问答题Write an essay of at least 150 words on the topic given below. Use the proper space on ANSWER SHEET 2. Topic: With her entry into the WTO, China is being plunged into an international competition for talents, and in particular, for higher-level talents. To face this new challenge, China must do something, among other things, to reform her graduate {postgraduate)education system. State your opinion about this reform, and give the solid supporting details to your viewpoint.

问答题美国联邦政府的立法部门由两院组成。参议院有100名(每州两名)议员，众议院有435名议员。每一议员代表各州之选举区，根据最高法院规定，各选区人口须约略相等。众议员须年满25岁以上，且是该州的居民，并且已成为美国公民7年，经由两年一期的普选产生。参议员须年满30岁，为所选举州的居民，且已成为美国公民9年，也由普选产生。

问答题But even the smallest fib may soon be systematically exposed, at least in the virtual World. Researchers at several universities are developing software that can detect lies in online communications such as instant messages e-mails and chatrooms. The ability to spot "digital deception", as researchers call it, has never been more crucial. Today, much of our business and social life is conducted online, making us increasingly vulnerable. White collar criminals, sexual predators, scammers, identity thieves and even terrorists surf the same Web as the rest of us. Conventional lie detectors look for physiological signs of anxiety--a bead of sweat or a racing pulse--but online systems examine only the liar's words. "When we're looking at Ianguage, we're looking at the tool of the lie," says Jeff Hancock, all assistant professor of communication and a member of the faculty of computing and information science at Cornell University. Hancock, who recently received a $ 680, 000 grant from the National Science Foundation to study digital deception, says there is a growing body of evidence that the language of dishonest messages is different than that of honest ones. For example, one study led by Hancock and due to be published this spring in Discourse Processes found the deceptive e-mail messages contained 28 percent more words on average and used a higher percentage of words associated with negative emotions than did truthful messages. Liars also tend to use fewer first-person references (such as the pronoun "I") and more third-person references (such as "he" and "they"). This may be the liar's subconscious way of distancing himself from his lie. More surprising, Hancock and his colleagues have observed that the targets of liars also exhibit distinctive language patterns. For instance, people who are being deceived often use shorter sentences and ask more questions. Even though they may not be aware that they are being lide to, people seem to exhibit subconscious suspicions. To identify the patterns of deceit, Hancock has developed an instant-messaging system at Cornell that asks users to rate the deceptiveness of each message they send. The system has already collected 10, 000 messages, of which about 6 percent qualify as patently deceptive. Eventually the results will be incorporated into software that analyzes incoming messages. For now, the Cornell researchers are working only with the kinds of lies told be students and faculty. It remains to be seen whether such a system can be scaled up to handle "big" lies, such as messages sent by con artists and terrorists. Fortunately, the research so far suggests that people lie less often in e-mail than face-to-face or on the phone. Perhaps this is because people are reluctant to put their lies in writing, Hancock speculates. "An email generates multiple copies," he says. "It will last longer than something carved in rock." So choose your words carefully. The internet may soon be rid not only deceit but also of lame excuses.

问答题1．我们在学习或工作都要与人共事，有的人喜欢与兴趣相同、观点一致的人相处。 2．而有的人就不这么认为…… 3．我的观点……

问答题据心理学家称，乐观和自信是健康的心理状态所应具备的要素。焦虑是一种心理问题，他源自对生活中的不确定因素的内在恐惧，或者说是一种不安全感。繁荣的市场经济中躁动的消费需求是某些人焦虑情绪产生的原因。名车、豪宅和优越的生活被人们视为高档的标志。但是，由于多数人难以达到这样的生活标准，有些人就会产生失落感。 然而，这种出于对金钱崇拜而产生的焦虑感并不具有代表性。对于多数人来说，引起焦虑的重要原因是高昂的房价、教育支出和医疗费用。人们生活在巨大的压力之下，但是低廉并且增长缓慢的工资使他们看不到脱离困境的希望。有时似乎是机会多多，人们也会因此而产生焦虑。

问答题多数科学家这样认为，这项新技术正在对我们的生活产生积极影响，但是科学的发展决不应该以牺牲社会道德和人类的长期利益为代价。

问答题意识到我们的文化差异可以帮助我们更有效地相互交流，了解我们不同的交流方式可以丰富我们 的文化生活。不同的交流风格体现了我们深层的哲学观及世界观，这些深层的哲学观及世界观正是我们各自的文化基础。明白了这些深层哲学我们就会获得这个世界展示给我们的更加宽广的景象。

问答题Some time ago there was a piece of news that in some primary schools the portraits of Lai Ning, a young hero, were taken off the school walls, and some people say that it is not appropriate for school children to learn from Lai Ning and Lei Feng. Now you are to write accordingly a composition of no less than 200 words on "Is Lei Feng Spirit Outdated?" Remember to write your composition nearly on the ANSWER SHEET.

问答题How Can We Finance Our College Education?

问答题Doing a PhD is certainly not for everybody, and I do not recommend it for most people. However, I am really glad I got my PhD rather than just getting a job after finishing my Bachelor's. The number one reason is that I learned a hell of a lot doing the PhD, and most of the things I learned I would never get exposed to in a typical software engineering job. (1) The process of doing a PhD trains you to do research, to read research papers, to run experiments, to write papers, to give talks. It also teaches you how to figure out what problem needs to be solved. You gain a very sophisticated technical background doing the PhD, and having your work subject to the intense scrutiny of the academic peer-review process—not to mention your thesis committee. I think of the PhD a little like the Grand Tour, a tradition in the 16th and 17th centuries where youths would travel around Europe, getting a rich exposure to high society in France, Italy, and Germany, learning about art, architecture, language, literature, fencing, riding—all of the essential liberal arts that a gentleman was expected to have experience with to be an influential member of society. Doing a PhD is similar. You get an intense exposure to every subfield of Computer Science, and have to become the leading world's expert in the area of your dissertation work. (2) The top PhD programs set an incredibly high bar. a lot of coursework, teaching experience, qualifying exams, a thesis defense, and of course making a groundbreaking research contribution in your area. Having to go through this process gives you a tremendous amount of technical breadth and depth. Some important stuff I learned doing a PhD. How to read and critique research papers. As a grad student you have to read thousands of research papers, extract their main ideas, critique the methods and presentation, and synthesize their contributions with your own research. As a result you are exposed to a wide range of CS topics, approaches for solving problems, sophisticated algorithms, and system designs. This is not just about gaining the knowledge in those papers (which is pretty important), but also about becoming conversant in the scientific literature. How to write papers and give talks. Being fluent in technical communications is a really important skill for engineers. I've noticed a big gap between the software engineers I've worked with who have PhDs and those who don't in this regard. (3) PhD-trained folks tend to give clear, well-organized talks and know how to write up their work and visualize the result of experiments. As a result they can be much more influential. How to run experiments and interpret the results: I can't overstate how important this is. A systems-oriented PhD requires that you run a zillion measurements and present the results in a way that is both bullet-proof to peer-review criticism (in order to publish) and visually compelling. Every aspect of your methodology will be critiqued (by your advisor, your co-authors, your paper reviewers) and you will quickly learn how to run the right experiments, and do it right. (4) How to figure out what problem to work on. This is probably the most important aspect of PhD training. Doing a PhD will force you to cast away from shore and explore the boundary of human knowledge. (Matt Might's cartoon on this is a great visualization of this. ) I think that at least 80% of making a scientific contribution is figuring out what problem to tackle, a problem that is at once interesting, open, and going to have impact if you solve it. There are lots of open problems that the research community is not interested in (c.f., writing an operating system kernel in Haskell) . There are many interesting problems that have been solved over and over and over (c.f. , file system block layout optimization; wireless multi hop routing) . There's a real trick to picking good problems, and developing a taste for it is a key skill if you want to become a technical leader. (5) So I think it's worth having a PhD, especially if you want to work on the hardest and most interesting problems. This is true whether you want a career in academia, a research lab, or a more traditional engineering role. But as my PhD advisor was fond of saying, "doing a PhD costs you a house. " (In terms of the lost salary during the PhD years—these days it's probably more like several houses. )

问答题{{B}}Outlines:{{/B}} 1) 盗版现象日益严重。 2) 盗版造成的后果。 3) 我对抵制盗版问题的看法。

问答题71. English-Chinese Translation Directions: Translate the following into Chinese and write your translation on your Answer SheetⅡ. Physicists all over the world, back in 1895, were pretty much agreed that the great work of physics had all been done. Some of them mourned publicly that no discoveries of truly major importance were likely to be made in the future. But then they did not know that a Professor Roentgen, working alone in a modest laboratory in Germany, had begun a series of experiments with a crude induction coil, a pear-shaped bulb from which the air had been removed, and a sheet of paper painted with certain metallic salts. And Professor Roentgen did not know that his work was destined to reveal a force of nature--never before suspected--that would almost overnight revolutionize medicine and technology, and become a instrument for deeper probing of the structure of matter.

问答题In this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 100 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the essay. 19世纪德国人F．Tonnies提出社区是由共同生活的同质人口组成。他们向往有共同价值、关系密切、守望相助、防御病痛、富有人情味的共同体。笔者曾提出，要用整体医学观、社会医学观和人文医学观指导卫生改革，引导医学新潮流。社区卫生服务是以个人为中心，以家庭为单位，以社区为范围的基层卫生服务。医学服务不能把病与人分离，把病人的主观自我与客观自我分离。单凭几个检验数据来判断疾病，忽视处于第三状态的人，忽视人的心理社会背景，“物化医患关系”。怎能实现医学的最终目的，还“医乃仁术”的本来面目? 我国传统医学是人文主导型医学，“仁者爱人”，“医者仁也”。西方医学为科技主导型医学。两者需互补优缺，绝不能搞单纯技术主义。社区卫生服务的连续性、系统性、综合性和方便性．能使人文医学和技术医学相得益彰。目前医院有些医生，冷面孔待病人，病人姓甚名谁不知，年龄职业不问，家庭情况不闻，难免有失偏颇，造成误诊，临床诊断与病理诊断不符合。20多年前，某医学院有位老师，出差回来肝剧痛，同位素诊断怀疑肝癌，请内、外科专家会诊，两位专家都主张剖腹探查。该老师的邻居也是医生，由于了解其肝大肝硬已有十几年，认为肝痛是工作紧张引起的，休息一段时间会好转，不同意专家建议。该老师目前仍健康地工作，免挨一刀。此种案例还有不少。对病人的心理和社会情况全面了解，真正把病人当作人而不是“物化”，全科医生的服务质量会比目前不到15分钟看一个门诊病人的医疗质量高得多、好得多。 医学服务有照顾、保护、关怀之意，绝不是开个处方、取几瓶药、打一下针就能实现的，社区全科医学服务就体现此种人文精神。社区全科医生有条件去全面了解人、关心人、尊重人和服务人。医生与居民做到守望相助，关系密切，富有人情味。 医生成为家庭的医学顾问，不是亲人，胜似亲人。在日本，有的全科医护人员，为了劝人戒烟酒，天天上门做健康教育工作，诚之所至，金石为开，感动人们戒烟酒成功，使近20年来，高血压患病率下降3／4，心血管患病率下降2／3，成绩卓著。美国开展健康助手活动，签订家庭服务协议书，帮助慢性病人的家属了解防治疾病和急救知识，使近20年来心脏病死亡率下降30％，脑血管病死亡率下降50％。 正当社区卫生服务方兴未艾之际，我认为，在理解此种服务的战略意义中，应体现人文医学精神，在全科医学培养教育中要贯彻此种精神，加强人文社会学科教育。古希腊一位哲学家说过：“医学治好身体的毛病，哲学解除灵魂的烦恼。”社区医生用人文医学精神武装头脑，不但能防治好躯体疾病，还能解除人们行为心理上的烦恼，使卫生服务提高一个档次，人民健康水平更上一层楼。

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following passage carefully and then translate each underlined part into Chinese. Desertification in the arid United Statse is flagrant. Groundwater supplies beneath vast stretches of land are dropping precipitously. Whole river systems have dried up. Others are chocked with sediment washed from denuded land. 21. {{U}}Hundreds of thousands of acres of previously irrigated cropland have been abandoned to wind or weeds. Several million acres of natural grassland are eroding at unnaturally high rates as a result of cultivation or overgrazing. All told, about 225 million acres of land are undergoing severe desertification.{{/U}} 22. {{U}}Federal subsidies encourage the exploitation of arid land resources. Low-interest loans for irrigation and other water delivery systems encourage farmers, industry, and municipalities to mine groundwater. Federal disaster relief and commodity programs encourage arid-land farmers to plow up natural grassland to plant crops such as wheat and, especially cotton. Federal grazing fees that are well below the free market price encourage overgrazing of the commons.{{/U}} The market, too, provides powerful incentives to exploit arid land resources beyond their carrying capacity. 23. {{U}}When commodity prices are high relative to the farmer's or rancher's operating costs, the return on a production-enhancing investment is invaribly greater than the return on a conservation investment. And when commodity prices are relatively low, arid land ranchers and farmers often have to use all their available financial resources to stay solvent.{{/U}} 24. {{U}}If the United States is, as it appears, well on its way toward overdrawing the arid land resources, then the policy choice is simply to pay now for the appropriate remedies or pay far more later, when productive benefits from arid land resources have been both realized and largely terminated.{{/U}}

问答题这次到台湾访问交流，虽然行色匆匆，但是，看了不少地方，访了旧友，交了新知，大家走到一起，谈论的一个重要话题就是中华民族在21世纪的强盛。虽然祖国大陆、台湾的青年生活在不同的社会环境中，有着各自不同的生活经历，但大家的内心都深深铭刻着中华文化优秀传统的印记，都拥有着振兴中华民族的共同理想。

问答题(1)以上图为依据描述发展中国家的预期寿命(lifeexpectancy)和婴儿的死亡率(infantmortality)的变化情况。(2)说明引起变化的原因。

问答题Surveys have shown that most football and basketball injuries involve the knee, either through twisting or through application of lateral force. Surgery for such injuries has become much simpler with the invention of a thin device containing a fiber optics light that can be inserted into a thin slit in the knee. Repair can be accomplished through this narrow opening. Long-distance runners also suffer knee injuries, but a more common problem for runners is stress fracture, which is a weakening of the front of the shinbone caused by overuse, with pain and possible bone cracking as the result. Ligament tears are more common in gymnastics. Almost all these conditions heal with rest. Prevention of injuries depends primarily on good conditioning. Athletes are also protected by the use of better padding materials and of face masks and eye protectors in rough sports. The improper or illegal use of drugs and substances for the temporary improvement of athletic performance in competitions has been a frequent subject of inquiry since the 1960s, when drug misuse by athletes to gain an unfair advantage began to rise dramatically. Anabolic steroids supposedly improve strength and endurance, but they can also have harmful side effects as liver damage. Tests for drugs such as heroin and other stimulants were introduced at the Olympic Games in 1968. Anabolic steroids were not banned until 1974, when a suitable test was developed. The illegality of some drugs has not been accepted by a number of other international and national amateur athletic federations, for reasons including testing uncertainties, doubts about banning certain medicinal substances or common drugs such as caffeine, and simple lack of concern. Controversy has also arisen over the legality of the practice of "blood doping," in which an athlete receives a blood transfusion just before an event. The resulting increase in red blood cells apparently increases the athlete"s aerobic power.

问答题 Computers are having a profound effect on social behavior. 51. {{U}}With easy access to processing power, individuals who, in every other respect, could be regarded as good citizens now find them- selves indulging in unethical—and even unlawful—behavior. The theft of copyright software is widespread, while recent, well—publicized incidents of hacking, virus creation, computer-based fraud, and invasion of privacy have been followed by a rising chorus of calls for a new morality in computing and new laws to protect citizens from computerized anarchy.{{/U}} 52. {{U}}In the short span of forty years, computers have become central to the operation of com- plex societies: Without computers and communication systems, much of manufacturing, industry, commerce, transport and distribution, government, the military, health services, education, and research would grind to a halt. Yet as society becomes more dependent on computers, it also be- comes more vulnerable to the misuse of computers by human beings.{{/U}} 53. {{U}}The very existence of computers has created a new range of social problems or issues with which we urgently need to grapple. These include the theft of software, the use of computers to commit fraud, the phenomenon of hacking, sabotage in the form of viruses, the unreliability of computers and the vulnerability of society to system failure, computerized monitoring and theinvasion of privacy, the excessive hyping of computers by the computer industry, and traces of deterioration in the quality life in the computerized workplace.{{/U}} Some of these issues are entirely new, but in other respects, computers have merely created new versions of such "old" moral issues as right (versus wrong) , honesty, loyalty, responsibility, confidentiality, and fairness. 54. {{U}}Because computing is relatively new and open field, the computer profession as such has bad neither the time nor the organizational capability to establish a binding set of moral rules or ethics. Older professions, like medicine and the law, have had literally centuries to formulate their codes of conduct. And there is another problem, too: computer usage, unlike the practice of medicine or of the law, goes outside the profession.{{/U}} We are all computer users now, and we are all to some extent faced with the same ethical dilemmas and conflicts of loyalty as computer professionals. Many of these dilemmas--whether or not to copy software, for instance--are new "grey areas" for which there is little in the way of accepted roles or social conventions, let alone established case law.

问答题保持国民经济较快增长，是扩大就业、改善人民生活和维护社会稳定的基础，也是推进结构调整和深化改革的重要条件。