strategy as it is to the quality of its product. By continually monitoring changes in consumer attitudes and behaviour, the Coca-Cola Co. has become a widely recognized leader in advertising.Pemberton could not foresee the greatest future awaiting his soft drink and sold out. Asa Griggs Candler bought the business and organized the Coca-Cola Co. into a Georgia corporation. In 1893, he registered Co ca-Cola as a trademark.Under Candler's leadership, the company began to grow quickly. In order to instigate a demand for the product, he spent heavily on advertising. Signs were put up from coast and appeared on calendars, serving trays and other merchandising items, urging people to drink Coke. Candler's campaign paid off.Candler was a creative talent at advertising, but showed little imagination in understanding Coke's marketing potential. In 1899, he sold the right to bottle Coke throughout most of the United State for $1, which he never bothered to collect. Candler saw Coke primarily as a soda-fountain drink. But two far-sighted businessmen from Chattanooga, Tennessee, Benjamin Franklin Thomas and Joseph Brown Whitehead, understood the potential, and, for the unpaid dollar, bought a franchise that became worth millions.Their agreement with Candler began the franchising bottling system that still remains the foundation of the Co ca-Cola Co.'s soft drink operations. Thomas and Whitehead sold the rights to bottle Coke to franchisers in every part of the country in return for the bottler's agreement to invest in the necessary resources and effort to make the franchise a success. During the following decade, 779 bottling plants went into operation.In the early 20th century, Coke blazed the advertising trail, developing innovative concepts that became accepted practices in the filed. One of the most effective was the distribution and redemption of complimentary tickets, entitling the holder to a glass of free Coke at the soda fountain of a dispenser.

单选题·For each question (13-18), mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet for the answer you choose. {{B}}Tips for Buying Shares{{/B}} Investing in the stock market has always been more profitable than putting money info a traditional savings account. However, it is only in the last few years that private share ownership has become accepted as a reliable form of investment. There are many reasons why more and more people are now buying shares. To begin with. the whole process is now far more flexible and user-friendly and public awareness of investment products and their tax implications is a lot higher. Even more importantly, this awareness means people now realise that the medium to long term shares are far more profitable than deposit accounts. Today, people are also more likely to invest m a company for ethical reasons or as a show of support for that company. When deciding to invest in shares, it is essential to think about your objectives. In order to avoid an expensive mistake, you need to consider your existing short and long-term financial commitments and how quickly you expect to see a return on your investment. Most importantly, you need to decide the extent to which you are prepared to speculate and then select the investment products which best reflect your attitude towards the perils inherent in any stock market investment Recently, newspapers have been full of stories of investors realising massive profits. usually in connection with the flood of Internet companies that have issued shares in the last twelve months. Such companies, however, are anything but a safe investment. Although people have been attracted by' phenomenal rate at which these companies are expanding, many investors have seen their shares fall well below the issue price within months of buying them. Private investors unwilling to tolerate high levels of risk can buy shares in blue chip companies, which are established organisations such as banks or large international corporations. Although such an investment may minimise risks, it also limits the potential profits. Some investors try to remove the element of risk by closely monitoring stock market movements on a daily basis or by paying a regular sum into a managed fund over a long period of time. However. no matter how carefully people follow the markets or what expert advice they receive, statistics show that the safest option is to spread risk by investing in a wide range of different companies across different sectors. As a first-time investor, it is vital to seek professional advice. Consultants can provide information on how to invest in the most attractive companies. They can explain how stocks. shares and bonds actually work. how much each type of investment costs and. most importantly, which products best match their clients' requirements. One reliable way of managing investments is through a broker. An alternative method is to deal in shares on the Internet. This incurs none of the regular broker's commission and investors can therefore easily afford to buy and sell shares more regularly. However, although some potential investors may find on-line trading exciting, they should be aware that direct trading is perhaps the least secure way of approaching the stock market, with few investors having the necessary skills and knowledge to make any profit whatsoever, never mind the fortunes popularised by the media.

单选题In the last sentence of the passage, "they" refers to ______.

单选题The expert describes a new technique using a microphone and a microprocessor which ... a. responds to particular types of noise. b. produces noise quieter than the car engine. c. causes the car engine to run more quietly.