单选题Thebasiccharacteristicofcountertradetransactionsisthat

单选题BrentCollinsworks

单选题· Read the fax below about people express.· Choose the best word to fill each gap from A, B, C or D on the opposite page.· For each question 19-33,mark one letter( A, B, C or D)on your Answer Sheet.· There is an example at the beginning, (0). {{B}} People Express{{/B}} People Express, founded in April 1981, grew rapidly on the basis of low fares and no-frills service. It soon became a leading airline and {{U}}(19) {{/U}} changed the industry as firms constantly engaged in price wars to lure passengers. Then, People Express' bubble {{U}}(20) {{/U}} because it overexpanded, consumer complaints mounted and other airlines matched its fares on popular routes. In 1986,People Express {{U}}(21) {{/U}} hundreds of millions of dollars and was forced to sell out to Texas Air, the owner of Continental and Eastern Airlines. In early 1987,Texas Air {{U}}(22) {{/U}} People Express into its Continental division and industry observers believed {{U}}(23) {{/U}} the costly fare wars would be ended. They could not have been more wrong. To stimulate business for its {{U}}(24) {{/U}} Continental Airlines, Texas Air instituted a new low fare category {{U}}(25) {{/U}} MaxSaver. The fare offered prices that were up to 40 per cent lower than" supersaver" rates offered …28…all airlines. For example, the round-trip MaxSaver fare from New York to Houston was $79. The MaxSaver fares were immediately matched by all major airlines, {{U}}(26) {{/U}} feared losing business. While MaxSaver rates were low, they also had restrictions. Tickets could not be {{U}}(27) {{/U}} or flight times modified after purchase. Passengers would have to stay over either a Saturday or Sun- day. Reservations had to be made at least two days {{U}}(28) {{/U}} ,and there were limited seats available. Three weeks after MaxSaver rates were {{U}}(29) {{/U}} American Airlines announced plans to raise its discount fares and require 30-day {{U}}(30) {{/U}} purchasing for its lowest fares. It felt it could not continue at the rates in effect. However, just 10 days {{U}}(31) {{/U}} American Airlines had to revise its plan. Texas Air refused to abandon the MaxSaver fare; it even extended the {{U}}(32) {{/U}} pro- gram into the busy summer season. Competitors went along and the price war raged on, {{U}}(33) {{/U}} an executive's that "nobody's cost structure can survive MaxSave."

单选题· For each question (13-18), mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet. {{B}}BRITISH COMPANIES CROSS THE ATLANTIC{{/B}}Next month a large group of British business people are going to America on a venture which may generate export earnings for their companies' shareholders in years to come. A long list of sponsors will support the initiative, which will involve a they are fed up with the banal, middle-of-the-road taste that America does so well. They are now looking for the small, the precious, the 'real thing', and this is precisely what many of the companies participating in the initiative do best.

单选题The Difficulties Of Managing A Small Business Ronald Meers asks who chief executives of entrepreneurial or small businesses can turn to for advice.'The organisational weaknesses that entrepreneurs have to deal with every day would cause the managers of a mature company to panic,' Andrew Bidden wrote recently in Boston Business Review. This seems to suggest that the leaders of entrepreneurial or small businesses must be unlike other managers, or the problems faced by such leaders must be the subject of a specialised body of wisdom, or possibly both. Unfortunately, neither is true. Not much worth reading about managing the entrepreneurial or small business has been written, and the leaders of such businesses are made of flesh and blood, like the rest of us.Furthermore, little has been done to address the aspects of entrepreneurial or small businesses that are so difficult to deal with and so different from the challenges faced by management in big business. In part this is because those involved in gathering expertise about business and in selling advice to businesses have historically been more interested in the needs of big business. In part, in the UK at least, it is also because small businesses have always preferred to adapt to changing circumstances.The organisational problems of entrepreneurial or small businesses are thus forced upon the individuals who lead them. Even more so than for bigger businesses, the old saying is true - that people, particularly those who make the important decisions, are a business's most important asset. The research that does exist shows that neither money nor the ability to access more of it is the major factor determining growth. The main reason an entrepreneurial business stops growing is the lack of management and leadership resource available to the business when it matters. Give an entrepreneur an experienced, skilled team and he or she will find the funds every time. Getting the team, though, is the difficult bit.Part of the problem for entrepreneurs is the speed of change that affects their businesses. They have to cope with continuous change yet have always been suspicious about the latest 'management solution'. They regard the many offerings from business schools as out of date even before they leave the planning board and have little faith in the recommendations of consultants when they arrive in the hands of young, inexperienced graduates. But such impatience with 'management solutions' does not mean that problems can be left to solve themselves. However, the leaders of growing businesses are still left with the problem of who to turn to for advice.The answer is horribly simple: leaders of small businesses can ask each other. The collective knowledge of a group of leaders can prove enormously helpful in solving the specific problems of individuals. One leader's problems have certainly been solved already by someone else. There is an organisation called KITE which enables those responsible for small businesses to meet. Its members, all of whom are chief executives, go through a demanding selection process, and then join a small group of other chief executives. They come from a range of business sectors and each offers a different corporate history Each group is led by a 'moderator', an independently selected businessman or woman who has been specially trained to head the group. Each member takes it in turn tu host a meeting at his or her business premises and, most important of all, group discussions are kept strictly confidential. This encourages a free sharing of problems and increases the possibility of solutions being discovered.

单选题Wheredoesthistalkmostprobablytakeplace?A.Inastudio.B.Inaclothingstore.C.Atafashionshow.

单选题The last paragraph of this passage implies that______.

单选题Reasons for International Trade Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. Every nation wants the opportunity to export its goods and services to other countries. A foreign outlet for sales enables a manufacturer or distributor to increase the volume of his business activity, thus increasing his chance to make a profit and increasing employment opportunities. Every nation also wants the opportunity and privilege of buying from foreign countries products and services that are scarce or unavailable at home that would be useful and beneficial to its people. Trading with other countries is not the same as trading within one's own country. At home a company or a bank is familiar with its own people, laws, and business practices. At abroad the picture becomes a complex one. Each country is different and therefore is said to carry different risks. Political risks, for example, relate to such varied factors as treaties, war, import quotas, and foreign exchange restrictions. In today's complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilised different economic resources. People have developed different skills. This is the foundation of world trade and economic activity. So countries that do not have the resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them. Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. As far as the United States is concerned, it enjoys the most favourable position and has vast coal and oil reserves, but the United States is also a heavy consumer of nature resources, and it is increasingly reliant on certain imports, especially on oil. It consumes more than it can produce at home. If one nation can sell some items at a lower cost, the other countries would buy them. Japan. a highly industrialised nation, has been able to export large quantities of automobiles because it can produce them efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for some Western countries to buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically. Japan should produce and export those items from which it gets a comparative advantage. It should also buy and import what it needs from those countries that have a comparative advantage in the desired items. At last, innovation or style or quality plays the most important role in the foreign trade. For example, the United States produces more automobiles than any other countries; it still imports large quantities of autos from Japan, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States. In conclusion, developing international trade is a country's long-term strategy. For most nations, exports and imports are the most important international activity. With this activity, nations can develop their economy.

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单选题·Read the article below about price system, and the questions on the opposite page.·For each question 13--18, mark one letter (A, B, C, or D) on your Answer Sheet for the answer you choose. {{B}}PRICE SYSTEM{{/B}}Prices determine how resources are to be used. They are also the means by which products and services that are in limited supply are rationed among buyers. The price system of the United States is a very complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well as those of a myriad of services, including labor, professional transportation, and public utility services. The interrelationships of all these prices make up the "system" of prices. The price of any particular product or service is linked to a broad, complicated system of prices in which everything seems to supply to the transaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, return privileges, and other factors. In other words, both buyer and seller depend more or less upon everything else. If one were to ask randomly selected individuals to define "price", many would reply that price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product of service or, in other words, that price is the money value of a product of service as agreed upon in a market transaction.This definition is, of course, valid as far as it goes. For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction, much more than the amount of money involved must be known. Both the buyer and the seller should be familiar with not only the money amount, but with the amount and quality of the product or service to be exchanged, the time and place at which the exchange will take place and payment will be made, the form of money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that should be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the total "package" being exchanged for the asked--for amount of money in order that they may evaluate a given price.

单选题Since HBC Leather Goods was formed in 2000. the company has reported one success story alter another. The company, which has become known for its top (19) leather goods, (20) its new collection last month at the May Hotel in London. It was (21) by more than 300 people. For the first time the collection included smaller (22) such as purses, wallets arm gift sets. The (23) of HBC' success is the strength of the sales team, and it is (24) that by the end of this year there could be well over three thousand salespeople world-wide selling HBC products. To (25) the top sellers, HBC is offering them an all-expenses-paid trip to Las Vegas in America in July. Managing director Peter White says that the five-day holiday will (26) all flights as well as meals and hotel accommodation. Trips to the top shows and the Grand Canyon will also be (27) . Mr. White says that the (28) has had an enthusiastic (29) . from the sales force, and will (30) a continued increase in sales. The restructuring of the company's price range, which has (31) in 70% of their goods now being priced under ￡ 30. will also (32) sales. The new price range is (33) at customers with a few spare pounds in their pockets making an impulse purchase.

单选题Simulation A simulation is a training method that represents a real-life situation, with trainees' decisions resulting in (19) that mirror what would happen if the trainees were on the job. Simulations, which allow trainees to see the impact of their decisions in an (20) , risk-free environment, are used to teach production and process skills as well as management and interpersonal skills. Simulators need to have identical elements to those found in the work environment. The simulator needs to (21) exactly like the equipment would under the conditions and response given by the trainees. For this reason simulators are expensive to develop and need constant (22) as new information about the work environment is obtained. Simulators (23) the physical equipment that employees use on the job. For example, at Motorola's Programmable Automation Literacy Lab, employees who may never have worked with a computer or robot learn to operate them. Before entering the lab, employees are given a two-hour (24) to factory automation, which introduces new concepts, vocabulary, and computer-assisted manufacturing. The simulation allows trainees to become (25) with the equipment by designing a product. Also, trainees do not have to be afraid of the impact of wrong decisions; errors are not as (26) as they would be if the trainees were using the equipment on an (27) production line. Simulations are also used to develop managerial skills. Looking Glass is a simulation designed to develop both (28) and individual management skills. In this program, participants are (29) different roles in a glass company. On the (30) of memos and correspondence, each participant (31) with other members of the management team over the course of six hours. Participants' behaviors and interactions in solving the problems described in correspondence are recorded and (32) At the conclusion of the simulation, participants are given (33) regardinq their performance.

单选题In the field of marketing, consumer goods are classed according to the way in which they are (19) The two main categories are convenience goods and shopping goods. Two lesser types are specialty and unsought goods. It must be (20) that all of these types are based on the way shoppers think about products, not on the (21) of the products themselves. What is regarded as a convenience (22) in France (wine, for example) may be a specialty in the United States. People do not (23) a great deal of time shopping for such convenience items as groceries, newspapers,toothpaste, and candy. The buying of convenience goods may be done (24) , as some families buy groceries once a week. Sometimes convenience products are bought on (25) : someone has a sudden desire for a sundae on a hot day. Or they may be purchased as emergency items. Shopping goods are items for which customers search.They (26) prices, quality, and styles, and may visit a number of stores (27) making a decision.Buying an automobile is often done this way. Specialty goods have characteristics that impel customers to make special efforts to find them. Price may be no consideration (28) Specialty goods can (29) almost any kind of products. Normally, specialty goods have a brand name or other distinguishing characteristics. Unsought goods are items a consumer does not (30) want or need or may not even know about. (31) or advertising brings such goods to the consumer's attention. The product could be something new on the market as the Sony Walkman once was or it may be (32) standard services, such as life insurance, for which most people will usually not (33) shopping.