单选题According to the passage, which of the following was the most important reason for the Aleuts' devotion to their language?

单选题A number of researchers have examined the variables/strategies that affect students' learning English as a second language. This report identifies some of the learner variables/ strategies used by two students in a Hong Kong Technical Institute. The instruments for data collection included observation, interviews and questionnaires. The findings are discussed and some implications highlighted. What makes a "good" language learner "good", and what makes a "poor" language learner "poor"? What does this imply for the teaching of language in the Hong Kong context? These are the central questions of this assignment. The existing body of research attributes the differences between language learners to learner variables and learner strategies. Learner variables include such things as differences in personality, motivation, style, aptitude and age (Ellis, 1986: Chap. 5) and strategies refer to "techniques, approaches, or deliberate actions that students take in order to facilitate the learning and recall of both linguistic and content area information" (Chabot, 1987: 71). It is important to note here that what we are considering is not the fact that language learners do and can learn, but why there should be such variations in speed of learning, ability to use the target language, and in achieving examination grades, areas which generally lead to the classification of students as being either "good" or "poor". Learner variables and strategies have been the focus of a number of research projects, (O'Malley et al, 1985, Oxford, 1989). However, to the best of my knowledge, this area has not been researched in Hong Kong classrooms. Since I am a teacher of English working in Hong Kong, gleaning a little of what learner variables and strategies seem to work for local students seems to be a fruitful area of research. In discussing learner variables and strategies, we have to keep in mind the arbitrary nature of actually identifying these aspects. As the existing research points out, it is not possible to observe directly qualities such as aptitude, motivation and anxiety. (Oxford, 1986). We cannot look inside the mind of a language learner and find out what strategies, if any, they are using. These strategies are not visible processes. Also, as Naiman and his colleagues (1978) point out, no single learning strategy, cognitive style or learner characteristic is sufficient to explain success in language learning. The factors must be considered simultaneously to discover how they affect success or failure in particular language learning situation. Bearing these constraints in mind, the aim of this assignment is to develop two small scale studies of the language learners attempting to gain an overall idea of what strategies are in use and what variables seem to make a difference to Hong Kong students.

单选题All the commodities sold in that shop are given one year's ______. A. assurance B. warrant C. guarantee D. insurance

单选题An important point in the development of a governmental agency is the codification of its controlling practices. The study of law or jurisprudence is usually concerned with the codes and practices of specific governments, past or present. It is also concerned with certain questions upon which a functional analysis of behavior has some bearing. What is a law? What role does a law play in governmental control? In particular, what effect does it have upon the behavior of the controllee and of the members of the governmental agency itself? A law usually has two important features. In the first place, it specifies behavior. The behavior is usually not described topographically but rather in terms of its effect upon others - the effect that is the object of governmental control. When we are told, for example, that an individual has "committed perjury," we are not told what he has actually said. "Robbery" and "assault" do not refer to specific forms of response. Only properties of behavior which are aversive to others are mentioned - in perjury the lack of a customary correspondence between a verbal response and certain factual circumstances, in robbery the removal of positive reinforces, and in assault the aversive character of physical injury. In the second place, a law specifies or implies a consequence, usually punishment, A law is thus a statement of a contingency of reinforcement maintained by a governmental agency. The contingency may have prevailed as a controlling practice prior to its codification as a law, or it may represent a new practice which goes into effect with the passage of the law. Laws are thus both descriptions of past practices and assurafices of similar practices in the future. A law is a rule of conduct in the sense that it specifies the consequences of certain actions which in mm "rule" behavior. The effect of a law upon the controlling agency The government of a large group requires an elaborate organization, the practices of which may be made more consistent and effective by codification. How codes of law affect governmental agents is the principal subject of jurisprudence. The behavioral processes are complex, although presumably not novel. In order to maintain or "enforce" contingencies of governmental control, an agency must establish the fact that an individual has behaved illegally and must interpret a code to determine the punishment. It must then carry out the punishment. These labors are usually divided among special subdivisions of the agency. The advantages gained when the individual is "not under man but under law" have usually been obvious, and the great codifiers of law occupy places of honor in the history of civilization. Codification does not, however, change the essential nature of governmental action nor remedy all its defects.Comprehension Questions:

单选题The tiger continued to ______ us by walking round and round our tent. A. trap B. transplant C. menace D. provoke

单选题He said the ______ talks between Britain and America had broken down just before Christmas. A. bilateral B. binary C. biannual D. bilingual

单选题As many as 100 species of fish, some______to these waters, may have been affected by the pollution.(复旦大学2011年试题)

单选题It had been a terrible afternoon for Jane, ______ at about six o'clock in her father's sudden collapse into unconsciousness. A. converging B. culminating C. finalizing D. releasing

单选题She crossed the enemy lines, disguised as a civilian, to bring medical______ to the Resistance fighters. A. surrey B. surcharge C. summation D. succor

单选题Why should anyone want to read ______ of books by great authors when the real pleasure comes from reading the originals.

单选题Guarantees and warranties tell buyers the repairs for which a manufacturer is ______.

单选题The Olympic Games were watched by ______ billions of people around the world.

单选题Since Japan______importance to education and technological innovation, its economy has developed at a high speed. A. relates B. applies C. attaches D. connects

单选题{{B}}Passage 2{{/B}} While hackers with motives make headlines, they represent less than 20% of all net- work security breaches. More common are instances of authorized users accidentally winding up where they should not be and inadvertently deleting or changing data. However, the Internet introduces another concern: some Internet surfers are bound to go where they have no business and, in so doing, threaten to wipe out data to which they should not have access. Before picking a firewall, companies need to adopt security policies. A security policy states who or what is allowed to connect to whom or what. You can group all users by department or classification. The better firewall products let you drag and drop groups in a graphical user interface (GUI) environment to define network security easily. Two methods are most often used together to establish an Internet firewall. They are application and circuit gateways, as well as packet filtering. With application and circuit gateways, all packets are addressed to a user-level application on a gate-way that relays packets between two points. With most application gateways, additional packet-filter machines are required to control and screen traffic between the gateway and the networks. A typical configuration includes two routers. With a bastion host that serves as the application gateway sitting between them. A drawback to application and circuit gateways is that they slow network performance. This is because each packet must be copied and processed at least twice by all the communication layers. Packet-filter gateways, which act as routers between two nets, are less secure than application gateways but more efficient. They are transparent to many protocols and applications, and they require no changes in client applications, no specific application management or installation, and no extra hardware. Using a single, unified packet-filter engine, all net traffic is processed and then for- warded or blocked from a single point of control. However, most packet filters are state- less, understand only low-level protocols, and are difficult to configure and verity. In addition, they lack audit mechanisms. Some packet filters are implemented inside routers, limiting computing power and filtering capabilities. Others are implemented as s9ftware packages that filter the packets in application-layer processes, an inefficient approach that requires multiple data copies, expensive delays and context switches and delivers lower throughput. So what's a network administrator to do? Some vendors are developing firewalls that overcome many of these problems and combine the advantages of application gateways and packet filtering. These efficient, protocol-independent, secure firewall engines are capable of application-level security, user authentication, unified support, and handling of all protocols, auditing and altering. They are transparent to users and to system setup, and include a GUI for simple and flexible system management and configuration.

单选题Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the auction room to make offers, or "bids", for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures, and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called "knocking down" the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum. The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the Latin auctio, meaning "increase". The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called sub basra, meaning "under the spear", a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries goods were often sold "by the candle", a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it stayed alight. Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The auction rooms at Christie's and Sotheby's in London and New York are world-famous. An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a "lot", is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot 1 and continue in numerical order, he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer's services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible. The auctioneer must know fairly accurately the current market values of the goods he is selling, and he should be acquainted with regular buyers of such goods. He will not waste time by starting the bidding too low. He will also play on the rivalries among his buyers and succeed in getting a high price by encouraging two business competitors to bid against each other. It is largely on his advice that a seller will fix a "reserve" price, that is, a price below which the goods cannot be sold. Even the best auctioneers, however, find it difficult to stop a "knockout", whereby dealers illegally arrange beforehand not to bid against each other, but nominate one of themselves as the only bidder, in the hope of buying goods at extremely low prices. If such a "knockout" comes off, the real auction sale takes place privately afterwards among the dealers.