单选题BeforeAndrewGrovearrivedintheU.S.in1956,wheredidhelive?

单选题If firms wish to avoid hiring during a temporary increase in production, they can offer ______ to existing workers.

单选题When you go online, are you peppered with pop-up ads? If you are annoyed by them and find yourself chasing them around with your mouse until you can zap them off the screen, here's a new twist. The next generation of pop-ups may be implanted in your PC soft-ware. When you turn on your computer, a "silent" software program slips on also, tracking the Web sites you visit and collecting information about any purchases you make. Then, when you visit other Web sites, targeted ads pop up on your screen-the ones for goods and services that you might be interested in buying. Suppose you initially browse through a site for outdoor gear and buy a fleece jacket. Two days later, your screen might show pop-ups for adventure travel, airline tickets, out door clothing, and the like. You might not even be aware of it, but these pop-ups are the result of the embedded software that some people call spyware. The largest creator of this software, Gator, recently teamed up with Yahoo to send such pop-ups to 43 million computer screens worldwide. In one year the agreement generated 28 mil lion in advertising fees that were split by the two companies, and industry experts expect that figure to increase. While Yahoo insists that it is providing a service to its customers by offering more advertising choices, many consumers are less than pleased by the software or the ads. Concerned about invasion of privacy, some who discover the programs on their PCs ask service technicians to remove it. Gator, whose advertising customers include Verizon and American Express, presents itself as a way for consumers to "find bargains. " Marketing head Scott Eagle says that Gator's model of targeting ads to specific consumers is far more efficient than "spraying ads across everybody. " However, companies such as Hertz and The Washington Post Inc. filed law suits against Gator for infringement of copyright and trademark laws, claiming that its ads were getting a "free ride" on their sites. Not surprisingly, surveys focusing on the Internet experience typically list pop-up ads as the most annoying online experience. So marketers at Atlanta-based EarthLink came up with an idea: offer subscribers software to block them. Although EarthLink, the No. 3 U. S. Internet service provider with about five million subscribers, is small change in an industry dominated by industry giant AOL, the company has based its recent market growth strategy on offering a solution to the estimated 4.8 billion ads that pop up on computer screens worldwide every month. Why do marketers continue to rely on such a disliked form of online advertising? The answer is cost. Pop-up ads are inexpensive to produce and cost nearly nothing to send. But they are so annoying to some computer users that dozens of special programs have been written to block them from appearing on the screen during Internet use.

单选题Managers typically attempt to set a price that will maximize a firm's ______ A．value B．cost C．production D．advertising E．promotion

单选题Which of the following is an employee involvement program where a group of employees with different job positions are given the responsibility of achieving a specific goal?

单选题Generally, the culture of any firm can be described as principally action-orientated, people-orientated or system-orientated. That is to say, the behavior that the managers exhibit tends to emphasize one of these three approaches to leadership and management. In successful firms where leadership is action-orientated, the culture is generally driven by one or a handful of managers who present a strong vision for the firm and lead by example. The emphasis is on getting things done, on driving for change. Such leaders constantly infuse energy throughout the firm and reinforce it through training that emphasizes individual action, showing initiative, taking considered risks and stressing individual output and results. It is a dynamic culture that rests on individuals being motivated to rise to the challenges of the business and being willing to take on responsibilities, often beyond what is considered their normal role. The downside is that the approach can be somewhat 'one-sided', overlooking the need for systems to handle routine matters, and taking for granted that people are all driven by a sense of challenge. It can result in the strong and quick riding roughshod over the more considered and thoughtful. When overdone, action-orientation becomes 'flare' behavior, insensitive to differences in situations and people. Successful people-orientated cultures derive from leadership that trains people to be ready to take responsibility and then invests them with it. Such firms delegate responsibility down as far as possible. They are not the 'do it, check it, recheck it, double-check it and then check it again to be sure 'types of cultures. They empower trained people and trust them to build quality in. They ask people to make decisions and expect them to do so. If the decisions prove wrong, the experience is used as the basis for learning rather than for criticism or punishment. They emphasize commitment and mutual support, reinforced through training that focuses on how and when to delegate responsibility, on understanding and recognizing that people are not all the same, learning how to get the best out of everyone. However, people-orientated cultures are not warm and cuddly. They respect people, support them and develop them - but they expect them to perform. If people fail to live up to expectations after proper training investment, appropriate steps are taken. The downside of people-orientated cultures occurs when responsibility is not appropriately delegated. Insufficient challenge for bright, trained people leads to poor performance. Equally, giving people more than they can handle without properly preparing them, and without providing adequate support if they initially falter, leads to the same result. Successful system-orientated cultures focus on trying to deal systematically with recurring problems and situations. Basically, they have their feet on the ground; in most organizations, 80070 of what is done is routine, and the system-orientated firm knows this. So its procedures handle the routine, leaving managers to use their energy on that 20% of the work that needs their expertise. The essence of a successful system-orientated culture is its ability and willingness to constantly question its systems. Such organizations tend to have strong corporate cultures, and people have to buy into them before being given the right to question and criticize. But given that, every process is up for evaluation and improvement. The rule book really matters, but it is not cast in stone. Away from the rule book, initiative is a key characteristic, but it is initiative in a strong team environment. People consult where possible and take individual decisions only when it is not.

单选题 Sickness at work Small firms are counting the cost of sickness among employees. Research estimates that illness cost small businesses in Britain a month and a half in lost (21) last year. A recent (22) of more than 1,000 small and medium enterprises revealed that last year the average small business lost around 42 days through staff phoning in sick, and that this had a serious (23) on 27 per cent of smaller companies. Just over one in ten employees took time off for seven days in a (24) Of these, 9.5 per cent were ill for a week on more than one occasion. In Britain, employees can take sick (25) for up to a week before they have to produce a medical certificate. Owner-managers were far less likely to be off sick than their staff: 3.3 days on average, compared with the 10 days taken by employees. The head of the research team said, 'The most common (26) of absence was minor illness, such as colds or flu, but back strain, fractures and the like (27) for very nearly as much. Of greater (28) is that more that 40 per cent of employers felt that their employees' sickness may not have been genuine.' Employers can do more to protect themselves by drawing up adequate (29) of employment that outline the company's sick pay (30) Enhanced sick pay is then at the employer's discretion.

单选题Aspects of Accounting Accounting is one of the (21) ... professions on record. The art of bookkeeping has been practiced from very early times. The Romans had an elaborate system of keeping accounts, and it is said they used a system (22) ... to the double entry system. A review of accounting over the ages indicates accountants have not always done the same work, but they have (23) ... similar functions. For example, accountants in Roman times were responsible for recording business transactions. During the industrial (24) ... of the United States, much of the (25) ... came from England and Scotland and the investors insisted on sending accountants from those countries to vouch for the reported results of the undertakings. In the late 1800s a professional accountant was described as an (26) ... :someone who looks for leaks, someone who detects and exposes that which is wrong, and someone who clearly reports facts as they exist, whetherthey be plainly expressed by clear and distinct records or whether they be concealed or hidden. The infrastructure that (27) ... the production and delivery of accounting's information product is the ac counting information system. Simply (28) ...,a system is a set of resources brought together to achieve some common goal. The (29) ...of an accounting information system is to collect and store data about business processes that can be used to generate a meaningful output for decision makers. The resources (30) ... to build accounting information systems include people and technologies. As you are probably aware, technologies have evolved over the years from manual re sources to the advanced information technologies available today. This evolution will continue.

单选题According to the last paragraph, why is differentiated marketing more suitable for products which are in the mature stage of their product life cycle?

单选题TEAMWORK AND STRESS Stressful working conditions lead to a breakdown in group co-operation which can damage effectiveness and productivity, a study has found. Psychologists have discovered that when employees work in crisis (21) they are less willing to work together. The study showed that when workers are under stress, they have a strong (22) to concentrate on their own personal (23) to the detriment of their colleagues. In the study, 100 naval personnel worked in groups of three, and each group was given a computer (24) of a naval decision-making task. Under a high (25) of stress, they had to monitor a radar screen with their own ship at the centre and numerous unidentified contacts around the ship. As (26) participants operating in this highly stressful situation performed worse than those operating under normal circumstances. But the results also showed that under stress, the workers' (27) of attention shifted from group involvement to a more narrow individual perspective, which led to a severe breakdown in team performance. The author of the study concludes that it is possible that, for many team tasks, the importance of teamwork behavior such as co-ordination and communication may be (28) as secondary to basic individual demands. In his opinion, the (29) to achieve efficiency under stress is by delegation. Simplifying tasks by delegating parts of them, making them less demanding, is one of the best ways of (30) the effectiveness of the group.

单选题A CHALLENGE TO TRADITIONAL BANKINGTraditional methods of banking are under threat from a new type of account which is actually meant to be almost perpetually in debit. This account, to be (21) in a few months' time, is in- tended to (22) a range of personal banking services, such as current sc. counts, mortgages, per- sop, al loans and credit cards. Customers, who must (23) that they are at least five years from retirement, will be required to (24) a mortgage of at least ￡ 50,000 on their homes and have their salaries paid directly into the account. They will then have an agreed credit (25) of up to three times their annual salary, to use as they wish-as well as the usual (26) such as debit, credit and cash cards and a cheque book. Accounts in debit will be charged interest at a rate of 8.2 per cent. This (27) favourably with the standard mortgage rate of 8.45 per cent, personal loan rates of around 13 per cent and credit card (28) of about 22 per cent. When the debt is cleared- as it must be by the time the customer retires-and the account goes into credit, it will attract interest at about 5 Her cent. Some experts say that it will revolutionise personal banking in the UK. But the (29) has been dismissed as a gimmick by rival banks and criticized by consumer groups, which are voicing fears that many customers on average incomes could be (30) into serious debt.

单选题TheMegadromeParkproblemtheyarediscussingisthat

单选题If you want to buy a property in France, whether it is a permanent house or a holiday apartment, it is important to open a French bank account. Although it is possible to pay on traveller's cheques, Eurocheques and credit cards issued by British banks, the fees for these services can be expensive. The simplest way to pay regular bills, such as electricity, gas, or telephone, particularly when you are not in residence, is by direct debit from your French account. To open a current account, you will need to show your passport and birth certificate and to provide your address in your native country. You will be issued with a cheque book within weeks of opening the account. In France it is illegal to be overdrawn. All accounts must be operated in credit. However, there are no bank charges. Note that cheques take longer to clear in France than in Britain, and can only be stopped if stolen or lost. The easiest way to transfer money from a British bank to a French one is by bank transfer: simply provide your British bank with the name, address and number of your French bank account. The procedure takes about a week and costs between ￡25 and ￡40 for each transaction depending on your British bank. Alternatively, you can transfer money via a French bank in London. You can also send a sterling cheque (allow at least 12 days for the cheque to be cleared). Eurocheques or traveller's cheques. Finally, it is a good idea to make friends with your French bank manager.His help can prove invaluable.

单选题The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is one of the specialized agencies of the United Nations (UN) system of organizations. The "Convention Establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization" was signed at Stockholm in 1967 and entered into force in 1970. However, the origins of WIPO go back to 1883 and 1886, with the adoption of the Paris Convention and the Berne Convention respectively. Both of these conventions provided for the establishment of international secretariats, and both were placed under the supervision of the Swiss Federal Government. The few officials who were needed to carry out the administration of the two conventions were located in Berne, Switzerland. Initially there were two secretariats (one for industrial property, one for copyright) for the administration of the two conventions, but in 1893 the two secretariats united. The most recent name of the organization, before it became WIPO, was BIRPI, the acronym of the French-language version of the name: United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property (in English). In 1960, BIRPI moved from Berne to Geneva. At the 1967 diplomatic conference in Stockholm, when WIPO was established, the administrative and final clauses of all the then existing multilateral treaties administered by BIRPI were revised. They had to be revised because member States wished to assume the position of full governing body of the Organization (WIPO), thus removing the supervisory authority of the Swiss Government, to give WIPO the same status as all the other comparable intergovernmental organizations and to pave the way for it to become a specialized agency of the United Nations system of organizations. Most of the inter-governmental organizations now called specialized agencies did not exist before the Second World War. They were created for the specific purpose of dealing with a particular subject or field of activity at the international level. However, some inter-governmental organizations, such as the International Labor Office (ILO), the Universal Postal Union (UPU) and the International Tele-communication Union (ITU) were in existence, and had become the responsible inter-governmental organizations in their respective fields of activity long before the establishment of the United Nations. After the United Nations was established, these organizations became specialized agencies of the United Nations system. Similarly, long before the Unit ed Nations was established, B1RPI was the responsible intergovernmental organization in the field of intellectual property. WIPO, the successor to BIRPI, became a specialized agency of the United Nations when an agreement was signed to that end between the United Nations and WI PO which came into effect on December 17, 1974.

单选题The break-even point occurs when ______ A．profits are maximized. B．sales are at a minimum. C．total revenue equals total cost. D．contribution margin is highest. E．sales discounts are minimized.

单选题A. By constant returns to specialization we mean the units of resources required to produce a good (cocoa or rice) are assumed to remain constant no matter where one is on a country's production possibility frontier (PPF). Thus, we assumed that it always took Ghana 10 units of resources to produce one ton of cocoa. B. While 10 units of resources may be sufficient to increase Ghana's output of cocoa from 12 tons to 13 tons, 11 units of resources may be needed to increase output froml3 to 14 tons, 12 units of resources to increase output from 14 tons to 15 tons, and so on. C. For example, imagine that growing cocoa uses more land and less labor than growing rice, and that Ghana tries to transfer resources from rice production to cocoa production. The rice industry will release proportionately too much labor and too little land for efficient cocoa production. To absorb the additional resources of labor and land, the cocoa industry will have to shift toward more labor-intensive methods of production. D. As a country tries to increase its output of a certain good, it is increasingly likely to draw on more marginal resources whose productivity is not as great as those initially employed. The result is that it requires ever more resources to produce an equal increase in output. E. Diminishing returns to specialization suggest that the gains from specialization are likely to be exhausted before specialization is complete. In reality, most countries do not specialize out, instead, produce a range of goods. However, the theory predicts that it is worthwhile to specialize until that point where the resulting gains from trade are outweighed by diminishing re turns.