问答题 After World War 11 the glorification of an ever larger GNP formed the basis of a new materialism, which became a sacred obligation for all Japanese governments, businesses, and trade unions. Anyone who mentioned the undesirable by-products of rapid economic growth was treated as a heretic. Consequently everything possible was done to make conditions easy for the manufacturers. (1) {{U}}Few dared question the wisdom of discharging untreated waste into the nearest water body or untreated smoke into the atmosphere{{/U}}. This silence was maintained by union leaders as well as most of the country's radicals; except for a few isolated voices, no one protested. (2){{U}}An insistence on treatment of the various effluents would have necessitated expenditures on treatment equipment that in turn would have given rise to higher operating costs{{/U}}. Obviously this would have meant higher prices for Japanese goods, and ultimately fewer sales and lower industrial growth and GNP. (3) {{U}}The pursuit of nothing but economic growth is illustrated b v the response of the Japanese government to the American educational mission that visited Japan in 1947{{/U}}. After surveying Japan's educational program, the Americans suggested that the Japanese fill in their curriculum gap by creating departments in chemical and sanitary engineering. Immediately, chemical engineering departments were established in all the country's universities and technical institutes. In contrast, the recommendation to form sanitary engineering departments was more or tess ignored, because they could bring no profit. By 1960, only two second-rate universities, Kyoto and Hokkaido, were interested enough to open such departments. (4) {{U}}The reluctance to divert funds from production to conservation is explanation enough for a certain degree of pollution but the situation was made worse by the type of technology the Japanese chose to adopt for their industrial expansion{{/U}}. For the most part, they simply copied American industrial methods. (5) {{U}}This meant that methods originally designed for use in a country that stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific with lots of air-and water to use as sewage receptacles were adopted for an area a fraction of the size{{/U}}. Moreover the Japanese diet was niche more dependent on water as a source of fish and as an input in the irrigation of rice; consequently discharged wastes built up much more rapidly in the food chain.

问答题The global financial crisis, brewing for a while, really started to show its effects in the middle of 2007 and into 2008. Around the world stock markets have fallen, large financial institutions have collapsed or been out, and governments in even the wealthiest nations have had to come up with rescue packages to bail out their financial systems. On the one hand many people are concerned that those responsible for the financial problems are the ones being bailed out, while on the other hand, a global financial meltdown will affect the livelihoods of almost everyone in an increasingly inter-connected world. The problem could have been avoided, if ideologues supporting the current economics models weren't so influential and inconsiderate of others' viewpoints and concerns.

问答题Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic given below. BTopic:/B Write in 250-300 words about your own academic ambition (s).

问答题In this part, you are asked to write a composition entitled "My View on an Admission Interview for Ph. D Candidates" in no less than 200 words. Your composition should be based on the following outline given in Chinese. Put your composition on ANSWER SHEET 2.1.博士研究生入学面试是否必要？2.在博士研究生入学面试中，你认为最重要的是展示哪几个方面？3.你将如何展示这方面？

问答题Outlines: 1．有些人认为随着各种高水平电子课件的制作与引进，大学生基本上可以自学英语了； 2．有些人认为大学英语教师虽面临挑战，但不可或缺； 3．我对中国大学英语教学改革的看法与建议。

问答题Directions: Study the graph carefully and write an essay of about 200 words entitled China's Entry into the WTO: Chances and Challenges. Base your essay on the outline given below 1. state the information in the graph 2. give your possible reasons for this phenomenon 3. draw a conclusion Profit Before WTO Entry Profit After WTO Entry Industry A 20% 80% Industry B 70% 10%

问答题TOPIC Good management can help the organization achieve its desired results. This is particularly true of the management of an organization full of scientists and research workers. What is your idea about a good management or a good manager of such a group of people?

问答题一项研究表明，英国人的口味在过去的十年中逐渐从茶叶和番茄酱转向了一些更具异国风情的调料——证据是英国人衬衫、裙衫和裤子上的污渍。 根据干洗业的领头羊约翰斯公司汇编的十大污渍排行，像姜黄香料和晒干番茄这样的舶来食品正在取代甜菜根和黑醋栗而成为脏衣服上常见的印迹。 名列2001年排行榜首位的最常见的污渍来自味道刺激的姜黄粉，咖喱的风味和色泽就是来源于它。 其他新上榜的污渍还有日本烧烤酱、橄榄油、香蒜酱以及橘黄色的藏红花调料留下的印迹。1991年排行榜上的明星是茶、番茄酱、甜菜根和黑醋栗等英国人的传统爱物，还有墨水和鞋油。 “我们发现，随着人们生活方式的改变以及东方食品的日益流行，我们的洗涤技术已经不够用了。”约翰斯公司发言人大卫说：“我们的各家分店现在用一种日本研制的超声枪来对付新一代污渍。” 不过，有些食品似乎拥有永久的魅力以及经久不衰地蹦到衣服上的能力——红酒和咖啡在1991年和2001年排行榜都占据有显著的地位。

问答题.(1). When we talk about the danger of romantic love, we don"t mean danger in the obvious heartbreak way -- the cheap betrayals, the broken promises -- we mean the dark danger that lurks when sensible, educated women fall for the dogmatic idea that romantic love is the ultimate goal for the modem female. Every day, thousands of films, books, articles and TV programs hammer home this message --that without romance, life is somehow barren. However, there are women who entertain the subversive notion, like an intellectual mouse scratching behind the skirting board, that perhaps this higher love is not necessarily the celestial highway to absolute happiness. (2). Their empirical side kicks in and they observe that couples who marry_ in a haze of adoration and sex are, ten years later throwing china and fighting bitterly over who gets the dog. (3). But the women who notice these contradictions are often afraid to speak them in case they should be labelled cynics. Surely only the most jaded and damaged would challenge the orthodoxy of romantic love. The received wisdom that there is not something wrong with the modem idea of sexual love as ultimate panacea, but that if you don"t get it, there is something wrong with you. You freak, go back and read the label. (4). We say: the privileging of romantic love over all others, the insistence that it is the one essential incontrovertible element of human happiness, traced all the way back to the caves, is a trap and a snare. The idea that every human heart, since the invention of the wheel, was yearning for its other half is a myth. (5). Love is a human constant; it is the interpretation of it that changes. The way that love has been expressed, its significance in daily life have never been immutable or constant. The different kind of love and what they signify are not fixed, whatever the traditionalists may like to tell you. So the modem idea that romantic love is a woman"s highest calling, that she is somehow only half a person without it that if she questions it she is going against all human history, does not stand up to scrutiny. It is not an imperative carved in stone; it is a human idea, and human beings are frail and suggestible and sometimes get the wrong end of the stick.

问答题地球上散落分布着一百多个互不相连且面积不大的火山活动区，被地质学家称为热区。与大多数火山不同的是，它们都不位于形成地球表面的巨大漂移板块的连接处，许多反倒藏于板块的深处。大多数热区移动极其缓慢，有时，板块滑过这些热区，便留下死火山的痕迹。热区及其火山痕迹是板块移动的标志。 板块漂移现在已是无可争辩的了。以非洲和南美洲为例，由于有新物质嵌入洋底，两个大陆距离越来越远。虽然远隔大洋，但相互吻合的海岸线和好像跨越过海的地质特征，会使人想到这两个大陆曾是连成一片的。带着两个大陆漂移的板块做相对运动，这已得到详细说明，但不能把一个板块相对于另一板块的运动简单地解释为板块与地球内部之间的运动。人们还不能确定两个大陆是否在朝相反的方向运动，也不能确定是否是一个大陆原地不动，另一个大陆正在离它而去。位于地壳深处的热区提供了解决这一问题的测量仪。从热区的人口情况分析来看，似乎非洲板块是固定的，三千万年过去了也没有移动。 热区的重要意义并不仅在于它们所起到的参照物的作用。现在看来，它们还对推动板块在地球表面漂移这一地球物理过程有重要影响。当大陆板块漂移到热区上方，从地壳深处涌出的物质便会使板块凸起，形成巨大圆盖。圆盖不断增大，板块出现深深的裂痕。起码有几次，大陆险些沿着这些裂痕完全裂开了。因此，热区理论解释了新海洋的成因。这样，正如早期一些理论已经解释了大陆的可移性一样，热区理论或许可以解释大陆板块的不稳定性。

问答题TOPIC With her entry into the WTO, China is being plunged into an international competition for talents, and in particular, for higher-level talents. To face this new challenge, China must do something, among other things, to reform her graduate (postgraduate) education system. State your opinion about this reform, and give the solid supporting details to your viewpoint.

问答题Do you agree or disagree With the foflowing statement? People are never satisfied with what they have．They always want something more or something different． Use specific reasons to support'your answer． Your composition should contain at least 180 words and must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET．

问答题The main impression growing out of twelve years on the faculty of a medical school is that the No. 1 health problem in the U. S. today, even more than AIDS or cancer, is that Americans don't know how to think about health and illness. Our reactions are formed on the terror level.

问答题尽管中国的经济影响力以及日益升温的爱国主义热情支持中国政府在亚洲地区事务中发挥更大的作用，但是从根本上讲，中国政府的战略举措一直颇为被动。中国仍然是一个被动的国际事务参与者，其外交举措主要集中在回击被中央政府视为别国挑衅的行为上，不过其对挑衅行为的判断却时而准确，时而偏颇。在中国政府看来，别国的挑衅行为包括从日本国有化有主权争议的岛屿到对朝鲜实施制裁的所有事件。 中国外交的被动倾向在一定程度上是自身结构性缺陷的产物。中国经济的迅猛增长已经使中国以远超其领导人预期的速度成为了超级大国。不过，中国外交及国际谈判的相关机构却不胜其任，不能与其引人注目的经济成就相匹配，这令中国在与其他大国的交往上处于不利地位。中国国家领导层还认为。在开拓本国的外交路线前，有必要优先处理好国内事务。而中国对经济改革的迫切需求意味着，中国自身的发展尚未转化成更强的自信。

问答题近年以至今后数年，对中国经济体制改革影响最大的事情，莫过于加入世界贸易组织。特别是近两年的各项改革，几乎无一不是在适应世贸组织的要求，且改革的步伐明显加快，改革也开始越来越深入到计划经济的最核心领域。因而，可以说，中国经济体制在经过了20多年的渐进改革之后，终于开始大步迈向市场经济的轨道了。

问答题Man created language. It was man"s way of communicating with his fellow man. The difference between oral and written language was that oral language could take the human voice to infuse it with the shades of deeper meaning. Mrs. Flowers was nearly singing when she read A Tale of Two Cities. It sounded beautiful. Her reading made me realize the wonder of language. Mrs. Flowers gave me novels and poems. I learned value of life from these books and realized how beautiful the language of literature works was.

问答题The world's long romance with speed may finally be ending. Even if Concorde (协和式飞机) flies again, its antique nature was revealed as soon as the Paris accident made people scratch their heads and ask quite why these odd aircraft were still flying. Much of the technology that surrounded us has, when we look at it afresh, a Jules Verne quality solving problems that once seemed important in ways that ingenious but not necessarily efficient or safe. The reorientation of science toward the biological and computer frontiers is now truism, but the 19th-century fascination with motive power has retained a powerful hold on our imaginations and our economies. (1) {{U}}Advances in motive power were for a long while the main way in which progress and national competition in technology were measured. First at sea, then on the railways, then on the roads, in the air and finally in space, more and more repaid movement was seen as a carefree good thing and also, in some vague way, as a key to a fuller understanding of the world{{/U}}. So intoxicating was this ultimate way in which the growing speed and reach of man-made vehicles could be used that when an unknown rocket enthusiast called Hermann Oberth published his By Rocket to Interplanetary Space in the 1920s, it represented such an escape from the difficulties of the present to the anxious citizens of Weimar Germany (德国魏玛共和国) that it became a bestseller overnight. (2) {{U}}For individual sportsmen, pilots and drivers, speed had the status of a privileged substance to which, in those early days, only a minority had full access. Mechanized speed made men, and a few women, into heroes, and it remains a commodity to which males, in particular, are attracted{{/U}}. The front of the Boys Own Annual of half a century ago would typically feature a speeding train in the middle ground, a fast aeroplane above, and a racing car in the foreground, its time and behind the times, since the era of small-scale luxury air travel was over. A preoccupation with speed has always gone hand in hand with a preoccupation with safety, the two standards between them providing a way in which advanced states calibrate the state of civilization. Increasing speeds have indicated technical progress, while accidents indicate loss of control. The first world lives in constant fear of regression, of losing the scientific and organizational edge that enables it to be both fast and safe. That is one reason why air and sea accidents can attain such mythic status. The disparate treatment of first and third world accidents in the Western press is probably due more to the feeling that accidents are indicators of technical health than to any devaluation of African or Asian lives. Speed still has its kingdom, but it is shrinking. Its limits have long ago been reached on the roads, and its value in the air, even for manned military aircraft, is diminished agility and protection are as or more important. (3) {{U}}It is still marginally attractive to make trains go faster. The pursuit of physical speed has been replaced by the pursuit of near instantaneity on the Net, an aim which we may in time come to regard just as skeptically{{/U}}. It is hard to imagine the mood in which David Lean's The Sound Barrier was made in 1952. Breaking that barrier seemed to hold the key to a mystery, but there was no mystery. Man can go faster, but that does not mean it is worth doing so.