听力题A. visit possible new premises B. observe working practices C. hold job interviews D. deal with a complaint E. meet a new manager F. introduce new policies G. supervise staff training H. sign a new contract

单选题·Read the text below about different kinds of consumer goods. ·Choose the best word to fill each gap from A, B, C or D on the opposite page. ·For each question 19-33, mark one letter (A, B, C or D). In the field of marketing, consumer goods are classed according to the way in which they are {{U}} (19) {{/U}}The two main categories are convenience goods and shopping goods. Two lesser types are specialty and unsought goods. It must be{{U}} (20) {{/U}}that all of these types are based on the way shoppers think about products, not on the{{U}} (21) {{/U}}of the products themselves. What is regarded as a convenience {{U}}(22) {{/U}}in France (wine, for example) may be a specialty in the United States. People do not{{U}} (23) {{/U}}a great deal of time shopping for such convenience items as groceries, newspapers,toothpaste, and candy. The buying of convenience goods may be done{{U}} (24) {{/U}}, as some families buy groceries once a week. Sometimes convenience products are bought on{{U}} (25) {{/U}}: someone has a sudden desire for a sundae on a hot day. Or they may be purchased as emergency items. Shopping goods are items for which customers search.They{{U}} (26) {{/U}}prices, quality, and styles, and may visit a number of stores{{U}} (27) {{/U}}making a decision.Buying an automobile is often done this way. Specialty goods have characteristics that impel customers to make special efforts to find them. Price may be no consideration{{U}} (28) {{/U}}Specialty goods can{{U}} (29) {{/U}}almost any kind of products. Normally, specialty goods have a brand name or other distinguishing characteristics. Unsought goods are items a consumer does not {{U}} (30) {{/U}}want or need or may not even know about. {{U}} (31) {{/U}}or advertising brings such goods to the consumer's attention. The product could be something new on the market as the Sony Walkman once was or it may be{{U}} (32) {{/U}}standard services, such as life insurance, for which most people will usually not{{U}} (33) {{/U}}shopping.

单选题Fromtherecordingwecanlearnthatthecrashof1929happenedona______.

单选题A Brief History of CokeNowadays, Coca-Cola's trademark is well known around the world and its products average a staggering 400 million servings per day in more than 155 countries. According to legend, it began in a three-legged kettle in the back yard of Atlanta pharmacist Dr. John Styth Permberton who carried a jug of his concoction down the street to Jacob's Pharmacyy where it was sold at the soda fountain for 5 cents a glass. Frank Robinson, Pemberton's partner and bookkeeper thought two "C"s would look good in advertising and wrote "Coca-Cola" in the flowering script so famous today.It is significant that Permberton spent almost twice as much money on advertising during the first years of operation as he made in profits, for the growth of Coke's popularity is as much due to the advertising and marketing strategy as it is to the quality of its product. By continually monitoring changes in consumer attitudes and behaviour, the Coca-Cola Co. has become a widely recognized leader in advertising.Pemberton could not foresee the greatest future awaiting his soft drink and sold out. Asa Griggs Candler bought the business and organized the Coca-Cola Co. into a Georgia corporation. In 1893, he registered Co ca-Cola as a trademark.Under Candler's leadership, the company began to grow quickly. In order to instigate a demand for the product, he spent heavily on advertising. Signs were put up from coast and appeared on calendars, serving trays and other merchandising items, urging people to drink Coke. Candler's campaign paid off.Candler was a creative talent at advertising, but showed little imagination in understanding Coke's marketing potential. In 1899, he sold the right to bottle Coke throughout most of the United State for $1, which he never bothered to collect. Candler saw Coke primarily as a soda-fountain drink. But two far-sighted businessmen from Chattanooga, Tennessee, Benjamin Franklin Thomas and Joseph Brown Whitehead, understood the potential, and, for the unpaid dollar, bought a franchise that became worth millions.Their agreement with Candler began the franchising bottling system that still remains the foundation of the Co ca-Cola Co.'s soft drink operations. Thomas and Whitehead sold the rights to bottle Coke to franchisers in every part of the country in return for the bottler's agreement to invest in the necessary resources and effort to make the franchise a success. During the following decade, 779 bottling plants went into operation.In the early 20th century, Coke blazed the advertising trail, developing innovative concepts that became accepted practices in the filed. One of the most effective was the distribution and redemption of complimentary tickets, entitling the holder to a glass of free Coke at the soda fountain of a dispenser.

单选题Read the article below about leadership in business and the questions on the opposite page. For each question(13-18), mark one letter(A, B, C or D)on your Answer Sheet. THE EFFECTIVE LEADERFrom workplace surveys, I have found that most people want to be - and feel they could be - more effective leaders. Certainly they want their leaders to be more effective. But what do we mean by effective leadership in business? It would appear a simple question. Unfortunately, effectiveness is more easily recognisable when it is absent. Leaders who attempt to use business jargon and try out the latest ideas are too often perceived as figures of fun. Whilst people frequently agree on what ineffective leadership is, clearly knowing what not to do is hardly helpful in practice. Huge amounts of research have been done on this very wide subject. When you look at leadership in different ways, you see different things. While descriptions of leadership are all different, they are all true - and this is where disagreement arises. However, leadership is specific to a given context. The effectiveness of your actions is assessed in relation to the context and to the conditions under which you took them. For a magazine article I wrote recently, I interviewed one publishing executive, author of several well-known publications, about what effective leadership is. It was significant that, at first, he did not mention his own company. He talked at length about what was happening in the industry - the mergers, take-overs and global nature of the business. Before he was able to describe his own objectives for the new publishing organisation he was setting up, he had to see a clear fit between these proposals and the larger situation outside. Obvious? Of course. But I have lost count of the number of leaders I have coached who believed that their ideas were valid, whatever the situation. At this point, I should also mention another example, that of a finance director whose plan of action was not well received. The company he had joined had grown steadily for twenty years, serving clients who were in the main distrustful of any product that was too revolutionary. The finance director saw potential challenges from competitors and wanted his organisation to move with the times. Unfortunately, most staff below him were unwilling to change. I concluded that although there were certainly some personal skills he could improve upon, what he most needed to do was to communicate effectively with his subordinates, so that they all felt at ease with his different approach. Some effective leaders believe they can control uncertainty because they know what the organisation should be doing and how to do it. Within the organisation itself, expertise is usually greatly valued, and executives are expected, as they rise within the system, to know more than those beneath them and, therefore, to manage the operation. A good example of this would be a firm of accountants I visited. Their business was built on selling reliable expertise to the client, who naturally wants uncertainty to be something only other companies have to face. Within this firm, giving the right answer was greatly valued, and mistakes were clearly to be avoided. I am particularly interested in what aims leaders have and what their role should be in helping the organisation achieve its strategic aims. Some leaders are highly ineffective when the aim doesn't fit with the need, such as the manufacturing manager who was encouraged by her bosses to make revolutionary changes. She did, and was very successful. However, when she moved to a different part of the business, she carried on her programme of change. Unfortunately, this part of the business had already suffered badly from two mismanaged attempts at change. My point is that what her people needed at that moment was a steady hand, not further changes - she should have recognised that. The outcome was that within six months staff were calling for her resignation.

单选题Which of the following can help avoid future problems in family businesses?

单选题{{B}}How to approach Reading Test Part Four{{/B}}· This part of the Reading Test tests your vocabulary.· Read the whole text quickly to find out what it is about. As you read, try to predict the words that might fill the gaps.· Next, look at the four possible answers for each gap and cross out any obviously incorrect words.· Then read both before and after each gap to decide which word should go in it The word needs to fit both the meaning and the grammar.· After completing all the gaps, read the whole text again to check your answers· Read the article on the opposite page about an experiment to help managers improve their workJlife balance.· Choose the best word to fill each gap from A, B, C or D below.· For each question 19 - 33, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet.· There is an example at the beginning (0). {{B}}GETTING THE BALANCE RIGHT{{/B}}Leaving work on time may not sound like much of a (0).... However, in an experiment by glass manufacturers Dartington Crystal, it (19) ... surprisingly difficult. Four managers, who all worked very long hours, took (20) ... in a simple experiment: they agreed to (21) ... to their set hours for a week, with no coming in early, leaving late or taking work home. The aim of the exercise was to (22) ... the balance between the managers' work and home lives. It was a way to get everyone thinking about their working hours and how to (23) ... them,Robin Ritchie, the company's managing director, was very aware that his company was (24) ,.. on the experiment at its busiest time of the year. They were also just days away from a big product (25) .... So not surprisingly, perhaps, it soon became clear that it wasn't going to be easy: even on the first day, director of design Simon Moore took home a design problem to (26) .... as he couldn't relax until he had dealt with it.As the week progressed, the four people involved found it hard to (27) ... with the pressure of leaving work undone. They felt they were (28) ... people down, and worried about the effect on the business. (29) ... crises made it more and more difficult to go home on time. Changing working habits wasn't easy. (30) .... they saw the experiment through to the end.There was some (31) ... up to do the following week, but the company did not appear to have suffered. Significantly, too, the experiment made the managers reappraise their (32) ... to staying late and start prioritising tasks. All in all, they felt the experiment was of (33) ... benefit, and that it helped them to create a better balance in their lives.

单选题A friend of mine was fond of drawing horse. He drew the horses very well, but he always began the tail. Now it is the Western rule to begin at the head of the horse, that is why I was surprised. It struck me that it could not really make any difference whether the artist begins at the head or the tail or the belly (肚子) or the foot of the horse, if he really knows his business. And most great artists who really know their business do not follow other people"s rule. They make their own rules. Every one of them does his work in a way peculiar (奇特的) to himself; and the peculiarity means only that he finds it more easy to work in that way. Now the very same thing is true to literature(文学). And the question, "How shall I begin?" only means that you want to begin at the head instead of beginning at the tail or somewhere else. That is, you are not yet experienced(有经验的) enough to trust to your own powers. When you become more experienced you will never ask the question, and I think that you will often begin at the tail—that is to say, you will write the end of the story before you have even thought of the beginning.

单选题Readtheextractbelowfromtheannualreportofacompanywithmanufacturinginterestsaroundtheworld.ChoosethebestwordtofilleachgapfromA,B,CorDontheoppositepage.Foreachquestion(19-33),markoneletter(A,B,CorD)onyourAnswerSheet.Thereisanexampleatthebeginning(0).ManufacturingStrategyDuringthelastyear,weannouncedthesignificant(0)___B__.ofourplasticsheetingplantinMalaysia,which,togetherwiththeacquisitionoftheJavanesefactory,willapproximatelydoubletheGroup'smanufacturing【C1】______Thecostofthisdevelopmentiswithin【C2】______andwillbeapproximately$5.6m,ofwhich$2.7mwasincurredduringthepreviousyear.Itisonscheduleto【C3】______increasingvolumesfromOctober2009.Followingthe【C4】______ofplastictubingmanufacturefromGermanytoThailand,wehaveeffectivelydoubledthecapacityofthisfacilityatan【C5】______costof$12m.Theprojectissettocostlessthantheoriginal【C6】______andisontargetforincreasedproductionbyJune2010.InFebruary,weannouncedour【C7】______tosellourfactoryinIreland.ThisdecisionisinlinewiththeGroup'sstrategyof【C8】______onourcorecategoriesofbrandedproducts.InJune,weannouncedinvestmentinanewstate-of-the-artUKmanufacturingfacilityforspecialistplasticcomponents.Thisfacilitywillbe【C9】______bymid2009andwillincreasetheGroup'scapacitytomanufactureproductsefficientlyin-house.Atthesametimeitwill【C10】______about200newjobsinanareaofhighunemployment.Thefactoryistocostapproximately$24m,towardswhichgovernment【C11】______ofupto$4marealreadyavailable.Sadly,aspartofthismove,weannouncedthe【C12】______ofourBlackburnfacility,whichisduetotakeplaceintheearlypartof2010.Aspartofourcommitmenttoeffectiveexternalcommunicationswithallourstakeholders,inOctoberwe【C13】______thecorporatewebsite,whichisnowprovidingup-to-dateinformationontheGroupandwelookforwardtoreceiving【C14】______fromusersofthesite.Existingproductwebsitesarenowinthe【C15】______ofbeingredesignedaspartoftheglobalrebrandingstrategy.Example:AextensionBexpansionCaccumulationDinflation

单选题·For each question 23-30 mark one letter (A, B, C or D)·After you have listened once, replay each recording.

单选题Why the World is Sold on Gold Gold is a measure of wealth C which is recognized all over the world. For centuries it was the foundation of the international monetary system and, (19) today, it remains one of the most important components of a country's foreign currency reserves. What (20) gold attractive is that it has a value of its own for both industrial and ornamental purposes, (21) paper banknotes, which are worthless (22) themselves. As a result, gold is bought as an (23) in times of financial uncertainty. Until the 1930s, several European currencies were based on the Gold Standard, which meant that the value of a (24) of currency was fixed in (25) of a stated quantity of gold. People could freely (26) any banknotes they had for gold. In 1931, worldwide financial problems (27) the Gold Standard to be dropped. Then, in 1935, the USA, France and the UK (28) the price of gold at $ 35 an ounce, which remained the price until 1971. Because the demand for gold (29) so fast, however, the price of gold for ornamental and industrial purposes was (30) to rise. Today one ounce of gold costs $ 390 in London. Gold for jewellery is mixed up. (31) a metal alloy and the purity of the gold is measured in carats. Most gold sold to the public has 40% gold and is (32) nine-carat gold. Gold investors can buy pure gold from dealers in the (33) of gold bars or gold coins.

单选题·Read the article below about product life cycles and the questions on tile opposite page.·For each question (13-18), mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet for the answer you choose. {{B}}Sales Strategies .Vary with Product Life Cycles{{/B}} One of the most important concepts in sales management and marketing is that of tile product life cycle. This is a historical record of the life of a product, showing the stage in its life the product has reached at a particular time. By identifying the stage that a product is in or may be heading towards, companies can formulate better marketing plans. All products have 'lives' in as much as they are created, sell with varying profitability over a period of time, and then become obsolete and are replaced or simply no longer produced. A product's sales position and profitability can be expected to fluctuate over time and so, at each successive stage in the product's cycle, it is necessary to adopt different tactics. The two main features of the product life cycle are unit sales and unit profit. The unit sales figures usually jump on introduction, as a response to heavy advertising and promotion, as customers buy the product experimentally. This is generally followed by a leveling off while it is evaluated -- the length of this period depending on the use to which the product is put. Then, unit sales rise steadily through the growth phase to the maturity phase, when the product is widely accepted, and so on to saturation level. By this time, competitors will have entered the market with their own version and, from this point, the sales team will have to work even harder to win all additional sales. Eventually, the product's sales decline as better versions enter the market and competition becomes too strong. In retrospect, most firms know what happened to their products from launch to withdrawal. They can compile this information from the records of unit sales. Unfortunately, unit sales are not the complete story as it is unit profit that is the decisive factor, although this is not always recorded accurately. It is this figure that sales management has to monitor, though, to ensure an effective marketing strategy and to produce effective profits. At launch, the product is costed accurately on the basis of production costs plus selling costs. Initially these remain fairly stable, but, when the product is proving successful, competitors will bring out their own 'copy-cat' products. With a competitor in the field, the original firm has to respond in order to maintain its market position. It can run special sales promotions, improve deliveries, make more frequent sales calls and so on. Often the extra expenditure is not accurately charged to the product and the result is that, long before unit sales are noticeably falling, the unit profit has already fallen. The product life cycle, then, presents a picture of what happened in the product's 'lifetime', so how can this be used as all ongoing aid to management decision- making? Every sales manager has a chart on which the progress of sales is plotted and this can be used as a guide to the stage of development each product is currently in. An essential management skill is being able to interpret sales results and draw in the stages as they occur. Deciding where each stage begins and ends can be a random exercise, though usually the stages are based on where the rate of sales growth or decline becomes pronounced.

单选题·Read the article below about inventory.·For questions 13—18, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet for the answer you choose. {{B}}Inventory{{/B}}Inventory belongs to an important element of the cost of doing business in a large company. If a company is assembling cars, they must have a large number of parts in hand so that the assembly line does not stop because one part is missing. If cars are going down the assembly line and one person is supposed to fasten wheels on to the car, the whole line will stop if he runs out of fasteners. This means that several hundred men will be waiting while someone must find fasteners for the wheel. So there must be a sufficient number of parts of all sorts nearby in order to keep the car assembly line running smoothly.A large supply of spare parts is very expensive, so a company will try to keep its inventory as low as it can without finding it necessary to stop production for lack of a part.In a planned company, i.t was often difficult to secure spare parts and so many companies ordered many extra parts and kept large supplies of parts so that if a mistake was made in planning, they could continue to produce. This was known as just-in-case inventory.As an economy moves from s planned economy to a market economy, the-important thing for a business is to make money and not just produce. It's very expensive to keep large suppliers available just in case there is a delay in delivery. So increasingly, companies are moving to another system of inventory of spare parts as low as possible. This way they do not have to pay for parts used in production until just before they are paid for the finished product. This saves them much capital and is a much more efficient method of operating. The problem with this is that if a shipment is delayed or lost for some reason, the whole factory may have to stop because they don't have one little part. This is very expensive.Most modern industries try to keep inventory as low as possible, but when they adopt just-in-time inventory control, they try to keep at least some extra in stock for emergencies:

单选题Advertising can legally include opinions and exaggerations which may be misleading. These "legal lies" are called puffs because they puff up a product's qualities and make it seem better than it really is. Learn how to spot advertising puff. Advertising is controlled by law. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) regulates the content of advertisements what the manufacturer can and can not say about its product. You as a consumer can protect yourself from misleading ads by learning how to recognize them. Misleading advertising often presents the seller's opinion as if it were fact. "Zeno's Cola is the finest soft drink." "Acme Cars give you the most comfortable ride in town." When you see advertisements like this, ask yourself, "who says so?" This is the type of advertising puff that reflects an opinion. The words "finest" and "most" show that a judgement is being made--a personal opinion, not a statement of fact. Of course the Zeno Company thinks their cola is the finest. They want you to think so too, so you'll buy it. Some advertising puffs try to connect an unrelated quality to a product. For example, beauty and popularity are often linked with perfume, cars, mouthwash, or toothpaste. This kind of advertising is called "image making". Will you really meet nicer people if you drive a Panther automobile? Will people think you're sexier if you brush your teeth with Sparkle toothpaste? Of course not. When you see these advertisements, remember that very few products will automatically make you a better or happier person. Some advertising puffs describe the product accurately but are still misleading. For instance, a leading hamburger is described as a quarter of a pound. This statement is true: the hamburger does weigh a quarter of a pound--before cooking. Since it's purchased after being cooked, this claim may be classified as puff. Check the frozen food aisle in your supermarket. A frozen pie is labeled as a "nine-inch pie". This statement is true if you measure the pie from the outside of the rim on one side to the outside of the rim on the other side. The actual body of the pie is only 7.5 inches. If you buy a standard nine-inch pie plate for making your own pies, you'll see that the nine-inch measurement is for the inside of the pie. You should always question the claims made by any advertisement. Ask yourself: will the product really do all of these things? Is it really the best? Who says so?

单选题Thephoneswillbehandledby

单选题GOODMANRINGUniversalMoversOurref:UM/2/A21stAugust,2010DearMr.Chamberlin,Re:BusinessequipmentremovalYourenquiryletterofAugust16thisacknowledgedwiththanks.Iamwritingtoprovideyouwiththequotationthatyourequested.Inaddition(19)this,Iamincludingfurtherdetailsofourservice.Thepriceisbasedontheitemsthatyoumentionedinyourletterandwill,ofcourse,(20)ifyoudecidetoaddextraitemsor(21)some.Wewillmoveyourequipmentwhenitismostconvenientforussoastokeepthecostaslowas(22).Wewilltrytocombineyourmovewith(23)ofotherclientswhoaskustotransportgoodsataroundthesametime.Iamsureyouwill(24)thatifweweretomakeaspecialtripjustforyourequipmentthecost(25)bemuchhigher.Thismeansthat(26)yourequestedamoveon23rdSeptember,thisprecisedatemaynotbepossible.However,weregularlytransportgoods(27)SingaporeandHongKong,andwewould(28)tobeabletomoveyourequipmentwithintwoorthreedaysofyourrequesteddate.The(29)doesnotincludepacking.Iunderstandthatyou(30)tocarryoutyourownpackingsince(31)ofyourequipmentisquitefragile.Itisoursincerehopethattheseinitialdetailsmeetwithyour(32)andaskthatyoudonothesitateto(33)usifyourequireanyfurtheradvice.Yourssincerely,ChadRingTransportManager

单选题According to the expert, American industry ... a. is paying millions to compensate their customers for noise. b. passes on the costs of noise to their customers. c. does not follow the regulations because they are too expensive.

单选题· Read the memo below about business report writing.· Choose the best word to fill each gap from A, B, C or D on the opposite page.· For each question 19-33, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet. {{B}} Memo{{/B}}To: All Staff Date: Jan. 22, 2003From: Head of Training Faculty{{B}} {{U}}How to write a good business report{{/U}}{{/B}}The business report is one of the most important communications in business world. To help our staff handle their report-writing tasks successfully, we give some suggestions below: 1. Collect ail the data you need to provide in your report before you begin to write, and be sure that it is complete and accurate. Incomplete or inaccurate data about sales, employee {{U}}(19) {{/U}}, or any other subject can lead the person {{U}}(20) {{/U}} your report to make an unwise, if not {{U}}(21) {{/U}} decision. 2. Organize the data you have collected so that you can {{U}}(22) {{/U}} the clearest, most concise, and most {{U}}(23) {{/U}} report possible. When you can, {{U}}(24) {{/U}} information in tables, charts, graphs, or {{U}}(25) {{/U}} rather than paragraphs. 3. Consider the reader of your report and the subject about which you are writing in deciding what {{U}}(26) {{/U}} to give your report. Under most circumstances, the "you and I" approach is {{U}}(27) {{/U}} to the "writer and reader" approach. However, always be sure to gear your report -- in all {{U}}(28) {{/U}} -- to your reader, and remember that someone other than the person to whom you are writing may read it also. {{U}}(29) {{/U}} and managers often request reports, read them, and {{U}}(30) {{/U}} them along to others up the {{U}}(31) {{/U}} 4. Keep your report as short as possible. Remember that you am writing fur one basic purpose: to provide information about a {{U}}(32) {{/U}} subject. Therefore, unless you have been requested to do so or are reasonably certain that your reader will welcome your doing so, do not {{U}}(33) {{/U}} personal opinion, or state your own conclusions or recommendations, for example.