完形填空Every second, ____41____ hectare of the worlds rainforest is destroyed

完形填空There are 10 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, Cand D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.Regardless of their political affiliation, in all countries women must overcome a host of stumblingblocks that limit their political careers. “Most obstacles to progress consist of【A1】______of various kinds,”says the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), a Geneva-based organization【A2】______139 parliaments,including the lack of time, training, information, self-confidence, money, support, motivation,women’s networks and solidarity between women.In every culture, prejudice and stereotypes【A3】______hard. The belief still holds【A4】______that women belong inthe kitchen and with the children, not at election【A5】______or in the Speaker’s chair. The media oftenreinforce traditional images of women, who upon entering politics, also bear the brunt(正面冲击)ofverbal and physical【A6】______.In impoverished(贫穷的)countries racked by civil conflicts and deteriorating economic and socialconditions, women are【A7】______by the tasks of managing everyday life and looking after their families.The IPU stresses the general lack of child-care facilities — often【A8】______a privileged few — thereluctance of political parties to change the times and running of meetings and the weak backingwomen receive from their families. That support, which is【A9】______as well as financial, is all the morevital because women have internalized【A10】______images of themselves since the dawn of time and oftensuffer from low self-confidence.

完形填空Though the number of the upper class is a mere one third of the population, they make up at least 25percent of the nation’s wealth. This class has two parts: upper-upper and lower-upper.【A1】______ , theupper-upper class is the “old rich”—families that have been wealthy for several generations—anobility of【A2】______ and wealth. A few are known across the nation, such as the Rockefellers, and theVanderbilts. Most are not【A3】______ to the general public. They have no【A4】______ to the rest of thecommunity,【A5】______ their income from the investment of their inherited wealth. By【A6】______ , the lower-upperclass is the “new rich”. 【A7】______ they may be wealthier than some of the old rich, the new rich havebeen【A8】______ to make their money like【A9】______ else beneath their class.【A10】______ their status is generally【A11】______ than thatof the old rich, who have not found it necessary to lift a finger to make their money, and who【A12】______ tolook down upon the new rich. However its wealth is【A13】______ , the upper class is very rich. They haveenough money and leisure time to【A14】______ an interest in the arts and to【A15】______ rare books and paintings. Theygenerally live in exclusive areas, belong to exclusive social clubs, communicate with each other, andmarry their own kind, all of which keeps them so【A16】______ from the masses that they have been called theout-of-sight class. More than any other class, they tend to be【A17】______ of being members of a class. Theyalso【A18】______ an enormous amount of power and influence here and abroad, as they【A19】______ many topgovernment positions. Their actions【A20】______ the lives of millions.

完形填空Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word or phrase for each numbered blank fromthe four choices marked A, B, C or D and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Public officials and candidates for public offices routinely use public opinion polls to keep【A1】______ofwhat the people are thinking. An important question is the degree to which these polls should guideleaders【A2】______their actions. There are arguments for and against the use of polls as the basis forpolicy【A3】______.Polls can contribute to effective government by keeping political leaders from getting too far【A4】______linewith the public’s thinking. In a democratic society, the effectives of a public policy depends on theextent of its public【A5】______. When a policy is contrary to the public’s desires, people may chooseto【A6】______or undermined it, thus making it counterproductive or inefficient. Furthermore, whengovernment【A7】______a course of action with which a large proportion of the public disagrees, it【A8】______a lossof public confidence, which can have a negative effect on its ability to lead. The Reaganadministration, flying high from 1981 to 1985, was brought low in 1986 by public reaction to newsof its secret sales of weapons to Iran. The administration had not paid【A9】______attention to polls that hadrevealed the deep antagonism Americans still felt toward Iran because the Ayatollah Khomeini’sregime had held three American hostages.However, leaders can also do a disservice to the public they represent by using poll results asa【A10】______for policy judgment. Effective government, as Walter Lippmann wrote, cannot be conducted bylegislators and officials who, when a question is presented, ask themselves first and last not what isthe truth and which is the right and necessary course.

完形填空 Video game players may get an unexpected benefit from blowing away bad guys—better vision. Playing 'action' video games improves a visual ability 51 tasks like reading and driving at night, a new study says. The ability, called contrast sensitivity function, allows people to discern even subtle changes 52 gray against a uniformly colored backdrop. It's also one of the first visual aptitudes to fade with age. That's 53 a regular regimen of action video game training can provide long-lasting visual power, according to work led by Daphne Bavelier of the University of Rochester. Previous research shows that gaming improves other visual skills, such as the ability to track several objects at the same time and 54 attention to a series of fast-moving events, Bavelier said. 'A lot of different aspects of the visual system are being enhanced, 55 one,' she said. The new work suggests that playing video games could someday become part of vision-correction treatments, which currently rely mainly on surgery or corrective lenses. ' 56 you've had eye surgery or get corrective lenses, exposing yourself to these games should help the optical system to recover faster and better, you need to retrain the brain to make use of the better, crisper information that's coming in 57 a result of your improved eyesight,' Bavelier said. Expert action garners in the study played first-person shooters Unreal Tournament 2004 and Call of Duty 2. A group of experienced nonaction garners played The Sims 2, a 'life simulation' video game. The players of nonaction video games didn't see the same vision 58 , the study says. Bavelier and others are now trying to figure out exactly why action games 59 seem to sharpen visual skill. It may be that locating enemies and aiming accurately is a strenuous, strength-building workout for the eyes, she said. Another possible 60 is that the unpredictable, fast-changing environment of the typical action game requires players to constantly monitor entire landscapes and analyze optical data quickly. Finally, Bavelier said, the games' rich payoff may also play a role. 'It's pleasing to be successful in your mission,' she said. 'When you combine rewards with these other 'factors', then you get much more learning.'

完形填空Music comes in many forms; most countries have a style of their own.【A1】______ the turn of the century when jazz was born, America had no prominent【A2】______ of its own. No one knows exactly when jazz was【A3】______ , or by whom. But it began to be【A4】______ in the early1900s. Jazz is Americas contribution to【A5】______ music. In contrast to classical music, which【A6】______ formal European traditions, jazz is spontaneous and free-form. It bubbles with energy, 【A7】______ the moods, interests, and emotions of the people. In the 1920s jazz【A8】______ like America, and【A9】______ it does today. The【A10】______ of this music are as interesting as the music【A11】______ . American Negroes, or blacks, as they are called today, were the jazz【A12】______ . They were brought to Southern States【A13】______ slaves. They were sold to plantation owners and forced to work long【A14】______ . When a Negro died his friend and relatives【A15】______ a procession to carry the body to the cemetery. In New Orleans, a band often accompanied the【A16】______ . On the way to the cemetery the band played slow, solemn music suited to the occasion. 【A17】______ on the way home the mood changed. Spirits lifted. Death had removed one of their【A18】______ , but the living were glad to be alive. The band played【A19】______ music, improvising on both the harmony and the melody of the tunes【A20】______ at the funeral. This music made everyone want to dance. It was an early form of jazz.

完形填空The change in globally averaged temperature that have occurred at that the Earth’s surface over the past century are similar in size and timing to those【A1】______ by models take into account the combined influences of human factors and solar variability.To【A2】______ the question of attribution requires the【A3】______ of more powerful and complex methods, beyond the use of global averages alone. New studies have focused on【A4】______ maps or patterns of temperature change in【A5】______ and in models. Pattern analysis is the climatologically equivalent of the more comprehensive tests in the medical analogy mentioned【A6】______ , and makes it possible to achieve more definitive【A7】______ of observed climate changed to a particular cause or causes.The expected influence of human activities is thought to be much more complex than uniform warming over the entire surface of the Earth and over the whole【A8】______ cycle. Patterns of change over space and time therefore provide a more powerful【A9】______ technique. The basic idea【A10】______ pattern-based approaches is that different【A11】______ causes of climate change have different characteristic patterns of climate response or fingerprints. Attribution studies seek to【A12】______ a fingerprint match between the patterns of climate change【A13】______ by models and those actually observed.The most recent assessment of the science suggests that human activities have led to a discernible【A14】______ on global climate and that these activities will have and increasing influence on future climate. The burning of coal, oil and natural gas, as well as various agricultural and industrial practices, are【A15】______ the composition of the atmosphere and contributing to climate change. These human activities have led to increased atmospheric【A16】______ of a number of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, methane and so on in the lower atmosphere.Human activities, such as the burning of fossil, have also increased the【A17】______ of small particles in the atmosphere. These particles can change the【A18】______ of energy that is absorbed and reflected by the atmosphere. They are also believed to modify the【A19】______ of air and clouds, changing the amount of energy that they absorb and reflect. Intensive studies of the climate effects of these particles began only recently and the overall【A20】______ is uncertain. It is likely that the net effect of these small particles is to cool the climate and to partially offset the warming of increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases.

完形填空Suppose you are there in the museum, with the head-sized smartphone permanently positioned in front of your nose. According to a new study published in Psychological Science this week, you are doing it all wrong. That tiny camera you are using to carefully【A1】______your art viewing experience is actually【A2】______your art memory, not preserving it. The study,【A3】______by Fairfield University’s psychological scientist Linda Henkel, claims that museum goers have worse memories【A4】______objects and specific object details【A5】______they used a camera to record paintings, archeological relics or historical artifacts【A6】______It’s a phenomenon Henkel calls the “photo-taking impairment effect. “ “ When people【A7】______technology to remember for them — counting on the camera to record the event and thus not needing to【A8】______to it fully themselves — it can have a negative【A9】______on how well they remember their experiences,” Henkel explains in a description of the study. To reach her conclusion, Henkel【A10】______an experiment at Bellarmine Art Museum at Fairfield University,【A11】______she recruited undergraduate students to【A12】______the institute and take note of specific objects on display. The subjects could either photograph the items or just observe them — it was【A13】______them. Then the following day, the students’ memories were tested. The results proved that the camera-happy participants【A14】______worse than the persons who relied on their simple observation skills. “Research has suggested that the sheer【A15】______and lack of organization of digital photos for personal memories discourages many people from accessing and reminiscing about them,” Henkel states.

完形填空The part of the environmental movement that draws my firm’s attention is the design of cities, buildings and products. When we designed America’s first so-called “green” office building in New York two decades ago, we felt very【A1】_____ . But today, thousands of people come to green building conferences, and the【A2】_____ that buildings can be good for people and the environment will be increasingly influential in years to【A3】_____ .Back in 1984 we discovered that most manufactured products for decoration weren’t designed for【A4】_____ use. The “energy-efficient” sealed commercial buildings constructed after the 1970s energy crisis【A5】_____ indoor air quality problems caused by materials such as paint, wall covering and carpet. So far 20 years, we’ve been focusing on these materials【A6】_____ to the molecules, looking for ways to make them【A7】_____ for people and the planet.Home builders can now use materials — such as paints that release significantly【A8】_____ amounts of organic compounds — that don’t【A9】_____ the quality of the air, water, or soil. Ultimately,【A10】_____ , our basic design strategy is focused not simply on being “less bad” but on creating【A11】_____ healthful materials that can be either safely returned to the soil【A12】_____ reused by industry again and again. As a matter of【A13】_____ , the world’s largest carpet manufacturer has already developed a carpet that is fully and safely【A14】_____ .Look at it this way: No one【A15】_____ out to create a building that destroys the planet. But our current industrial systems are【A16】_____ causing these conditions, whether we like it or not. So【A17】_____ of simply trying to reduce the damage, we are【A18】_____ a positive approach. We’re giving people high-quality, healthful products and an opportunity to make choices that have a【A19】_____ effect on the world. It’s not just the building industry, either.【A20】_____ cities are taking these environmentally positive approaches to design, planning and building. Portland, Seattle and Boston have said they want to be green cities. Chicago wants to be the greenest city in the world.

完形填空There is virtually no limit to how one can serve community interests, from sending a few hours aweek with some charitable organization to practically full-time work for a social agency. Just asthere are opportunities for Voluntary Service Overseas (VSO) for young people before they take upfull-time employment,【A1】______ there are opportunities for overseas service for qualified technicians indeveloping countries. Some people, 【A2】______ those who retire early, offer their technical and businessskills in countries【A3】______ there is a special need.So in considering voluntary or paid community service, there are more opportunities than there【A4】______ were when one first began work. Most voluntary organizations have only a small full-time staff, anddepend very much on volunteers and part-timers. This means that working relationships are differentfrom those in commercial organizations, and values may be different. In some ways they may seemmore【A5】______ and less efficient, but one should not judge them by commercial【A6】______ .The people who workwith them do so for different reasons and with different objectives, both personal and organizational.One should not join them【A7】______ to arm them with professional expertise; they must be joined withcommitment to the cause, not business【A8】______ Because salaries are small or non-existent many voluntarybodies offer modest expenses. But many retired people take part in community service for【A9】______ ， simply because they enjoy the work.Many community activities possible in retirement were also possible during ones working life butthey are to be undertaken no less seriously for that. Retired people who are just looking forsomething different or unusual to do should not consider【A10】______ community service.

完形填空Games have been played for thousands of years and are common【A1】______ all cultures. Throughout history and【A2】______ the world people have used sticks to draw simple game boards on the ground,【A3】______ up rules that incorporate stones or other common objects【A4】______ playing pieces. About 5, 000 years ago people began to make more permanent game boards from sun-dried mud or wood.Some of the oldest board games may have evolved from methods of fortune-telling. The game of go, which many experts regard as the finest example of a pure strategy game, may have evolved from a method of fortune-telling practiced in China more than three thousand years ago, 【A5】______ black and white pieces were cast onto a square board marked with symbols of various significance. Go also involves black and white pieces on a board, but players deliberately place them on intersections of lines while trying to【A6】______ more territory than opponent.Chess, Xiangqi (Chinese chess) and Shogi (Japanese chess) are【A7】______ the most widely played board games in the world.【A8】______ quite different, all three are believed to have evolved from a common ancestor — either a 6th-century game played in India or an earlier game played in China.【A9】______ the centuries, chess【A10】______ westward to the Middle East and【A11】______ Europe, with rules【A12】______ frequently. The game also spread【A13】______ to Korea and Japan,【A14】______ in very different rules changes.For most of human history, a game could not【A15】______ much popularity unless it was【A16】______ easy for players to make their own equipment. The【A17】______ of printing (which occurred in the mid-1400s in the West) made this process easier, but it was【A18】______ the advance of the 18th-century Industrial Revolution that it became possible to mass-produce many new【A19】______ of games. Twentieth-century technological advances such as the invention of plastic and the computer revolution led to the creation of more games, and more new kinds of games, than in all previous centuries【A20】______ .

完形填空A market is commonly thought of as a place where commodities are bought and sold. Thus fruit and vegetables are sold wholesale at Covent Garden Market and meat is sold wholesale at Smithfield Market. But there are markets for things other than commodities, in the usual sense. There are【A1】______ estate markets, foreign exchange markets, and so on; there may be a market for anything which has a price. And there may be no particular place to which dealings are confined. Buyers and sellers may be【A2】______ over the whole world and instead of actually meeting together in a market-place and they may deal with one another by telephone, telegram, cable or letter.【A3】______ dealings are restricted to a particular place, the dealers may consist wholly or in part of agents【A4】______ instructions from clients far away. Thus agents buy meat at Smithfield on behalf of retail butchers all over England; and【A5】______ on the London Stock Exchange buy and sell safeties on instructions from clients all over the world. We must therefore【A6】______ a market as any area over which buyers and sellers are in such close touch with one another, either directly or through【A7】______ , that the prices obtainable in one part of the market affect the prices paid in other parts.Modern【A8】______ of communication are so rapid that a buyer can discover what price a seller is asking, and can accept it if he wishes, although he may be thousands of miles away. Thus the market for anything is,【A9】______ , the whole world. But in fact things have, normally, only a local or national market.This may be because nearly the whole demand is concentrated in one locality. These special local demands,【A10】______ , are of quite minor importance. The main reason why many things have not a world market is that they are costly or difficult to transport

完形填空In the mid-nineteenth century, work began on a crucial section of the railway line connecting Boston to the Hudson River. The addition would【A1】______from Greenfield, Massachusetts, to Troy, New York, and it required tunnelling【A2】______Hoosac Mountain, a【A3】______impediment, nearly five miles thick, that blocked the【A4】______between the Deerfield Valley and a tributary of the Hudson. James Hayward, one of New England’s leading railroad engineers, estimated that penetrating the Hoosac would cost,【A5】______, a very manageable two million dollars. The president of Amherst College,【A6】______geologist, said that the mountain was composed of soft rock and【A7】______tunnelling would be fairly easy【A8】______the engineers had breached the surface. “The Hoosac is believed to be the only barrier between Boston and the Pacific,”the project’s promoter, Alvah Crocker, 【A9】______ Everyone was wrong. Digging through the Hoosac turned out to be a【A10】______. The project cost more than ten times the budgeted【A11】______If the people involved【A12】______the true nature of the challenges they faced, they would never have funded the Troy-Greenfield railroad.【A13】______, had they not, the factories of northwestern Massachusetts wouldn’t have been able to ship their goods so easily to the expanding West, the【A14】______of freight would have remained stubbornly high, and the state of Massachusetts would have been【A15】______poorer.

完形填空ShoppinghabitsintheUnitedStateshavechangedgreatlyinthelastquarterofthe20thcentury.【A1】______ inthe1900smostAmericantownsandcitieshadaMainStreet.MainStreetwasalwaysintheheartofatown.Thisstreetwas【A2】______ onbothsideswithmany【A3】______ businesses.Here,shopperswalkedintostorestolookatallsortsofmerchandise:clothing,furniture,hardware,andgroceries.【A4】______ ,someshopsoffer【A5】______ .Theseshopsincludeddrugstores,restaurants,shoerepairstores,andbarberorhairdressingshops.【A6】______ inthe1950s,achangebeganto【A7】______ .ToomanyautomobileshadcrowdedintoMainStreet【A8】______ toofewparkingplaceswere【A9】______ shoppers.Becausethestreetswerecrowded,merchantsbegantolookwithinterestattheopenspaces【A10】______ thecitylimits.Openspaceiswhattheircardrivingcustomersneeded.Andopenspaceiswhattheygot【A11】______ thefirstshoppingcenterwasbuilt.Shoppingcenters,orrathermalls,【A12】______ asacollectionofsmallnewstores【A13】______ crowdedcitycentres.【A14】______ byhundredsoffreeparkingspace,customersweredrawnawayfrom【A15】______ areastooutlyingmalls.Andthegrowing【A16】______ ofshoppingcentresled【A17】______ tothebuildingofbiggerandbetterstockedstores.【A18】______ thelate1970s,manyshoppingmallshadalmostdevelopedintosmallcitiesthemselves.Inadditiontoprovidingthe【A19】______ ofonestopshopping,mallsweretransformedintolandscapedparks,【A20】______ benches,fountains,andoutdoorentertainment.

完形填空American and Chinese cultures are【A1】______ in some ways. An American hostess,【A2】______for her culinary (烹调)skill, is likely to say, “Oh, I’m so glad you liked it. I cooked it especially for you.” Not so a Chinesehostess, who will instead【A3】______for giving you nothing even slightly【A4】______and for not showing you enoughhonor【A5】______providing proper dishes.The same rules hold true【A6】______children. American parents speak proudly of their children’sachievements, telling how Johnny made the school team or Jane made the honor roll. Not so Chineseparents, whose children, even if at the top of their school, are always so “naughty”, never studying,never listening to their elders, and so forth.The Chinese take pride in “modesty”; Americans【A7】______“straightforwardness”. This modesty has leftmany a Chinese hungry at an American table, for Chinese politeness【A8】______three refusals before oneaccepts an offer, and American hosts take a “no” to mean “non”, whether it’s the first, second, orthird time.Recently, a member of a delegation sent to China by a large American corporation, complained tome about how the Chinese had asked them three times if they would be willing to change someproposal, and each time the Americans had said “no” clearly and【A9】______. My friend was angry that theChinese had not taken his word the first time. I recognized the problem immediately and【A10】______why theAmericans had not studied up on cultural difference before coming to China. It would have savedeveryone a lot of perplexity and needless frustration in their negotiations.

完形填空 For years, scientists have been warning us that the radiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health, without actually having any evidence to back these 51 up. However research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least one positive side effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer's, 52 in the mice that acted as test subjects. It's been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phone is bad for your health. It's thought that walking around with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of your head is almost sure to be 53 your brain. And that may well be true, but I'd rather wait until it's proven before giving up that part of my daily life. But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain. 54 in this case it was a positive rather than negative effect. According to BBC News, the Florida Alzheimer Disease Research Center conducted a study on 96 mice to see if the radiation given off by mobile phone could affect the onset of Alzheimer's. Some of the mice were 'genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plagues in their brains' 55 they aged. These are a marker of Alzheimer's. All 96 mice were then 'exposed to the lector-magnetic 56 generated by a standard phone for two one-hour periods each day for seven to nine months.' The lucky things. 57 , the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease if exposed before the onset of the illness. Their cognitive abilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually 58 to the mice not genetically altered in any way. Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don't actually know why exposed to mobile phone radiation has this effect. But it's hoped that further study and testing could result in a non-invasive 59 for preventing and treating Alzheimer's disease. Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation. However the fact that the radiation prevented Alzheimer's means mobile phones 60 out brains and bodies in ways not yet explored. And it's sure there are negatives as well as this one positive.

完形填空 A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases, 51 a new case report published in PNAS this week. According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton, UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth, 52 tumors were discovered in her daughter's cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby's cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cells of the mother. But the cancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father, 53 would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cell made it into the unborn child's body across the placental barrier. The Guardian claimed this to be the first 54 case of cells crossing the placental barrier. But this is not the case—microchimerism, 55 cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child, is thought to be quite common, with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 75 per cent of cases and to go the other way about half 56 . As the BBC pointed out, the greater 57 in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer, in this case at least, lies in a second mutation of the cancer cells, which led to the 58 of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result, no attack against the invaders was launched. 59 , according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of 'cancer danger'. Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined 60 of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the fight mutation to evade the baby's immune system is extremely low.

完形填空The same benefits and drawbacks are found when using CT scanning to detect lung cancer the three-dimensional imaging improves detection of disease but creates hundreds of images that increase a radiologists workload, which, 【A1】, can result in missed positive scans

完形填空The translator must have an excellent, up-to-date knowledge of his source languages, full facility in the handling of his target language, which will be his mother tongue or language of habitual【A1】______ , and a knowledge and understanding of the latest subject-matter in his field of specialization. This is, as it were, his professional equipment.【A2】______ this, it is desirable that he should have an inquiring mind, wide interests, a good memory and the ability to grasp quickly the basic principles of new developments. He should be willing to work【A3】______ his own, often at high speeds, but should be humble enough to consult others【A4】______ his own knowledge not always prove adequate to the task in hand. He should be able to type fairly quickly and accurately and, if he is working mainly for publication, he should have more than a nodding【A5】______ with printing techniques and proof-reading. If he is working basically as an information translator, let us say, for an industrial firm, he should have the flexibility of mind to enable him to【A6】______ rapidly from one source language to another as well as from one subject-matter to another, since this ability is frequently【A7】______ of him in such work. Bearing in mind the nature of the translators work, i.e. the processing of the written word, it is, strictly speaking, 【A8】______ that he should be able to speak the language he is dealing with. If he does speak them, it is an advantage【A9】______ a hindrance, but this skill is in many ways a luxury that he can【A10】______ with. It is,【A11】______ , desirable that he should have an approximate idea about the pronunciation of his source languages even if this is restricted to【A12】______ how proper names and place names are pronounced. The same【A13】______ to an ability to write his source languages. If he can, well and good; if he cannot, not【A14】______ .There are many other skills and【A15】______ that are desirable in a translator.

英译汉I have suggested that self-actualizers can be defined as people who are no longer motivated by the needs for safety, belongingness, love, status, and self-respect because these needs have already been satisfied. Why then should a love-gratified person fall in love? 【C1】Certainly not for the same reasons that motivate the love-deprived person, who falls in love because he needs and craves love, because he lacks it, and is impelled to make up this deficiency. Self-actualizers have no serious deficiencies to make up and must now be looked upon as freed for growth, maturation, development, in a word, for the fulfillment and actualization of their highest individual and species nature. What such people do emanates from growth and expresses it without striving. 【C2】They love because they are loving persons, in the same way that they are kind, honest, natural, i.e., because it is their nature to be so spontaneous, as a strong man is strong without willing to be, as a rose emits perfume, as a cat is graceful, or as a child is childish. Such epiphenomena are as little motivated as is physical growth or psychological maturation. There is little of the trying, straining, or striving in the loving of the self-actualizer that so dominates the loving of the average person. In philosophical language, it is an aspect of being as well as of becoming and ban be called B-love, that, love for the Being of the other. 【C3】A paradox seems to be created at first sight by the fact that self-actualizing people maintain a degree of individuality, of detachment, and autonomy that seems at first glance to be incompatible with the kind of identification and love that I have been describing above. But this is only an apparent paradox. 【C4】As we have seen, the tendencies to detachment and to need identification and to profound interrelationships with another person can coexist in healthy people. The fact is that self-actualizing people are simultaneously the most individualistic and the most altruistic and social and loving of all human beings. The fact that we have in our culture put these qualities at opposite ends of a single continuum is apparently a mistake that must now be corrected. These qualities go together and the dichotomy is resolved in self-actualizing people. 【C5】We find in our subjects a healthy selfishness, a great self-respect, a disinclination to make sacrifices without good reason.