问答题Every human society has its own particular culture, or sociocultural system, which overlaps to some extent with other systems. Variation among sociocultural systems is attributable to physical habitats and resources; to the range of possibilities inherent in various areas of activity, such as language, rituals and customs, and the manufacture and use of tools, and to the degree of social development. Adaptation and change take place within and among cultures by means of ecological and environmental changes.

问答题1. 科学家认为，出生在夏天将赋予你开朗的性情，而出生在冬天则可能给你的快乐蒙上永久的阴影。 实验表明，出生的季节会极大地影响人体生物钟运转的速度。冬天出生的人体内的生物钟运转得太慢，从而可能对健康和性格产生影响。这一离奇有趣的理论来自一项对老鼠的研究，该研究把刚出生的老鼠暴露在不等量的光线下长达数月。 2. 有些老鼠被放置在夏天的光照条件下，每天有16小时的“白天”和8个小时的“黑夜”。其他老鼠则只有8个小时的“白天”，和冬天昼短夜长的光照条件类似。 在这些老鼠断奶后，他们被放置在相同的光照周期中长达数周，或转换到相反的光照环境。最后，科学家把它们都放置到黑暗中，观察它们的反应。 3. 根据《自然神经科学》杂志的报道，那些在夏天的光照条件下成长起来的老鼠像往常一样作息，而那些在缺少光线的环境中成长起来的老鼠在应对这一变化时却显得吃力。 研究者道格拉斯·麦克马洪教授说：“在冬天的光照周期中成长起来的老鼠对于季节的变化表现出夸大的反应，这和得了季节性情感抑郁症的人类病患的反应极其相似。”

问答题几年前我认识一个非常聪明但任性的中国青年，他急切地想去美国读大学，但又没有被他申请的长春藤联合会名牌大学录取。所幸的是，一所在美国人，特别是受过高等教育的美国人当中享有盛誉的规模较小的文科大学向他提供了奖学金，但这所大学在中国几乎不为人知。凡是听我说起他的情况的美国人都觉得他真该高兴，然而，这位年轻人却被焦虑所困扰。这所大学的名次在他所咨询的排行榜上并不靠前，他的同学们也全然不知这所学校，因此同学们的祝贺也就不那么热烈了。难道这一“成功”真是个失败?他是不是该留在北京上那所已录取他的尖子大学?或者是他到了美国就转学到一所他认为原本应接收他的名牌大学去?当启程的时间到来时，他是那么拿不定主意，乃至向朋友们表示遗憾。 这个例子显示了排名的害处。要想知道什么意味着最好的大学显然是不可能的，因为每个人的标准都与别人不同；即使他们都同意某一个特定标准，他们对一个学校的估价也往往反映出信息的不完整和个人的不问看法等问题。我也许特别关注图书馆的质量，你可能强调计算机的使用方便程度，另一个人可能觉得图书馆与计算机都不如师生的交往重要，这又该如何确定呢?

问答题1．近几年大学校园出现了一股过洋节热。 2．阐明导致该现象的原因。 3．分析该社会现象的影响。

问答题72. Chinese-English Translation Directions: Translate the following into English and write your translation on your Answer Sheet Ⅱ. 但是，对于所有的正在进行的激动人心的工作而言，科学远没有达到一个能塑造完美的 人或者甚至一个完美的番茄的美好新世界的境地。在基因治疗普及之前，仍然需要作大量研 究。如果许多疾病真的可以治疗的话，那将花上数十年的时间。 就短期而言，基因筛选将是运用技术的最可行的办法。医生们能在治疗各种DNA 缺陷之前检验它们。在某种情况下，这些信息可以延续疾病的发作或是减轻它的病症。 例如，一个有着遗传性易患心脏病体质的人可以进行低脂肪的饮食。如果科学家测出由于 制造一种重要蛋白质的基因存在缺陷从而导致这种蛋白质丢失的话，也许科学家就可以给 这位病人提供人工蛋白质。然而，在其他情况下，对于阻止由于基因突变而导致的不幸 几乎无能为力。

问答题中国作为一个发展中国家，面临着发展经济和保护环境的双重任务。然而，我国人口众多，资源向对不足，经济规模越来越大，经济发展与资源和环境之间的矛盾日益突出。环境污染严重，生态状况恶化、资源耗费巨大、回收率低而导致环境破坏等问题，已成为中国经济保持可持续发展的瓶颈。 从国情出发，中国在全面推进现代化的进程中，已将环境保护视为一项基本国策，将实现经济可持续发展视为一项重要战略，同时在全国范围内开展污染防治工作和生态环境保护活动，环境恶化的状况基本得到了控制。实践证明，我们协调经济发展与环境保护两者之间关系的做法是行之有效的。人类发展只有合理地利用自然界，与自然界保持和谐关系，才能维持和发展人类所创造的文明，才能与自然界共生共荣、协调发展。中国作为国际社会的成员，在努力保护自己环境的同时，还积极参与国际环保事务，促进国际环保合作，并认真履行国际义务。所有这些都充分表明了中国政府和人民保护全球环境的诚意和决心。

问答题It is known that more and more universities in China are seeking to increase their enrollment. As a result, more than ever universities are becoming career-oriented. Write a composition "University: Where Will You Go?" with 300 words to give your comment.

问答题连续四年实施积极的财政政策，对遏制通货紧缩趋势，克服世界经济增长减速带来的影响，促进国民经济持续快速健康发展，发挥了重大作用。

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following passage carefully and then translate each underlined part into Chinese. Each for its own reason, the study of residential mobility has been a concern of three disciplines: sociology, economics, and geography. For the economist, residential shifts provide a means for studying the housing and land markets. 71.{{U}} Geographers study mobility to understand the spatial distributions of population types. For the sociologist, interest in residential mobility has two sources: one stemming from the study of human ecology and the other, from a concern with the peculiar qualities of urban life. Of course, there are clearly overlapping concerns and it is often difficult to discern the disciplinary origins of a researcher by soly examining the kinds of questions he or she raises about mobility although it is usually easier to identify a researcher's discipline by nothing the methods used and the concepts employed.{{/U}} Urban mobility first appears in the sociological literature as a term expressing rather generalized qualities of urban, as opposed to non-urban life. 72. {{U}}Some sociologists refer to the mobility of the city as the considerable sum of myriad and incessant sources of stimulation impinging upon the urban dweller, a sort of sensory overload which produces sophistication, indifference, and a lowered level of affect in urban dwellers, There is simply so much to experience that the urban dweller's capacity is reduced to react in a a spontaneous" and "natural" way to urban existence.{{/U}} 73. {{U}}It is mobility in this sense that produces some of the special qualities of urban life, which appeal to migrants as an escape from the dullness and oppression of rural existence with its lack of change and stimulation, and, on the other hand produces anomie (社会反常状态)and alienation in a society where men see each other primarily as means to ends rather than as ends in themselves.{{/U}} Of course, mobility in this larger sense of sensory overload is not a system property.

问答题But we need to go further. We must ask some fundamental questions about the future work. Should we continue to treat employment as the norm? Should we not rather encourage many other ways for self respecting? Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves, rather than for an employer? Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighborhood, as well as the factory and the office as centers of production and work?

问答题Some people say that in the highly developed industrial and material society, people are degenerating (退化) and are being dehumanized (使失去人性), and people can not live in harmony with nature. Do you agree with them? Why or why not? Living in Harmony with Nature in a Post-industrial society? 2. A number of scholars have recently asserted that there exist large-scale human-induced environmental pressures, which lead to acute (尖锐的) social conflict. What are the effects of intervening (干预的，介入的 ) factors on the relation of human activity, environmental change, and acute social conflict according to your understand? Causes of Conflicts Resulted from Environmental Change 3. With the coming of globalization, cross-cultural communication will be increasingly important In your opinion, what will be the future trends of the Chinese culture? {{B}} The Future Trends of Chinese Culture{{/B}}

问答题Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese on the ANSWER SHEET.Without doubt, the international relations appear at times bewildering. Students may at times feel that their efforts to understand the complexities of the international system today are futile. The task is a difficult one, but it is not futile. It requires patience and persistence as well as logical inquiry and flexible perspectives.

问答题But acquisitiveness, although it is the mainspring of the capitalist system, is by no means the most powerful of the motives that survive the conquest of hunger. Rivalry is a much stronger motive. Over and over again in Mohammedan history, dynasties have come to grief because the sons of a sultan by different mothers could not agree, and in the resulting civil war universal ruin resulted. The same sort of thing happens in modern Europe. When the British Government very unwisely allowed the Kaiser to be present at a naval review at Spithead, the thought which arose in his mind was not the one which we had intended. What he thought was, "I must have a Navy as good as Grandmamma' s". And from this thought have sprung all our subsequent troubles. The world would be a happier place than it is if acquisitiveness were always stronger than rivalry. But in fact, a great many men will cheerfully face impoverishment if they can thereby secure complete ruin for their rivals. Hence the present level of taxation. Vanity is a motive of immense potency. Anyone who has much to do with children knows how they are constantly performing some antic, and saying "Look at me". "Look at me" is one of the most fundamental desires of the human heart. It can take innumerable forms, from buffoonery to the pursuit of posthumous fame. There was a Renaissance Italian princeling who was who was asked by the priest on his deathbed if he had anything to repent of. "Yes", he said, "there is one thing. On one occasion I had a visit from the Emperor and the Pope simultaneously. I took them to the top of my tower to see the view, and I neglected the opportunity to throw them both down, which would have given me immortal fame". History does not relate whether the priest gave him absolution. One of the troubles about vanity is that it grows with what it feeds on. The more you arc talked about, the more you will wish to be talked about. The condemned murderer who is allowed to see the account of his trial in the press is indignant if he finds a newspaper which has reported it will be with the one whose reports are meagre. Politicians and literary men are in the same case. And the more famous they become, the more difficult the press-cutting agency finds it to satisfy them. It is scarcely possible to exaggerate the infiluence of vanity throughout the range of human life, from the child of three to the potentate at whose frown the world trembles. Mankind have even committed the impiety of attributing similar desires to the Deity, whom they imagine avid for continual praise.

问答题The Renaissance embraced, first of all, an impressive record of new achievements in art, literature, science, philosophy, education and religion. Although die foundation of many of these was classical, they soon expanded beyond the measure of Greek and Roman influence. Indeed, many of the achievements in painting, science, politics and religion bore little relation to the classical heritage. Secondly, the Renaissance incorporated a number of dominant ideas and attitudes that gave it the impress of a unique society. Notable among these in general were optimism, and individualism; but the most significant of them all was humanism. In its broadest meaning humanism may be defined as emphasis on the human values. It was a term derived from Cicero, who used it in the sense of devotion to the liberal arts, or the subjects most compatible with the dignity of man. The humanists rejected the Scholastic philosophy with its preoccupation with theology and logic. They strove for a smooth and elegant style that would appeal more to the aesthetic than to the rational side of man's nature.

问答题 Giving from other groups, such as cor porations and foundations, increased by much small amounts.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. Peace and development remain the principal themes in today's world, and the overall international security environment remains stable. But, uncertainties and destabilizing factors are on the increase, and new challenges and threats are continuously emerging. World peace and security face more opportunities than challenges. 21. {{U}}The world is at a critical stage, moving toward multi-polarity. Progress is expected in addressing the serious imbalances in the international strategic alignment. The major international forces compete with and hold each other in check. But, they also maintain coordination and practical cooperation in their mutual relationships, and draw on each other's strengths.{{/U}} Some major developing countries and regional groupings have grown in power, and the developing world as a whole is becoming stronger. 22. {{U}}Economic globalization accelerates and science and technology make rapid progress; there are profound changes in the international division of labor, global and regional economic cooperation is being vigorously promoted, leading to increasing interdependence among countries. More dialogues are being conducted on traditional security issues, and cooperation in non-traditional security fields is developing in depth.{{/U}} To address development and security issues through coordination, cooperation and multilateral mechanism is the preferred approach of the international community. The United Nations' status and role in world affairs are being upheld and strengthened. World wars or all-out confrontation between major countries are avoidable for the foreseeable future. The international community is increasingly facing comprehensive, diverse and complex security threats. The world is not yet peaceful. 23. {{U}}Political, economic and security problems and geographical, ethnic and religious contradictions are interconnected and complex. Hegemonies and power politics remain key factors undermining international security. Non- traditional security threats present greater danger, and local turmoil caused by war is on and off, and some hotspots cannot be removed in a short time.{{/U}} The impact of economic globalization is spreading into the political, security and social fields. Global economic development is uneven, and the gap between the North and the South is widening. 24. {{U}}Security issues related to energy, resources, finance, information and international shipping routes are mounting. International terrorist forces remain active, shocking terrorist acts keep occurring. Natural disasters, serious communicable diseases, environmental degradation, international crime and other transnational problems are becoming more damaging in nature.{{/U}}

问答题去美国访问的人经常带回报告说，大多数美国人对他们友善、好客、乐于助人。公平地说，人们对加拿大和加拿大人也有这样的评论。最好应该视其为北美普遍存在的现象。当然也有例外，在美国，心胸狭隘的官员、举止粗鲁的招待及缺乏教养的出租车司机也并不罕见。但由于人们常得出上述结论，那就值得议论一番了。 在过去很长一段时间，在美国很多地方，旅行者的到来对沉闷的生活有着调节作用。那时人们居住相距遥远，沉闷、孤寂是普遍存在的问题。陌生人和旅行者很受欢迎，能给他们带来消遣娱乐，同时还带来了外部世界的消息。 拓荒者面对的严酷生活现实也促成这一好客传统。独自旅行时，如果没有了食物，受了伤或生了病，通常只能向最近的小屋或村落求助。对旅行者来说，这不是选择的问题，对当地来说，这也并非出于要行善的一时冲动。它反映了日常生活的严酷性：如果你不接纳他，那他再找不到别人了。请记住，没准儿哪天你也会面临相同的处境。 现在有了不少慈善组织，专门帮助疲惫不堪的旅行者。但是对陌生人友好的老传统在美国仍盛行不衰，尤其是在远离旅游热线的小城镇。“我刚转了一圈，同这个美国人聊了聊，时间不长，他就请我到他家吃饭——真是不可思议。”在来美国的游客中碰到过这类事的人不在少数，但对此并非都能正确理解。许多美国人随意表现出来的友好态度不应看作表面应付或故作姿态，应当视为世界发展形成的一种文化传统。 同任何发达国家一样，所有美国人的社会交往都要受制于一整套复杂的文化特征、信念和习俗。当然，会讲一种语言并不意味着就明白该语言的社会与文化模式，不能正确“诠释”文化意义的旅行者经常得出错误的结论。比如，美国人嘴里的“朋友”，其文化内涵可能与旅行者母语中的“朋友”所指及文化内涵大相径庭。要想分清称呼“朋友”是出自好客的习俗还是出自个人兴趣，只靠在公共汽车上的萍水相逢是不够的。但是，友善是许多美国人大力推崇的美德，他们希望邻人与陌生人也会如此。

问答题我们清楚地认识到，中国人口多，底子薄，城乡、区域发展不平衡，资源环境约束加强，就业压力增加，脱贫任务仍然很艰巨。中国已经制定了未来五年经济社会发展的蓝图，中国将坚持以科学发展为主题，以加快转变经济发展方式为主线，深化改革开放，保障民生，促进经济长期平稳较快发展和社会和谐稳定。