问答题An important variable affecting communication across cultures is fate and personal responsibility. 1. This refers to the degree to which we feel ourselves the masters of our lives, versus the degree to which we see ourselves as subject to things outside our control. Another way to look at this is to ask how much see ourselves able to change and maneuver, to choose the course of our lives and relationships. Some have drawn a parallel between the emphasis on personal responsibility in North American settings and the landscape itself. The North American Landscape is vast, with large spaces of unpopulated territory. 2. The frontier mentality of "conquering" the wilderness, and the expansiveness of the land stretching huge distances, may relate to generally high levels of confidence in the ability to shape and choose our destinies. In this expansive landscape, many children grow up with an epic sense of life, where ideas are big, and hope springs eternal. When they experience setbacks, they are encouraged to redouble their efforts, to "try, try again." 3. Action, efficacy, and achievement are emphasized and expected. Free will is enshrined in laws and enforced by courts. Now consider places in the world with much smaller territory, whose history reflects repeated conquest and harsh straggles: Northern Ireland, Mexico, Israel, Palestine. In these places, there is more emphasis on destiny"s role in human life. In Mexico, there is a legacy of poverty, invasion, and territorial mutilation. Mexicans are more likely to see struggles as invasion, and territorial mutilation. Mexicans are more likely to see struggles as inevitable or unavoidable. 4. Their fatalistic attitude is expressed in their way of responding to failure or accident by saying "ni modo" ("no way" or "tough luck", meaning that the setback was destined. This variable is important to understanding cultural conflict. If someone invested in free will crosses paths with someone more fatalistic in orientation, miscommunication is likely. The first person may expect action and accountability. Failing to see it, they may conclude that the second is lazy, obstructionist, or dishonest. 5. The second person will expect respect for the natural order of things. Failing to see it, they may conclude that the first is coercive or irreverent inflated in his ideas of what can be accomplished or changed.

问答题Historically, Jeep's reputation as a go-anywhere vehicle dates back to the Second World War when the original Jeeps, supplied by the Willys company, carried Allied forces through the Pacific and Europe. The Macquarie Dictionary of Motoring says the name Jeep stemmed from the United States Army's decision to call the vehicle GP, for General Purpose vehicle. The name was eventually corrupted to "jeep," from the pronunciation of the letters GP, and became a trademark owned by the Willy company. Jeep became part of Chrysler in 1988 and the company has since spent a lot of money to revitalize the Jeep production facilities, and to increase the number and style of models available. Chrysler says the Jeep's wartime reputation and rugged image undoubtedly helped it to carve out a new role in peacetime as a recreational vehicle. It says the Jeep created the original market for recreational, off-road vehicles using the powerful four-wheel drive traction (known commercially as 4 WD) for which the army jeep was famous.

问答题No great scientist ever wants his pupils to be mere gramophone records faithfully reproducing his remarks, never questioning anything, never wanting to add to or subtract from what he has given them. The initial observation and experiments will be failures, but they will help the development of appropriate experimental technique, and they will give a greater understanding of the literature the young scientist is studying.

问答题观察和评价一个国家的人权状况，应考虑到该国的历史、社会、经济、文化等条件，不能割断该国的历史、脱离该国的国情，更不能按一个模式或某个国家或区域的情况来简单套用。各国的人权问题主要由各国政府和人民自己来解决，世界的人权问题要由世界各国政府和人民共同参与来解决。

问答题Directions: Please read the following article in Chinese carefully, and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that you cover all the major points of the article. 家庭环境因素对儿童健康的影响 没有哪一个地方像家那么重要?真的吗?世卫组织的一项新研究确定了危及儿童健康的家庭环境因素。 世卫科学家们在报告中指出，欧洲婴幼儿和儿童多达90%的时间是在家中度过的，家庭环境从很多方面影响着儿童健康。该研究对世卫组织欧洲区的八个城市就住房、健康状况等进行了全面的分析和回顾。这八个城市分别是：法国的安格斯、德国的波恩、斯洛伐克的布拉迪斯拉发、匈牙利的布达佩斯、葡萄牙的佛雷拉、意大利的福尔姆、瑞士的日内瓦、立陶宛的维尔纽斯，以及后来加入的吉尔吉斯斯坦的奥沙。 根据这份报告，虽然家常常被认为是对儿童而言最安全的地方，但家却包藏了各种有害的环境因素：霉菌、噪音、环境烟草烟气、家用固体燃料燃烧、不洁用水、铅中毒及意外事故。下面是研究中的部分结果。 潮湿环境促使霉菌生长，从而导致儿童呼吸系统疾病。床垫上10μg/g的尘螨含量对11岁以前双亲有过敏性哮喘的儿童而言发病危险要增加五倍。50%以上哮喘患儿都有由猫、狗引发的病症。 环境烟草烟气(ETS)、室内固体燃料的燃烧、潮湿环境、尘螨颗粒以及宠物脱落的毛屑都构成了对儿童呼吸的主要威胁。在世卫组织欧洲区，据估计每年约有5万以上0～4岁儿童死于由室内污染导致的急性下呼吸道感染。在该地区，总体上说，使用固体燃料是室内空气污染的最大来源，在同年龄组中因此而死亡的病例达1万例之多。 睡眠质量也与健康状况有关。睡眠受到噪音干扰的儿童患偏头痛的几率是免受噪音干扰儿童的120%，并且这些儿童中90%以上极有可能伴有呼吸系统功能紊乱。 在所调查的8个城市中，1%的儿童家中没有水源，12%的儿童家中没有热水。虽然该数字因城市不同而变化，但还没有一个城市的所有儿童都可以在其住所用上热水。 对儿童健康最严重的威胁之一是铅中毒。在老房子，油漆和管道焊接处都有铅。禁止使用含铅汽油是减少血铅浓度含量高的儿童数量的有效措施，这些措施已使一些国家大于10μg/dl血铅浓度的儿童从1976—1980年的88.2%降至1999—2000年的2.2%。然而要彻底解决这个问题，就一定要在欧洲区实施该措施。 意外事故是5～15岁儿童致死的首要原因，家是他们容易受伤的一个地方，但很多危险是可以预防的。 在调查的儿童中，20%的孩子抱怨家周围没有足够的空间可以进行娱乐活动。这可能对进行体育活动的量产生直接影响。 注意：写作部分要求50分钟内完成。

问答题【T1】 The agreement is overseen by the Committee on Agriculture which reviews progress in the implementation of commitments, and is required to monitor the follow-up on the Ministerial decision relating to the least-developed countries and net-food importing developing countries . "Peace" provisions within the agreement aim to reduce the likelihood of serious disputes or challenges on agricultural subsidies over a period of nine years. 【T2】 The agreement was conceived as part of a continuing process with the long-term objective of securing substantial progressive reductions in support and protection in agriculture . It calls for further negotiations to be initiated before the end of the fifth year of implementation. 【T3】 The Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary(植物检疫的)Measures concerns the application of food safety and animal and plant health regulations . It recognizes governments' rights to take sanitary and phytosanitary measures but stipulates that they must be based on science, should be applied only to the extent necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health and should not arbitrarily or unjustifiably discriminate between members where identical or similar conditions prevail. Members are encouraged to base their measures on international standards, guidelines and recommendations where they exist. 【T4】 However, members may maintain or introduce measures which result in higher standards if there is scientific justification or as a consequence of consistent risk decisions based on an appropriate risk assessment. 【T5】 It is expected that members will accept the sanitary and phytosanitary measures of others as equivalent if the exporting country demonstrates to the importing country that its measures achieve the importing country's appropriate level of health protection.

问答题 71.{{U}} The study of genetics is today so far advanced that we shall soon be able to produce a kind of genetically "perfect superman", using techniques known as "genetic engineering". At first this may seem an attractive possibility, but when we consider it in detail, we find there are many problems involved{{/U}}. A distinction is usually made between "negative" and "positive" genetic engineering. In negative genetic engineering we try to eliminate harmful genes to produce genetically normal people. The aim is of course a desirable one; however, it does pose the problem of what a harmful gene is. Genes are not really either "good" or "bad". The gene which causes certain forms of anaemia, for example, can also protect against malaria. If we eliminate this gene we may get rid of anaemia, but we increase the risk of malaria. In positive genetic engineering we try to create better people by developing the so-called "good" genes. 72. {{U}}But although this form of genetic engineering will give us greater control over mankind's future, there are several reasons for caution. First there is the possibility of mistakes. While aceepting that geneticists are responsible people, we must also admit that things can be wrong, the result being the kind of monster we read about in horror stories{{/U}}. Secondly, there is the problem of deciding what makes a "better" person. We may feel, for example, that if genetic engineering can create more intelligent people, then this is a good thing. On the other hand, intelligence does not necessarily lead to happiness. Do we really want to create people who are intelligent, but perhaps unhappy? 73. {{U}}The basic question is whether or not we should interfere with human life. We can argue that much human progress (particularly in medicine ) involves interference with life. To some extent this is true; but we should not forget the terrible consequences genetic engineering can have{{/U}}. Consider for example the possibilities of genetic warfare, in which our enemies try to harm us using the techniques of genetic engineering ...

问答题中国人的年讲究的就是一个团聚，正如中国知名作家冯骥才所讲：春节是中国人的“情感时刻”。这一天无论你身在何处，回家团圆是唯一的主题，思乡情感也要在这一刻得到宣泄。对于英国留学生们来说，春节回家的愿望，非要天时地利人和，多重因素都给力，才能够得以实现。每年的春节大多在一、二月间，这个时候并不是学校的假期，留学生们无法脱身。

问答题随着中国经济在全球危机中的率先复苏，以美国为首的西方经济体自2010年初便迫不 及待地将经济问题政治化，为人民币升值大肆“营造”舆论压力。众所周知，综合国力与生 产效率是决定一国汇率强弱的根本因素，人民币汇率伴随中国经济的不断成长而逐步上升乃 大势所趋，若顺势而为，则将不仅有助于缓解中国进出口不平衡，有益扩大国内需求。促进 经济增长方式转变，还将增强货币政策的独立性与宏观调控的有效性。

问答题Fishing and Rights Acidification, warming, the destruction of coral reefs: the biggest problems facing the sea are as vast, deep and seemingly intractable as the oceans themselves. So long as the world fails to cut its emissions of greenhouse gases, cause of the global warming behind these troubles, they will grow. By comparison, overfishing, another great cause, should be easier to put right, especially in the coastal waters where most fishing occurs. And yet it goes on, year after year. Fishermen have every reason to do something. Many fisheries are hurtling towards collapse; stocks of large fish have been reduced by up to 90%. When stocks are overfished, they yield a smaller catch. The cost of mismanagement, in lost economic output, is huge: some $50 billion a year, according to the World Bank. One reason why the pillage continues is that knowledge of fish stocks is poor, especially in developing countries. A new statistical attempt at estimating the remaining shoals, from University of California, Santa Barbara, is therefore welcome—even if that is not true of its findings that stocks are even more ravaged than previously thought. The study found that better understood fisheries are likelier to be healthy. Another reason for overfishing is new technology (developed, aptly enough, for battlefields), which makes shoals easier to detect. As large boats and refrigeration have spread, fishing fleets have covered greater distances and hovered up larger catches. Because technology lets fishermen fish with less effort, it disguises just how fast the stocks are depleting. Fishermen generally understand the risks of overfishing. Yet still they flout quotas, where they exist. That is often because they take a short-term view of the asset—they would rather cash in now and invest the money in something else. And it is invariably compounded by a commons-despoiling feeing that if they don"t plunder, others will. In most fisheries, the fishermen would make more money by husbanding their resource, and it should be possible to incentivize them to do so. The best way is to give them a defined, long-term right to a share of the fish. In regulated industrial fisheries, as in Iceland, New Zealand and America, this has taken the form of a tradable, individual share of a fishing quota. Developing countries, where law enforcement is weak, seem to do better when a group right over an expanse of water is given to a cooperative or village fleet. The principle is the same: fishermen who feel like owners are more likely to behave as responsible stewards. The new statistical study confirms that rights-based fisheries are generally healthier. Yet only a few hundred of the ocean"s thousands of fisheries are run this way, mainly because such schemes are hard to get right. Limiting access to a common resource creates losers, and therefore discord. Cultural differences affect success rates; not everyone is as law-abiding as Icelanders. Almost everywhere it takes time to convince fishermen, the last hunter-gatherers, to change their habits. But, barnacled by caveats though it may be, the rights-based approach is the best available. In rich countries, satellite imagery will increasingly help, by making monitoring cheaper and better. In many poor ones, devolution is making it easier to form local organizations. Another promising idea is to incorporate fights-based fisheries with no-catch zones. These safeguard breeding-stocks and are easier to monitor than individual catches. Where stocks are recovering, as a result of these reforms, fishermen are likelier to see scientifically determined quotas as in their self-interest. In the end, that may be the only hope.

问答题(1) Simplicity is an uprightness of soul that has no reference to self; it is different from sincerity, and it is a still higher virtue. We see many people who are sincere, without being simple; the only wish to pass for what they are, and they are unwilling to appear what they are not; they are always thinking of themselves, measuring their words and recalling their thoughts; and reviewing their actions from the fear that they have done too much or too little. These persons are sincere, but they are not simple; they are not at ease with others, and others are not at ease with them; they are not free, ingenuous, natural; we prefer people who are less correct, less perfect, and who are less artificial. This is the decision of man, and it is the judgment of God, who would not have us so occupied with ourselves and this, as it were, always arranging our features in a mirror. (2) To be wholly occupied with others, never to look within, is the state of blindness of those who are entirely engrossed by what is present and addressed to their senses; this is the very reverse of simplicity. To be absorbed in self in whatever engages us, whether we are laboring for our fellow beings or for God—to be wise in our own eyes reserved, and full of ourselves, troubled at the least things that disturbs our self-complacency, is the opposite extreme. This is false wisdom, which, with all its glory, is but little less absurd than that folly, which pursues only pleasure. The one is intoxicated with all it sees around it; the other with all that it imagines it has within; but it is delirium in both. (3) To be absorbed in the contemplation of our own minds is really worse than to be engrossed by outward things, because it appears like wisdom and yet is not, we do not think of cuing it, we pride ourselves upon it, we approve of it, it gives us an unnatural strength, it is a sort of frenzy, we are not conscious of it we are dying, and we think ourselves in health. (4) Simplicity consists in a just medium, in which we are neither too much excited, nor too composed. The soul is not carried away by outward things, so that it cannot make all necessary reflections; neither does it make those continual references to self that a jealous freedom sense of its own excellence multiplies to infinity. (5) That of the soul, which looks straight onward in its path, losing no time to reason upon its steps, to study them, or to contemplate those that it has already taken, is true simplicity.

问答题六十整岁望七十如攀高山。不料七十岁居然过了。七十岁开始可以诸事不做而拿退休金，不愁没有一碗饭吃，自由自在，自得其乐。要看书可以随便乱翻。金庸、梁羽生、克里斯蒂、松本清张，从前哪能拜读?现在可以了。随看随忘，便仍在一边。无忧无虑，无人打扰，不必出门而自有天地。真是无限风光在老年。 偶尔有人来，不论男女老少认识不认识，天南地北，天上地下，天文地理，谈天说地，百无禁忌。我的话匣子一开，激光磁盘便响个不停，滔滔不绝。无奈我闲人忙，听众逐渐稀少，终于门庭冷落，只剩一屋子广阔天地，任我独往独来，随意挥洒。

问答题Usually the wordless communication acts to qualify the words. What the nonverbal elements express very often, and very efficiently, is the emotional side of the message. 7 When a person feels liked or disliked, often it"s a case of "not what he said but the way he said it". Psychologist Albert Mehrabian has devised this formula: total impact of a message =7 percent verbal + 38 percent vocal + 55 percent facial. The importance of the voice can be seen when you consider that even the words "I hate you" can be made to sound sexy. Experts in kinesics, the study of communication through body movement, are not prepared to spell out a precise vocabulary of gestures. When an American rubs his nose, it may mean he is disagreeing with someone or rejecting something. But there are other possible interpretations, too. 8 For example, when a student in conversation with a professor holds the older man"s eyes a little longer than is usual, it can be a sign of respect and affection; it can be a challenge to the professor"s authority; or it can be something else entirely. The expert looks for patterns in the context, not for an isolated meaningful gesture. There are times when what a person says with his body gives the lie to what he is saying with his tongue. Sigmund Freud once wrote: "No mortal can keep a secret. If his lips are silent, he chatters with his fingertips; betrayal oozes out of him at every pore" 9 Thus, a man may successfully control his face, and appear calm and self-controlled, unaware that signs of tension and anxiety are leaking out, and that his foot is beating on the floor constantly and restlessly. Rage is another emotion feet and legs may reveal. During arguments the feet often become tense. Fear sometimes produces barely perceptible funning notions, a kind nervous leg jiggle. Then there are the subtle, provocative leg gestures that women use, consciously and unconsciously.

问答题 "The Child is Father of the Man," wrote the English poet William Wordsworth. 111. {{U}}Adults today are as aware as Wordsworth of the importance of childhood experiences that a cherished and well-behaved child has a better chance of growing into a balanced, loving and law-abiding adult than an unloved one.{{/U}} The Children Act of 1989, created to give children much-needed protection against abuse, in the process legalized the ideology: the child comes first. 112. {{U}}But while the nurturing of self-esteem in children is now accepted as a requisite of their development, the social and economic demands on over-worked, harassed parents often prevent them from putting this theory into practice where it matters most in the home.{{/U}} Indeed, much of the time it seems that parents themselves are suffering a crisis of self-esteem. Reports show that teenagers are increasingly obese and slothful. They watch on average between four and six hours of television a day. 113. {{U}}No longer subject to the discipline of the evening family meal-the cradle of manners and civil behavior-one in three people eats his or her dinner in front of the television.{{/U}} The fashion industry is increasingly targeting guilty parents and their demanding children; it is not uncommon to see children wearing designer jeans and the latest trainers that they will soon grow out of. 114. {{U}}Pre-Christmas toy advertising is designed to strike terror into the hearts of parents and make their children even more demanding and greedy.{{/U}} Every office in the land harbors parents who are exasperated especially by boys who are arrogant, rude, boastful and undisciplined. 115. {{U}}Many parents are too guilt-ridden or too bewildered by conflicting child rearing advice to do anything other than wring their hands with worry.{{/U}} The language of civil rights has entered childhood. Children as young as six are now so keenly aware of their "rights" that they freely complain of "unfair" treatment by their elders.

问答题3．embodiment of the saying in scientific research or daily life．

问答题Critics of Mark Twain's novel, Huckleberry Finn, view the protagonist's proclamation "All right, then I'll go to hell" in Chapter 31 as the story's climax. Twain's novel lent itself to such radical interpretations because it was the first major American work to depart from traditional European novelistic structures, thus providing critics with an unfamiliar framework. The remaining twelve chapters act as a counterpoint, commenting on, if not reversing, the first part in which a morality play receives greater confirmation. Huck's journey down the Mississippi represents a rite of passage, in which the character's personal notions of right and wrong come into constant conflict with his socially constructed conscience by the various people and situations the protagonist encounters. The novel's cyclical structure encourages critics to see the novel's disparate parts as interlinked; the novel begins and ends with the boys playing games. Granted, this need not argue to an authorial awareness of novelistic construction; however, it does facilitate attempts to view the novel as a unified whole. Nevertheless, any interpretation that seeks to unite the last few chapters with the remaining book is bound to be tenuous. This is not because such an interpretation is unnecessarily rigid, but because Huckleberry Finn encompasses individual scenes of the protagonist's self-recognition that are difficult to accommodate in an all-encompassing interpretation. In this respect, the protagonist can best be likened to the Greek tragic figure, Oedipus.

问答题成功的谎言是加倍的谎言，必须纠正的谬误是比真理更重的负担，只有不屈的“诚实”才能达到体面的岩基。 2．特别是，科学技术把人从长期束缚它们的桎梏中解放出来。但不幸的是，它们也增加并完善了损害人的个性和正直的工具，同时又限制了人的基本自由和个人权利。 3．当敬老养老蔚然成风时，各个年龄层的人都会有一种安全感，每个人都有一天会变老。如果人们确信老年时生活一定幸福安乐，就会全力以赴地投入工作。 4．当今我们所处的世界正在发生迅速变化。不仅政治体制在发生迅速巨变，而且在我们星球上各族人民的生活方式，也在发生巨变。 5．发展危机，特别是反映在发展中国家外债问题中的危机，是全球性经济不平衡的令人震惊的表现。危机要求我们寻求创造性的解决办法。

问答题我们所知的事实是，战争并非像很多人相信的那样完全是“人性”的产物。如果正如许多人所信的那样，战争和人与人之间的暴力会在整个人类历史上并且在所有或者几乎所有的社会里存在。事实并非如此。考古学家的调查结果似乎表明人类在很久以前是比较讲和平的。举例来说，在早先的法国洞穴绘画里，早于约公元前10，000年的绘画中没有人与人打仗的画面。这一点提示，在人类早期那段时间里，相对而言人与人打仗是鲜为人知的。从某种意义上讲，这一发现并没有什么可以大惊小怪的。在动物世界中，动物捕杀自己种类的现象是很少见的。他们确实捕杀其他种类的动物，但是不会捕杀他们自己的种类。像大多数动物一样，早期的人类中出现人类内部暴力的比例相对较低。因此，战争不是人性固有的产物，而是某些社会和文化条件产生的结果。