1

1

Questions1through3arebasedonthispassage.　RogerWilliamswasadissenterfromanearlyage,havingrebelledagainsthisownfatherasayoungboytofollowthepathofthePuritans.HestudiedatCambridgeandbecameacleric,butwasnotableevenasayoungchaplainforhisstrongbeliefinfreedomofworship.AfterayearortwoofbuttinghisheadagainstthestrictHighChurchadministration,Williamstookhiswife,Mary,anddepartedforBoston,arrivingin1631.Eveninthisnewworld,hisradicalideasabouttheseparationofchurchandstateandtheseizureofnativelandalmostledtohisdeportation,andin1636heestablishedhisowncolony-ProvidencePlantation,withafewlike-mindedfollowers.

1

1

1

1

Animal signals, such as the complex songs of birds, tend to be costly. A bird, by singing, may forfeit time that could otherwise be spent on other important behaviors such as foraging or resting. Singing may also advertise an individual's location to rivals or predators and impair the ability to detect their approach. Although these types of cost may be important, discussions of the cost of singing have generally focused on energy costs. Overall the evidence is equivocal: for instance, while Eberhardt found increases in energy consumption during singing for Carolina wrens, Chappell found no effect of crowing on energy consumption in roosters. To obtain empirical data regarding the energy costs of singing, Thomas examined the relationship between song rate and overnight changes in body mass of male nightingales. Birds store energy as subcutaneous fat deposits or 'body reserves'; changes in these reserves can be reliably estimated by measuring changes in body mass. If singing has important energy costs, nightingales should lose more body mass on nights when their song rate is high. Thomas found that nightingales reached a significantly higher body mass at dusk and lost more mass overnight on nights when their song rate was high. These results suggest that there may be several costs of singing at night associated with body reserves. The increased metabolic cost of possessing higher body mass contributes to the increased overnight mass loss. The strategic regulation of evening body reserves is also likely to incur additional costs, as nightingales must spend more time foraging in order to build up larger body reserves. The metabolic cost of singing itself may also contribute to increased loss of reserves. This metabolic cost may arise from the muscular and neural activity involved in singing or from behaviors associated with singing. For example, birds may expend more of their reserves on thermoregulation if they spend the night exposed to the wind on a song post than if they are in a sheltered roost site. Thomas's data therefore show that whether or not singing per se has an important metabolic cost, metabolic costs associated with singing can have an important measurable effect on a bird's daily energy budget, at least in birds with high song rates such as nightingales.

1

1

单选题. ①Catherine Stimpson calls for a reassessment of literary merit based on affective standards—on how literary works make readers feel—rather than on the aesthetic standards traditionally used to define the canon, the body of literary works generally accepted as "great". ②Stimpson advocates an alterative para canon for literary works, such as Louisa May Alcott's Little Women, because she believes such works have been unjustifiably neglected by unsympathetic scholars. ③According to Stimpson, a paracanonical work may or may not have literary value by traditional standards; rather, its worth consists in its "capacity to inspire love." ①Elizabeth Barnes criticizes Stimpson's approach as subjective and therefore uncritical. ②"Although Stimpson never actually defines 'love,' she implies that a lovable work is one that so engages the reader that its worldview becomes inseparable from the reader's own" (Stimpson acknowledges that the values reflected in Little Women may have subconsciously influenced her invention of the para canon). ③For Barnes, the conflation of ethics and aesthetics implicit in Stimpson's approach (in which "good" can refer to something morally sound and/or above average in quality) demonstrates the ambiguity inherent in such concepts as goodness and love.1. According to the passage, Stimpson advocated the creation of a paracanon because she ______

单选题22. The hulls of the deep-sea submersibles of the future will be constructed from glass, not from special steel or aluminum alloys. The reason is that metals have a grainy microscopic structure, which makes metal hulls susceptible to cracking between the grains under deep- sea pressures. Glass hulls are immune to this problem because glass, though a solid in appearance, can be considered a fluid because it flows when under pressure. Which of the following can be most reliably inferred from the passage above? ______

单选题How many "+" added to the nine numbers below can make the result 99?Adjacent numbers can form a two-digit number123456789

单选题 Upon maturity

单选题. ① There have been numerous well-documented extinctions of indigenous species caused by the introduction of non-indigenous predators and pathogens. ②However, surprisingly few extinctions of indigenous species can be attributed to competition from introduced species. ③For example, during the past 400 years, 4,000 plant species have been introduced into North America, and these non-indigenous plants currently account for nearly 20 percent of North America's plant species. ④Yet that no evidence exists that any indigenous North American plant species became extinct as a result of competition from new species could mean that such extinctions take longer to occur than scientists initially believed or, alternatively, that extinctions are rarely caused by competition from non-indigenous species.28. The passage is concerned primarily with ______

单选题How many positive integers less than 100 are NOT equal to squares of integers?

单选题10. Orcas are small whales that generally travel in groups called pods. Orcas that feed on marine mammals travel in very small pods, while those that feed on fish travel in relatively large pods. Since a larger pod has an increased collective ability to locate prey, it is likely that orcas that feed on mammals travel in small pods only because the mammals that they hunt can more easily detect a large pod and escape it. Which of the following, if true, most strongly indicates that the conclusion is too sweeping? ______

单选题24. False rumors of fiscal improprieties damage the reputation of a bank. If management does not attempt to refute these rumors, they will circulate and eventually destroy customer confidence. But if management makes an effort to refute them, the refutation will raise more suspicions than it allays. If all of the statements above are true, which of the following must on the basis of them be true? ______

单选题. ①Attempts to identify New Guinean's hunter-gatherers face the well-known difficulty of defining what constitutes a hunter-gather group. ②According to the common definition, hunter-gathers are those who subsist by hunting wild animals and gathering wild plants. ③Yet those criteria beg numerous questions, including the issue of what constitutes "wild". ④The very presence on a landscape of humans who are consumers affects food resources, blurring the lines between wild and domesticated and, hence between hunting and pastoralism, and between gathering and cultivation. ⑤Moreover, it is unclear how groups should be classified that are hunter-gatherers in their procurement strategies but that make use of pastoralism and cultivation in their consumption patterns––subsisting, for example, by trading wild foods to neighbors in return for domesticated crops.15. The primary purpose of the passage is to ______