单选题I was embarrassed when the______test paper my teacher spoke about turned out to be mine. I had forgotten to put my name on it.

单选题According to the passage, the greatest part of the solar energy that reaches the Earth is ______.

单选题{{B}}Text 4{{/B}} To sleep. Perchance to file? Findings published online this week by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences further support the theory that the brain organizes and stows memories formed during the day while the rest of the body is catching zzz's. Gyorgy Buzsaki of Rutgers University and his colleagues analyzed the brain waves of sleeping rats and mice. Specifically, they examined the electrical activity emanating from the somatosensory neocortex (an area that processes sensory information) and the hippocampus, which is a center for learning and memory. The scientists found that oscillation in brain waves from the two regions appear to be intertwined. So-called sleep spindles (bursts of activity from the neocortex) were followed tens of milliseconds later by beats in the hippocampus known as ripples. The team posits that this interplay between the two brain regions is a key step in memory consolidation. A second study, also published online this week by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, links age-associated memory decline to high glucose levels. Previous research had shown that individuals with diabetes suffer from increased memory problems. In the new work, Antonio Convit of New York University School of Medicine and his collaborators studied 30 people whose average age was 69 to investigate whether sugar levels, which tend to increase with age, affect memory in healthy people as well. The scientists administered recall tests, brain scans and glucose tolerance tests, which measure how quickly sugar is absorbed from the blood by the body's tissues. Subjects with the poorest memory recollection, the team discovered, also displayed the poorest glucose tolerance. In addition, their brain scans showed more hippocampus shrinkage than those of subjects better able to absorb blood sugar. "Our study suggests that this impairment may contribute to the memory deficits that occur as people age." Convit says. "And it raises the intriguing possibility that improving glucose tolerance could reverse some age-associated problems in cognition." Exercise End weight control can help keep glucose levels in check, so there may be one more reason to go to the gym.

单选题______ is practiced to some extent by the adherents of every religion. It often requires abstinence from food, drink, or sexual activity, as in fasting or celibacy and it may also require physical pain or discomfort, such as endurance of extreme heat or cold or self-punishment.

单选题No matter what you think about testing rends, one thing is clear: as long as there is teaching and learning, there will be testing. But how much credit do those charts and numbers deserve? When you review a school"s test scores at a school board meeting, always look beyond the basic numbers. The scores for a single school in a single year have limited value for judging school performance. Equally important is "trend data" —test scores from several years that show you how a school"s performance has changed over time. Additionally, comparing a school to other schools with similar demographics may give your perspective on where the school stands relative to other schools like it. You can also learn a lot from data that is broken down by ethnic group and socioeconomic level. A school is only truly successful when it achieves high performance with students across all ethnic and social groups. On the other hand, the next time you hear somebody say, "That school is the best in the district because it has the highest test scores," make a point to respond: "I"d love to know more about what"s happening at the school that accounts for those scores, but I can"t assume that it"s the best school just based on one piece of evidence. What you know about the school"s teaching methods, the leadership of the principal, or its climate of safety?" Take time to investigate these other measures of school quality before making judgments about a school. To communicate with your child certainly is the final way. Raise your hand if you"ve heard some stories about students begging to stay home on test day. Is this level of anxiety appropriate? The correct answer is no! When your child"s class is preparing for its annual standardized testing marathon, let your child know that while you hope she does her best on the test, it"s not a competition. Explain that the results may help her and her teacher understand the areas where she might be especially strong or where she may need to focus more.

单选题 There are seven passages in this part. Each is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. Choose the one out of the choices marked by A, B, C, and D and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet with ●.{{B}}Passage One{{/B}} Researchers disagree whether the "use it or lose it" philosophy holds for cognitive aging, but there is one evidence that keeping mentally active can slow age-related declines. At Pennsylvania State University, Sherry Willis and her husband, K. Warner Schaie, have studied 5000 people, some since 1956. People lucky enough to avoid chronic diseases may also fare better in intellectual function, they find, perhaps because chronic diseases can restrict lifestyle and reduce mental stimulation. Similarly, those lucky enough to be relatively affluent also fare better, perhaps because money can buy intellectually stimulating things like travel. Education helps, too, researchers say because of instills the conviction that you can always learn something new. The Schaie-Willis team also has some other observations. Being in a stable marriage with a stimulating spouse, they say, helps maintain intellectual vigor. Flexibility counts too. People who stay mentally vibrant are often those who do not insist that "they must do things today as they did before" Schaie says. In neuropsychological terms, the ability to see problems in new ways often yields higher scores on tests of-mental function. And people satisfied with life also stay more mentally fit, he says. If you find your mental skills sagging, consider working on specific deficits. When Willis gave 5-hour tutorials on inductive reasoning or spatial skills to about 200 people whose skills had declined in the previous 14 years, 40 percent regained lost abilities. That advantage held up seven years late when they were retested. Other ways to stay sharp, Schaie says, are doing jigsaw puzzles to hone visuo-spatial skills, working crossword puzzles for verbal skills, playing bridge for memory and simply matching wits at home with players on TV game shows. Finally, remember this. Even though you may lose some mental skills with normal aging, you also gain in one key area: wisdom. The growth of wisdom continues throughout the 40s, 50s and even 60s.

单选题ECHO: SOUND

单选题She took a(n)______to the house as soon as she saw it.

单选题Battles are like marriages. They have a certain fundamental experience they share in common; they differ infinitely, but still they are all alike. A battle seems to me a conflict of will with death in the same way that a marriage of love is the identification of two human beings to the end of creation of life--as death is the reverse of life, and love of hate. Battles are commitments to cause death as marriages are commitments to create life. Whether, for any individual, either union results in death or in the creation of life, each risks it--and in the risk commits himself. As the servants of death, battles will always remain horrible. Those who are fascinated by them are being fascinated by death. There is no battle aim worthy of the name except that of ending all battles. Any other conception is, literally, suicidal. The fascist worship of battle is a suicidal drive; it is love of death instead of life. In the same idiom, to triumph in battle over the forces which are fighting for death is-- again literally--to triumph over death. It is a surgeon's triumph as he cuts a body and bloodies his hands in removing a cancer in order to triumph over death that is in the body. In these thoughts I have found my own peace, and I return to an army that fights death and cynicism in the name of life and hope. It is a good army. Believe in it.

单选题Terrorism proves to be a more serious problem than anticipated, and it challenges both policymakers burdened with the design of countermeasures and social scientists who are called upon to explain it. Terrorism's unique nature is revealed by two phenomena. First, public perception of threat and danger seems to be disproportionate to terrorists' actual capabilities. Second, terrorism, more than any other form of warfare, has an impact on a target group immensely larger than that of the immediate victims and often on populations beyond that terrorism bears primarily on individuals' perceptions, on the "public mind"; in other words, it is a form of psychological warfare. The psychological impacts of political terrorism are potentially manifest in individuals' emotional and attitudinal responses. In the realm of emotions, the fear and concern for personal safety, which terror tactics might give rise to, is a revealing indicator of their effectiveness. One could argue, of course, that terrorists' ability to sow widespread fear hardly needs proof as it is obvious that violence and particularly the terrorists' hallmark, randomly targeted violence, are anxiety inducing. It should be noted, however, that terrorism has claimed relatively few casualties to date, and that in most countries the actual probability of incurring harm from terroristic activity is only a fraction of, say, the risk of death or injury in vehicle accidents or common crimes. Hence, the power of terrorism to intimidate should not be taken for granted. Intimidation and the induction of fear are not the ends of terrorists' activity but rather means to effect political change. Their violence is predicated on two assumptions: (a) Violent action can force the causes pursued by terrorists into the forefront of an indifferent public's awareness; (b) faced with the choice between continuing violence and acceptance of the terrorists' demands, the public might opt for the latter. Thus, the attitudes that the targets of political terrorism develop toward its perpetrators, their objectives, and the actions that ought to be undertaken vis-à-vis them constitute telling measures of the effectiveness of terrorism. The present investigation sought to assess the psychological reactions of a public which has been exposed for a considerable length of time to the threats and actions of terrorist. Regarding emotional impacts, the data suggest that terrorism's ability to intimidate, to induce worry and concern, disproportionally exceeds the actual damage it causes. According to the data gathered, the actual probability of being victimized by terrorist activity was extremely low; estimated at less than 1/20 of the likelihood of being hurt in a road accident. Yet a large majority of the respondents expressed worry about the risk of personally incurring the consequences of terrorism. It might be uncontrollability dramatically enhance its impact. Thus, while the risk of vehicle driving might be far greater than the danger of terrorism, the car driver is usually reassured by a subjective feeling of control which the potential victim of terrorism lacks. The survey results indicate that terrorism has failed to produce the change in attitudes sought by its perpetrators. Most respondents favored, instead, the reliance on extreme counterterrorist measures. The hardening of Israelis attitudes toward terrorists and their objectives was also revealed by the respondents' unanimity of opinion. Taken together, the data concerning the emotional impact of terrorism and its effects on attitudes did not bear out the rationale which governs terroristic action. Despite the widespread concern and worry revealed by these data, there was no evidence of any willingness to politically concede to terrorists. On the contrary, and as already noted, the majority advocated the adoption of harsh measures against terrorists. Thus, at least insofar as Palestinian terrorism and the Israeli public are concerned, proves to be counterproductive. Comprehension Questions..

单选题Whether the cause is maternal anti-bodies, heavy metals or something else, there is no question that the brains of young children with autism have unusual features. To begin with, they tend to be too big. In studies based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and basic tape-measure readings, neuroscientist Eric Courchesne at Children"s Hospital of San Diego showed that while children with autism are born with ordinary-size brains, they experience a rapid expansion by age 2—particularly in the frontal lobes. By age 4, says Courchesne, autistic children tend to have brains the size of a normal 13-year-old. More recent studies by Admiral and others have found that the amygdale, an area associated with social behavior, is also oversize, a finding Admiral believes is related to the high levels of anxiety seen in as many as 80% of people with autism. Harvard pediatric neurologist Dr. Martha Herbert reported last year that the excess white matter in autistic brains has a specific distribution: local areas tend to be overconnected, while links between more distant regions of the brain are weak. The brain"s right and left hemispheres are also poorly connected. It"s as if there are too many competing local services but no long distance. This observation jibes neatly with imagining studies that look at live brain activity in autistic people. Studies using functional MRI show a lack of coordination among brain regions, says Marcel Just, director of Carnegie Mellon"s Center for Cognitive Brain Imaging in Pittsburgh, Pa. Just has scanned dozens of 15-to 35-year-old autistic people with IQs in the normal range, giving them thinking tasks as he monitors their brain activity. "One thing you see," says Just, "is that activity in different areas is not going up and down at the same time. There"s a lack of synchronization, sort of like a difference between a jam session and a string quartet. In autism, each area does its own thing." What remains unclear is whether the interconnectivity problem is the result of autism or its cause. "It"s impossible to tell the chicken from the egg at this point," Just says. Autistic people have been shown to use their brains in unusual ways: they memorize alphabet characters in a part of the brain that ordinarily processes shapes. They tend to use the visual centers in the back of the brain for tasks usually handled by the prefrontal cortex. They often look at the mouth instead of the eyes of someone who is speaking. Their focus, says psychologist Ami Klin of Yale"s Child Study Center, is "not on the social allegiances—for example, the longing gaze of a mother—but physical allegiances—a mouth that moves."

单选题While he was not dumber than an ox, he was not any smarter; so most of his classmates were {{U}}lenient{{/U}} and helped him along ______. A.helpful B.merciful C.enthusiastic D.intelligent

单选题Pupils often want to sit next to their particular friend and many classroom activities involve moving about, but even relatively snail alterations can make ______ to the visual comfort of pupils with sight defects.

单选题Perhaps the most interesting thing about the phenomenon of taboo behavior is how it can change (1) the years within the same society, how certain behavior and attitudes (2) considered taboo can become perfectly (3) and natural (4) another point in time. Topics such as death, for example, were once considered so (5) and unpleasant that it was a taboo to even talk about them. Now with the (6) of important books such as On Death and Dying and Learning to Say Goodbye, people have become more (7) of the importance of expressing feelings about death and, (8) a result, are more willing to talk about this taboo subject. One of the newest taboos in American society is the topic of fat. (9) many other taboos, fat is a topic that Americans talk about constantly. It's not taboo to talk about fat; it's taboo to fat. The " (10) " look is thin, not fat. In the work world, most companies prefer youthful-looking, trim executives to sell their (11) as well as their products to the public. The thin look is associated with youth, vigor, and success. The fat person, on the other hand, is thought (12) as lazy and (13) in energy, self-discipline and self-respect. After all, people think, how can people who care about themselves, and therefore the way. they look, permit themselves to become fat? In an image-conscious society like the U. S., thin is "in", fat is "out". It's not surprising, then, that millions of Americans have become (14) with staying slim and "in shape". The (15) of a youthful physical appearance is not, however, their sole reason for America's obsession with diet and exercise. Recent research has shown the (16) importance of diet and exercise for personal health. As in most technologically developed nations, the life-style Of North Americans has changed dramatically during the course of the last century. Modem machines do all the physical labor that people were once forced to do (17) hand. Cars and buses transport us quickly from point to point. As a result of inactivity and disuse, people's bodies can easily become weak and (18) to disease. In an effort to avoid such a fate, millions of Americans are spending more of their time exercising. The effect of this new appreciation of the importance of exercise is evident: parks are filled with runners and bicyclists, physical education programs are enjoying a newly found (19) , and many companies ate providing special exercise (20) for their employees to use during the work day.

单选题My eyes had become ______ to the now semi-darkness, so I could pick out shapes about seventy-five yards away. A. inclined B. accustomed C. vulnerable D. sensitive

单选题Within ten years they have tamed the______hill into green woods. A. vacant B. barren C. weird D. wasteful

单选题{{B}}Passage Two{{/B}} Laziness is a sin—everybody knows that. We have probably all had lectures pointing out that laziness is immoral, that it is wasteful, and that lazy people will never amount to anything in life. But laziness can be more harmful than that, and it is often caused by more complex reasons than simple wish to avoid work. Some people who appear to be lazy are suffering from much more serious problems. They may be so distrustful of their fellow workers that they are unable to join in any group task for fear of ridicule or fear of having their ideas stolen. These people who seem lazy may be paralyzed by a fear of failure that prevents fruitful work. Or other sorts of fantasies may prevent work; some people are so busy planning, sometimes planning great deals or fantastic achievemens, that they are unable to deal with whatever "lesser" work is on hand. Still other people are not avoiding work; strictly speaking, they are merely procrastinating—rescheduling their day. Laziness can actually be helpful. Like procrastinators, some people may look lazy when they are really thinking, planning, contemplating, researching. We should all remember that some great scientific discoveries occurred by chance or while someone was "goofing off". Newton wasn't working in the orchard when the apple hit him and he devised the theory of gravity. All of us would like to have someone "lazy" to build the car or stove we buy, particularly if that "laziness" was caused by the worker's taking time to check each step or his work and to do his job right. And sometimes, being "lazy" —that is, taking time off for a rest is good for the overworked student or executive. Taking a rest can be particularly helpful to the athlete who is trying too hard or the doctor who's simply working himself overtime too many evenings at the clinic. So be careful when you're tempted to call someone lazy. That person may be thinking, resting, or planning his or her next book.

单选题Only the Chinese have successfully ______ pandas and raised their babies in captivity.