{{B}}Paper TwoTranslation{{/B}}

A Evidently we didn't understand the direction, B for we made a wrong turn and found C us lost, D confused as to which way we should go.

Governments that want their people to prosper in the burgeoning world economy should guarantee two basic rights: the right to private property and the right to enforceable contracts, says Mancur Olson in his book Power and Prosperity. Olson was an economics professor at the University of Maryland until his death in 1998. Some have argued that such rights are merely luxuries that wealthy societies bestow, but Olson turns that argument around and asserts that such rights are essential to creating wealth. "Incomes are low in most of the countries of the world, in short, because the people in those countries do not have secure individual rights," he says. Certain simple economic activities, such as food gathering and making handicrafts, rely mostly on individual labor; property is not necessary. But more advanced activities, such as the mass production of goods, require machines and factories and offices. This production is often called capital-intensive, but it is really property-intensive, Olson observes. "No one would normally engage in capital-intensive production if he or she did not have rights that kept the valuable capital from being taken by bandits, whether roving or stationary," he argues. "There is no private property without government—individuals may have possessions, the way a dog possesses a bone, but there is private property only if the society protects and defends a private right to that possession against other private parties and against the government as well." Would-be entrepreneurs, no matter how small, also need a government and court system that will make sure people honor their contracts. In fact, the banking systems relied on by developed nations are based on just such an enforceable contract system. "We would not deposit our money in banks..., if we could not rely on the bank having to honor its contract with us, and the bank would not be able to make the profits it needs to stay in business if it could not enforce its loan contracts with borrowers," Olson writes. Other economists have argued that the poor economies of Third World and communist countries are the result of governments setting both prices and the quantities of goods produced rather than letting a free market determine them. Olson agrees there is some merit to this point of view, but he argues that government intervention is not enough to explain the poverty of these countries. Rather, the real problem is lack of individual rights that give people incentive to generate wealth. " If a society has clear and secure individual rights, there are strong incentives (刺激，动力) to produce, invest, and engage in mutually advantageous trade, and therefore at least some economic advance," Olson concludes.

A. it is very important for you to be punctual.B. Informal clothes convey the impression that you are not serious about the job,C. it is always easier said than done.A: Hi, Alan. I feel very nervous because I am going to have a job interview next Monday. Could you please give me some suggestions?B: Sure. Firstly,【D1】______Interviewers usually don't think much of a candidate who comes 5 or 10 minutes late only to explain that he could not find the place or he was stuck in traffic.A: Yeah, that is very important.B: Secondly, you need to create a good image in a limited time.A: I will try my best to make a good impression but【D2】______B: I think you should make some preparations. For example, you should take care to appear well-groomed and modestly dressed. What's more, try to avoid a too causal style.A: Can I wear T-shirt and jeans for the job interview?B: You'd better not. 【D3】______or that you may be casual about your work as you are about your clothes.

A. The building with the green pyramidal roof is the Peace HotelB. We can see that when we take the boat trip on the Huangpu River tonightC. What an imposing sceneD. many of them bear western stylesGuide: Please look to the west. That is the world-renowned Bund.Richard:【D7】______ !Guide: Generally speaking, the Bund refers to the 24 buildings from No. 1 to No. 33 west of No. 1 East Zhongshan Road.Richard: I see【D8】______ .Guide: Yes. Shanghai used to have a lot of foreign concessions before 1949. At that time, Shanghai was known as the "paradise of foreign adventurers". Many foreigners, mostly Europeans, came to try their luck here. That's why you see buildings of different architectural styles here, Spanish, Greek, Roman and Russian.Richard: What are these buildings for today?Guide: To the north of the Waibaidu Bridge is the Shanghai Mansion.【D9】______ .The one in classical architectural style is the office building of Pudong Development Bank and the one made of huge granite blocks is the office of the Shanghai Customs. You can see the big clock on top.Richard: Yes, I do see that.Guide: These buildings look splendid at night when all lights are turned on. Sometimes there are also outdoor performances there as well.Richard: I can imagine that.Guide:【D10】______ .

In the end, both attacks and defenses of the free market and conventiona l economics have immense philosophical implications.

The computer can be programmed to______a whole variety of tasks.

A. wanted B. brand C. as well asA.【T7】______ playing music and videosB. As the【T8】______ grewC. what is the most【T9】______ high-tech Do you know【T10】______ for teenagers in the U. S. ? It is the iPod. The small cigarette — box-shaped player provides hours of music, videos and audio books, disc, videos and audio books years ago, users found it was very different from just a simple MP3.【T11】______ , more and more new features were introduced. The iPod,【T12】______ , can also store address book, keep your appointments, hold text notes, and display your photo albums. It is big enough for you to take a whole library of music in your pocket.

A. concludedB. normalC. actuallyPhrases:A. considered to be 【T1】______weightB. A number of studies have【T2】______thatC. being overweight is【T3】______protective Thinner isn't always better. 【T4】______normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which 【T5】______. For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. Likewise, among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an indicator of good health. Of even greater concern is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined in terms of body mass index, or BMI. BMI equals body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often 【T6】______ Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, in turn, can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.

In our society, we must communicate with other people. A great deal of communication is performed on a person-to-person basis by the simple means of speech. If we travel in buses or stand in football match queues, we are likely to have conversations in which we give information or opinions, and sometimes have our views challenged by other members of society. Face-to-face contact is by no means the only form of communication and during the last two hundred years the art of mass communication has become one of the dominating factors of contemporary society. Two things above others have caused the enormous growth of the communication industry. Firstly, inventiveness has led to advances in printing, photography, and so on. Secondly, speed has revolutionized the transmission and reception of communications so that local news often takes a back seat to national news. No longer is the possession of information confined to a privileged minority. Forty years ago people used to flock to the cinema, but now far more people sit at home and turn on the TV to watch a program that is being channeled into millions of homes. Communication is no longer merely concerned with the transmission of information. The modern communications industry influences the way people live in society and broadens their horizons by allowing access to information, education and entertainment. The printing, broadcasting and advertising industries are all involved with their informing, educating and entertaining functions. Although a great deal of the material communicated by the mass media is very valuable to the individual and to the society of which he is a part, the vast modern network of communications is open to abuse. However, the mass media are with us for better, for worse, and there is no turning back.

His essay is ______with more than 120 full-color photographs that depict the national park in all seasons.

How many people can live on the face of the earth? No one knows the answer. It depends on how much food people can grow 【C1】______destroying the environment. More people now exist than ever before, and the population【C2】______growing. Every 15 seconds, about 100 babies are born. Before the end of this century, the earth may【C3】______10 billion people! To feed everyone, farmers must grow more food. They are trying to do so. World food production has gradually【C4】______over the years. In some parts of the world, 【C5】______, the population is growing faster than the food supply. Some experts fear the world will not be able to produce enough food for a【C6】______that never stops increasing. To grow more crops on the same【C7】______of land, farmers use fertilizers and pesticides(杀虫剂). Some plant new kinds of grains that produce more food. These things help—【C8】______they don't provide perfect solutions. The chemicals in fertilizers and pesticides can pollute water supplies. The new seeds developed by scientists have reached the【C9】______of what they can produce. When hungry people can get no more out of【C10】______field, they clear trees from hills and forests for new farmland, and in doing so they expose the soil. Then rain and floods may strip the topsoil from fields. This process is called erosion. Each year erosion steals billions of tons of topsoil from farmers.

If a cat comes too close to its nest, the mocking bird initiates a set of actions to protect its off spring.

There was a misunderstanding about a trifle and I had to resign.

【T9】

A. The disastrous impact on biodiversity.B. Human population growth worsens the problem.C. What is land conversion?D. Protected areas are under threat.E. The land-conversion cascade. Behind the projections of species loss lurk a number of crucial but hard-to-plot variables, among which two are especially weighty; continuing landscape conversion and the growth curve of human population. 【R1】______ Landscape conversion can mean many things, draining wetlands to build roads and airports, turning tallgrass (高杆草) prairies under the plow, fencing savanna (热带大草原) and overgrazing it with domestic stock, cutting second-growth forest Vermont and consig-ning the" land to ski resorts or vacation suburbs, slash-and-burn clearing of Madagascar's (马达加斯加) rain forest to grow rice on wet hillsides, industrial logging in Borneo (婆罗洲 ) to meet Japanese plywood demands. 【R2】______ The ecologist John Terborgh and a colleague Carel P. van Schaik, have described a four-stage process of landscape conversion that they call the land-use cascade. The successive stages are: (1) wildlands, encompassing native floral and faunal communities altered little or not at all by human impact; (2)extensively used areas, such as natural grasslands lightly grazed, savanna kept open for prey animals by infrequent human-set fires, or forests sparsely worked by slash-and-burn farmers at low density;(3)intensively used areas, meaning crop fields, plantations, village commons, travel corridors, urban and industrial zones; and finally(4)degraded land, formerly useful but now abused beyond value to anybody. 【R3】______ Among all forms of landscape conversion, pushing tropical forest from the wildlands category to the intensively used category has the greatest impact on biological diversity. You can see it in the central Amazon, where big tracts of rain forest have been felled and burned, in a largely futile attempt to pasture cattle on sun-hardened clay. By the middle of the next century, if trend continue, tropical forest will exist virtually nowhere outside of protected areas—that is, national parks, wildlife refuges, and other official reserves. 【R4】______ Human population growth will make a bad situation worse by putting ever more pressure on all available land. The annual increase is now 80 million people, with most of that increment coming in less developed countries. According to the UN's middle estimate, human population will rise from the present 5. 9 billion to 9. 4 billion by the year 2050, then to 10. 8 billion by 2150, before leveling off there at the end of the twenty-second century. Anyone interested in the future of biological diversity needs to think about the pressures these people will face, and the pressures they will exert in return. 【R5】______ That direction, necessarily, will be toward ever more desperate exploitation of landscape. Even Noah's Ark only manages to rescue paired animals, not large parcels of habitat. The jeopardy of the ecological fragments that we presently cherish as parks, refuges, and reserves is already severe, due to internal and external forces: internal, because insularity itself leads to ecological unraveling; and external, because those areas are still under siege by needy and covetous people. We shouldn't take comfort in assuming that at least Yellowstone National Park will still harbor bears in the year 2150, that at least Royal Chitwan in Nepal will still harbor tigers and Gir in India will still harbor lions. Those predator populations, arid other species down the cascade, are likely to disappear. "Wildness" will be a word applicable only to urban turmoil. Lions, tigers, and bears will exist in zoos. Nature won't come to an end, but it will look very different.

After a long delay, she______replying to my e-mail.

Teachers of elementary schools are giving more weight to nurturing a student's talent in China.

{{B}}Part Ⅰ Oral Communication{{/B}}

BPaper TwoTranslation/B