问答题支持在车上使用气袋的人声称，设计这些装置，让它们自动充气，以防撞车，它们能缓和撞车给乘客带来的冲击力，因而能挽救生命。他们说，就像每辆车上有安全带一样，车上也应该有气袋。反对者们争辩说，气袋会让每辆新车增加几百美元的费用，使国内的生产商处于不利的竞争地位，因为外国政府不要求生产商把气袋的安全特色包括在内。 2．如果地球上的人口以现有的速度继续增长下去，那么，最终将不会有足够的资源来维持生命。例如，如果现有的这种趋势继续下去到本世纪中叶，我们将会用完所有的汽车用油。即使科学家研究出维持人类生命的新途径，地球上的拥挤状况也将迫使我们去寻找另一个广阔的天地。但是，现在太阳系没有一个能维持人类生命的星球。不过，最近一位美国科学家卡尔·萨根(Carl Sasan)教授提出了有关可能解决这个问题的新方案。萨根认为，在地球上的资源完全耗尽以前，人类有可能改变金星(Venus)上的大气，从而开辟一个几乎像地球本身一样大的新世界。

问答题Much of the excitement among investigators in the field of intelligence derives from their trying to determine exactly what intelligence is. Different investigators have emphasized different aspects of intelligence in their definitions. For example, in a 1921 symposium on the definition of intelligence, the American psychologist Lewis M. Terman emphasized the ability to think abstractly, while another American psychologist, Edward L. Thorndike, emphasized learning and the ability to give good responses to questions. In a similar 1986 symposium, however, psychologists generally agreed on the importance of adaptation to the environment as the key to understanding both what intelligence is and what it does. Such adaptation may occur in a variety of environmental situations. For example, a student in school learns the material that is required to pass or do well in a course; a physician treating a patient with an unfamiliar disease adapts by learning about the diseases; an artist reworks a painting in order to make it convey a more harmonious impression. For the most part, adapting involves making a chancre in oneself in order to cope more effectively, but sometimes effective adaptation involves either changing the environment or finding a new environment altogether. Effective adaptation draws upon a number of cognitive processes, such as perception, learning, memory, reasoning, and problem solving. The main trend in defining intelligence, then, is that it is not itself a cognitive or mental process, but rather a selective combination of these processes purposively directed toward effective adaptation to the environment. For examples, the physician noted above learning about a new disease adapts by perceiving material on the disease in medical literature, learning what the material contains, remembering crucial aspects of it that are needed to treat the patient, and then reasoning to solve the problem of how to app]y the information to the needs of the patient. Intelligence, in sum, has come to be regarded as not a single ability, but an effective drawing together of many abilities. This has not always been obvious to investigators of the subject, however, and, indeed, much of the history of the field revolves around arguments, regarding the nature and abilities that constitute intelligence.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?

问答题1. Internet provides people with a lot of valuable information. 2. Access to so much information creates problems. 3. Which view do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples.

问答题新的一年才刚刚开始，你就发现很难坚持“告别垃圾食品、远离沙发、戒烟”这些新年决心了吧?我们很难改掉坏习惯是由于生物学的原因——这些坏习惯根植于我们的大脑中。 1． 这并不是让人放弃新年决心的借口。了解不健康的习惯怎样变得根深蒂固可以启发科学家研究出一些让好习惯代替坏习惯的“技巧”。 诺拉·沃尔夫博士说：“为什么坏习惯更加顽固?因为它能带来即时的犒赏，而这种即时犒赏的力量很强大。” 那么这一点快乐的感觉是怎样转化为一种习惯的呢?这与一种感知快乐的化学物质多巴胺有 关。多巴胺使大脑不断期望得到这种犒赏，从而不断加强快乐感与这种行为之间的联系，特别是当它能从周围环境中得到正确的暗示时。 2． 一项“为行为变化买单”的运动可能会对这种联系加以利用，在这项运动中，一些公司给雇员提“即时报酬”或是“保险回扣”，以激励他们形成更好的习惯。 不管这项运动结果如何，研究人员说我们的确可以采取某些行为来对抗坏习惯对大脑的吸引力。 3． 那就是，重复，重复，再重复你的新行为，使之成为每天固定时间的例行活动。下决心锻炼?那就每天早上固定时间锻炼，而不要随意找时间，这样会使大脑最终接受这个新习惯。 神经学家沃尔科夫也是一个热爱跑步的人，他说：“如果你哪天没锻炼，变会感觉很糟糕。” 运动本身能提升多巴胺的水平，这样尽管运动结束后你的肌肉感觉酸痛，但是你的大脑还是会感觉良好。

问答题Write an essay of no less than 200 words on the topic given below. Use the proper pace on your ANSWER SHEET. Topic: As a young scientist, which life would you prefer to live: common or uncommon? Why?

问答题 1 Against the backdrop of the relative decline of Britain, whose GDP has slipped to the seventh place in the world, London is doing very well, being first or second to New York in most of the rankings of great cities. 2 London"s success over the past quarter-century has been the consequence of historical accident and good policy, which attracted smart professionals and the rich from all around the world. 3 They are not only better-qualified, younger and harder-working, but also brought in the flow of foreign money to London. Therefore, the author claims that London lives off foreigners. However, Britain does not much like foreigners. 4 British people, especially those who are not Londoners are pressuring their government to cut immigration and restrict students" right to work, which the author thinks is going to mar London"s brilliance and speed London and Britain"s relative decline. 5 Though London"s moment will inevitably pass because of the emerging market elsewhere. There are still a lot of things that London can do to slow down the process, such as investing in transportation. The least that it should is to discourage foreigners from coming, the author concludes.

问答题Write 200~250 words to comment on the topic given below. Use the proper space on the ANSWER SHEET. Topic: The More I Learn, the More Ignorant I Find Myself to Be

问答题 6 While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian"s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process. 7 Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. 8 During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study. Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 9 There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of "tunnel method", frequently fall victim to the "technicist fallacy". Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. 10 It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.

问答题Thereisapicturebelow.Lookatitcarefullyandwriteacompositionofabout250wordsbasedonwhatitconveys.

问答题There is probably no limit to what science can do in the way of increasing positive ex cellence.

问答题The magnitude of the problem of disappearing species, viewed worldwide, dwarfs resources currently available to address it. By the end of the century, experts predict, one species will be lost every hour. Faced with shrinking budgets and accelerating extinction rates, environmental managers agonize over which species to save. (1) Different criteria for placing value on species--ecological, economic, aesthetic, cultural--compete with one another, and controversy abounds. One proposal for sidestepping direct debates about the value of species is to adopt a system of triage, which takes its name from the French policy of sorting wartime casualties into three categories for medical treatment: those with superficial wounds that do not require immediate attention; those with wounds too serious to make treatment efficacious; and those in the middle range, having serious but treatable wounds. Once the issue is formulated in this manner, it seems obvious that efforts toward species preservation are best concentrated in the third category. (2) Scarce funds and energies should be targeted at saving those species that are both in need of saving and susceptible to being saved. But the most arresting formulation of an issue is not always the most illuminating one; (3) it will be useful to stand back from the triage formulation (三级分类法), which casts the problem of setting priorities as one of sorting species into categories, and ask whether there are other, more fruitful ways to look at the problem. The endangered species problem is not a single problem. It is more accurately seen as four closely related problems: what should be done when a species' population becomes so depleted as to threaten its continued existence; (4) what should be done to keep relatively healthy populations from declining and thereby falling into the threatened category; how to avert, or at least slow, the predicted and potentially cataclysmic reduction of biological diversity over the next few decades; and how to slow the trend toward conversion of natural systems to intense human use? In the triage formulation the priorities problem is most naturally associated with the first question, because it considers threats to individual species. (5) Once threatened, species require management initiatives designed to protect and nurture them, individually. But the goal of protecting biological diversity should not be reduced to the goal of protecting remnant populations of threatened species. If one thinks about the endangered species problem in this way, there is a tendency to treat it as merely a problem of protecting genetic diversity, with each species regarded as a repository for a set of genes.

问答题The positive effect of science. 2. The side effects of science. 3. Make the best use of the positive effects of science and avoid its side effects.

问答题The Single long a stock figure in stories, songs and personal ads. was traditionally someone at the margins of society: a figure of fun, pity or awe. In the place of withered spinsters and bachelors are people like Elizabeth de Kergorlay, a 29-year-old Parisian banker who views her independence and her own apartment as the spoils of professional success. As the sages would say, we are all ultimately alone. But an increasing number of Europeans are choosing to be so at an ever earlier age. 45. This isn't the stuff of gloomy philosophical meditations, but a fact of Europe's new economic landscape, embraced by demographers, realestate developers and ad executives alike. 46. The shift away from family life to solo lifestyles, observes French sociologist, Jean-Claude Kaufmanns, is part of the "irresistible momentum of individualism" over the last century. 47. The communications revolution, the shift from a business culture of stability to one of mobility and the mass entry of women into the workforce have wreaked havoc on Europeans' private lives. More and more of them are remaining on their own: they're living longer, divorcing more and marrying later-if at all. British marriage rates are the lowest in 160 years of records. INSEE, France's National Institute of Statistics, reports that the number of French people living alone doubled between 1968 and 1990. Europe's new economic climate has largely fostered the trend toward independence. 48. The current generation of homealoners came of age during Europe's shift from social democracy to the sharper, more individualistic climate of American-style capital-ism. Raised in an era of privatization and increased consumer choice, today's techsavvy workers have embraced a free market in love as well as economics. Modern Europeans are rich enough to afford to live alone, and temperamentally independent enough to want to do so. A recent poll by the Institute Francois Dominion Publique, the French affiliate of the Gallup poll, found that 58 percent of French respondents viewed living alone as a choice, not an obligation. Other European singles agree. "I've always wanted to be free to go on adventures," says Iris Expender, who lives by herself in Berlin.

问答题WriteacompositionaccordingtothefollowingdirectionsandyourcompositionmustbewrittenontheAnswerSheet.ThegraphshowsthepercentageofmenandwomenemployedinexecutivepositionsinACMEOilCompanyfromJuly1993toJune1994.Writeareportofatleast160wordsforauniversitylecturerdescribingtheinformationshowninthegraphandgivingyourcomment.OfficerGradeA-HighestOfficerGradeE-Lowest

问答题你不能单靠成功来摆脱嫉妒，因为历史上总是有人比你更成功。享受你手头的幸福，做你应该做的工作，勿把你所幻想的——也许是完全错误地——比你更幸运的人来和自己比较，这样你才能摆脱嫉妒。