多选题 Questions 18-20 are based on the following passage. At night, schools of prey and predators are almost always spectacularly illuminated by the bioluminescence produced by the micro- Line scopic and larger plankton. The reason for (5) the ubiquitous production of light by the microorganisms of the sea remains obscure, and suggested explanations are controversial. It has been suggested that light is a kind of inadvertent by-product of life in transparent (10) organisms. It has also been hypothesized that the emission of light on disturbance is advantageous to the plankton in making the predators of the plankton conspicuous to their predators! Unquestionably, it does act (15) this way. Indeed, some fisheries base the detection of their prey on the biolumines- cence that the fish excite. It is difficult, how- ever, to defend the thesis that this effect was the direct factor in the original development (20) of bioluminescence, since the effect was of no advantage to the individual microorgan- ism that first developed it. Perhaps the lumi- nescence of a microorganism also discourages attack by light-avoiding predators and is of (25) initial survival benefit to the individual. As it then becomes general in the population, the effect of revealing plankton predators to their predators would also become important.

多选题While traveling near the Sun, the comet Hale-Bopp produced a ______ amount of dust, much more than the comets Halley or Hyakutake.

多选题Although Victor Turner's writings have proved fruitful for fields beyond anthropology, his definition of ritual is overly restrictive. Ritual, he says, is "prescribed formal behavior for occasions not given over to technological routine, having reference to beliefs in mystical beings or powers." "Technological routine" refers to the means by which a social group provides for its material needs. Turner's differentiating ritual from technology helps us recognize that festivals and celebrations {{U}}may have little purpose other than play, but it obscures the practical aims,{{/U}} such as making crops grow or healing patients, of other rituals. Further, Turner's definition implies a necessary relationship between ritual and mystical beliefs. However, not all rituals are religious; some religions have no reference to mystical beings; and individuals may be required only to participate in, not necessarily believe in, a ritual. Turner's assumption that ritual behavior follows belief thus limits the usefulness of his definition in studying ritual across cultures. According to the passage, which of the following does Turner exclude from his conception of ritual? A. Behavior based on beliefs. B. Behavior based on formal rules. C. Celebrations whose purpose is play. D. Routines directed toward practical ends. E. Festivals honoring supernatural beings.

多选题The professor argued that every grassroots movement needs ______: without this public declaration of motives, there can be no cohesive organization.

多选题The professor"s presentation was both ______ and ______: though brief, it was instructive.

多选题Citing the ______ of the Asian American community, the scholar argued that Asian Americans constituted the region"s fastest-growing minority population.

多选题The ability to cram computer circuitry onto silicon chips faces fundamental limitations: it is possible to make the innards of a circuit so ______ that they no longer ______.

多选题National character is not formally considered by social scientists in discussing economic and social development today. They believe that people differ and that these differences should be taken into account somehow, but they have as yet discovered no way to include such variables in their formal models of economic and social development. The difficulty ties in the nature of the data that supposedly define different national characters. Anthropologists and others are on much firmer ground when they attempt to describe the cultural norms for a small homogeneous tribe or village than when they undertake the formidable task of discovering the {{U}}norms that exist in a complex modem nation-state composed of many disparate groups{{/U}}. The situation is further complicated by the nature of judgments about character, since such judgments are overly dependent on impressions and since, furthermore, impressions are usually stated in qualitative terms, it is impossible to make a reliable comparison between the national characters of two countries. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of modem nation-states? A. They are complex. B. They are heterogeneous. C. They are of interest to social scientists. D. They lack cultural norms. E. They differ from one another in terms of national character.

多选题Because Russell was such a memorable and ______ public speaker, many people mistook his ability to talk about a wide range of topics for genuine ______.

多选题The ______ has proved to be ______: as a result, negotiations have been suspended indefinitely.

多选题Cynics believe that people who ______ compliments do so in order to be praised twice. A. bask in B. give out C. despair of D. gloat over E. shrug off

多选题The horizontal lines of the (i) ______ of architecture called the Prairie School are supposed to (ii) ______ the horizon of the flat prairie grassland. The (iii) ______ of this style was that architecture should rise naturally out of its site. Blank (i) A. focus B. brand C. style Blank (ii) D. equate E. reveal F. evoke Blank (iii) G. premise H. tenor I. belief

多选题The twigs of this shrub have a signature ______ whose pungency enables people to ______ the shrub even in winter when its leaves have fallen.

多选题Although the feeding activities of whales and walruses give the seafloor of the Bering Shelf a devastated appearance, these activities seem to be actually ______ to the area, ______ its productivity. A. beneficial B. detrimental C. superfluous D. encumbering E. redirecting F. enhancing

多选题Gertrude Stein"s life demonstrates her ______, her refusal ever to give up without having achieved her goal.

多选题When literary periods are defined on the basis of men's writing, women's writing must be forcibly assimilated into an irrelevant grid: a Renaissance that is not a renaissance for women, a Romantic period in which women played very little part, a modernism with which women conflict. Simultaneously, the history of women's writing has been suppressed, leaving large, mysterious gaps in accounts of the development of various genres. {{U}}Feminist criticism is beginning to correct this situation.{{/U}} Margaret Anne Doody, for example, suggests that during "the period between the death of Richardson and the appearance of the novels of Scott and Austen," which has "been regarded as a dead period," late- eighteenth-century women writers actually developed "the paradigm for women's fiction of the nineteenth century—something hardly less than the paradigm of the nineteenth-century novel itself." Feminist critics have also pointed out that the twentieth-century writer Virginia Woolf belonged to a tradition other than modernism and that this tradition surfaces in her work precisely where criticism has hitherto found obscurities, evasions, implausibilities, and imperfections. The author quotes Doody most probably in order to illustrate A. a contribution that feminist criticism can make to literary criticism. B. a modernist approach that conflicts with women's writing. C. writing by a woman which had previously been ignored. D. the hitherto overlooked significance of Scott's and Austen's novels. E. a standard system of defining literary periods.

多选题Oren missed the play"s overarching significance, focusing instead on details so minor that they would best be described as ______.

多选题Momentum gathered for a new property tax, but the ______ from home owners was so great that this proposal had to be ______.

多选题Maya Angelou and Anais Nin were ______ of self-exposure: they were among the first female writers willing to ______ their own sometimes questionable exploits and emotional shortcomings.

多选题Multiplane cameras were a critical invention for early animated films: they ______ realism by allowing drawings to appear three-dimensional.