【T1】 While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historians craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process. Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. 【T2】 During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study. Methodology is a term that remains nherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 【T3】 There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of "tunnel method" , frequently fall victim to the"technicist fallacy". 【T4】 Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. 【T5】 It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources. And to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.

Like most people, I was brought up to look upon life as a process of getting. It was not until in my late thirties that I made this important【C1】______: giving-away makes life so much more exciting. If an idea for improving the window display of a neighborhood store【C2】______to me, I step in and make the suggestion to the storekeeper. If an accident takes place, the【C3】______of which I think the local police could use, I call him up and tell him about it, though I am not in【C4】______here. One discovery I made about this world is to give【C5】______getting something back, though the return often comes in an unexpected form. One Sunday morning the local post office delivered an important special letter to my home, though it was【C6】______to me at my office. I wrote the postmaster a note of【C7】______More than a year later I needed a post-office box for a new business I was starting. I was told at the window that there were no boxes left, and that my name would have to go on a long waiting list. As I was about to【C8】______, the postmaster appeared in the doorway. "Wasn't it you that wrote us that letter a year ago about delivering a special delivery to your home?" I said it was. "Well, you certainly are going to have a box in this post office【C9】______we make one for you. You don't know what a letter like that means to us. We usually get【C10】______but complaints(投诉). "

Living in a city has both advantages and disadvantages. On the plus side, it is often【C1】______to find work, and there is usually a choice of public transport, so you don' t need to own a car.【C2】______, there are a lot of interesting things to do and places to see.【C3】______, you can eat in good restaurants, visit museums, and【C4】______to the theatre and to concerts. What is more, when you want to relax, you can usually find a park【C5】______you can feed the ducks or just sit on a park bench and read a book. All in all, city life is full of variety and you need never feel【C6】______. However, for every plus【C7】______is a minus. For one thing, you might have a job, but【C8】______it is very well-paid, you will not be able to afford many of the things that there are to do, because living in a city is often very expensive. It is particularly difficult to find good, 【C9】______accommodation. What is more, public transport is sometimes crowded and dirty, especially during the【C10】______hours, and even the parks can become very crowded, especially on Sundays when it seems that every resident is looking for some open space and green grass. Last of all, despite all the crowds, it is still possible to feel very lonely in a city.

The more time scientists spend designing computers, the more they wonder at human brain. Tasks that puzzle the most advanced supercomputer—recognizing a face, reading a handwritten note —are child's play. Most important, unlike any ordinary computer, the brain can learn from its mistakes. Researchers have tried for years to program computers to imitate the brain's abilities, but without success. Now a growing number of designers believe they have the answer: if a computer is to work more like a person and less like an overgrown calculator it must be built more like a brain, which distributes information across a vast interconnected web of nerve cells or neurons. Ordinary computers work by following a chainlike sequence of detailed instructions. Although very fast, their processors can perform only one task at a time. This approach works best in solving problems that can be broken down into simpler logical pieces. The processors in a neural-network computer, by contrast, form a network much like the nerve cells in the brain. Since these artificial(人造的)neurons are interconnected, they can share information and perform tasks at the same time. This two-dimensional approach works best at recognizing patterns. Instead of programming a neural-network computer to make decisions, its maker trains it to recognize patterns in any solution to a problem by repeatedly feeding examples to the machine. Neural networks come in all shapes and sizes. Until now most existed as software simulations(模拟品)because redesigning computer chips took a lot of time and money. By experimenting with different approaches through software rather than hardware, scientists have been able to avoid costly mistakes.

We have a desperate need______practice strict economy in every department.

The mind-success connection is strong, and many obstacles to our success are also mental. Some people rely more on facts, while others rely more on feelings. There is no "right way" to be, but we all have the natural ability to "feel" our way successfully【C1】______an unlighted path. I learned this when I was standing on a curb (路边)in a city in Vietnam (越南).My objective, a restaurant where my husband Tom was【C2】______for me, stood on the opposite side of the street, I was【C3】______and could smell the food. But it seemed as if the restaurant were miles away. The street was crowded with motor cycles, bicycles, cars, trucks and buses. Rather than【C4】______the traffic into two lanes, the yellow lane markers apparently served only to indicate that you were on a paved (铺设的)road. People passed, stopped, turned around and crossed center lines. Traffic flowed both ways in the same lane, and more traffic turned onto the street from side ones. Even when the signal light turned red, traffic【C5】______to flow as drivers entirely ignored the signal, rushing to me from front, back, sides and all angles. I was ready to abandon lunch with Tom when a local gentleman【C6】______my arm. In English, he kindly said, "Crossing the street is not a problem, but a dance. " With that we stepped【C7】______the curb and into the chaos (混乱). My heart beat faster as we walked slowly across. 【C8】______greeting us with sharp horns and angry shouts, drivers saw and adjusted to us. As long as we made no sudden movement, we were fine. I felt as if we were gracefully swimming【C9】______a school of fish. The traffic flowed smoothly around us, in all directions. Before I knew it, we were across. Learning to dance through the chaos of traffic is just【C10】______your feelings. It's a combination of intention, timing and trust.

Some Stanislaus County farmers are having a tough time harvesting their crops because of a shortage of workers. For years Vito Chiesa, who farms near Hughson, has grown peaches, but these days he' s replacing them with almonds (杏仁). " This is where I started losing peaches," he pointed out to NewslO reporter Tim Daly. "Just like that, we got the bulldozers(推土机)and pushed. You' re going to see almonds out there next year." Farmers can' t find enough workers to handle crops like peaches that require careful hand picking because machines would damage the ripe peaches and then the farmer could not sell them. Some farmers will soon switch to growing almonds. Almonds are harvested differently. They require fewer workers because trees are mechanically shaken. The almonds fall on the ground and then are gathered up. The farmer does not have to hire many workers to pick the almonds off the trees. Some farmers think there are a couple of reasons for the labor shortage, which is even worse in the southern Central Valley. One is that workers make higher wages doing construction work and there is plenty of that in the Central Valley. Another is that since the September 11, 2001 attacks, there is more enforcement at the state' s border with Mexico, resulting in fewer workers coming into California. One solution might be to allow Mexican workers to work here as guests, so people who want to work and contribute to the economy of the U.S. can have the opportunity to provide for themselves and family. That would also help the farm labor situation without making the country less secure. Farmers say that unless things change, more produce will come from South America and China where labor is cheap and there is more competition.

The hotel was reasonably comfortable but the food lacked______and the service was poor.

There was a large crowd in the square______against the war.

One warning was______to stop her doing it.

Say______what you mean and then there will be no misunderstanding.

{{B}}Part II Vocabulary and Structure (30%)Directions: In this part, there are 30 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.{{/B}}

There was a good______of the countryside from the front of the bus.

______is known to all, good friends add happiness and value to life.

She apologized for______the party.

Persons who are overweight should watch their diet carefully in order to lose pounds. The best way to do this is to start a weight control program. At first it is wise to talk with your doctor. He can advise you of the number of calories you should have in your meals each day. He can tell you about exercising while on your diet. A good rule is to lose slowly. A loss of a pound or two is plenty. Plan meals around foods you know. This means that it is wise to include foods that you are used to and that are part of your regular eating habits. When you have lost the weight you wish, simple items can be added to your diet so that you can maintain the weight you want. While you are dieting, try to build a pattern of eating that you can follow later to maintain your desired weight. When dieting, choose low-calorie foods. Avoid such items as fats, fried food, sweets, cakes, cream and soft drinks. Try to take coffee and tea without sugar or cream. Snacks can be part of your diet. For example, a piece of fruit or a simple dessert saved from mealtime can be eaten between meals. Keep busy! This way you will not be tempted to go off the diet. Make full use of opportunities to exercise. Try walking instead of riding whenever possible. Happy dieting!

What do we mean by a perfect English pronunciation? In one【C1】______there are many different kinds of English as there are speakers of it, No two speakers in exactly the same【C2】______. We can always hear difference between them, and the pronunciation of English【C3】______a great deal in different geographical areas. How do we decide what sort of English to use as a【C4】______? This is not a question that can be answered in the same way for all foreign learners of English.【C5】______you live in a part of the world like India or west Africa, where there is a long【C6】______of speaking English for general communication purpose, you should aim to acquire a good variety of the pronunciation of this area. It would be a【C7】______in these circumstances to use as model BBC English or anything of the sort. On the other hand, if you live in a country【C8】______there is no traditional use of English, you must take as your model some form of【C9】______English pronunciation. It does not matter very much which form you choose. The most【C10】______way is to take as your model the sort of English you can hear most often.

Tom______the shopkeeper with overcharging him for the articles he had bought.

Some cities have passed laws that allow coal and oil______only if their sulfur content is low.

She has not arrived yet. She______the bus.