问答题As an ecological approach to Translation Studies, Eco-translatology views translation as an entire translational eco-system, and focuses on the relationship between the translator and this translational eco- environment. A translational eco-environment is construed as a highly integrated entity that comprises the actual text, the cultural context and the human agents, as well as other tangible and intangible ingredients. In Eco-translatology, translation activities are described and interpreted in terms of such ecological principles as holism, relevance, dynamics, balance and harmony, together with ecological aesthetics. Some elements of classical Chinese or Oriental philosophies and cultural quintessence are projected in this nascent approach.

问答题Comparative historian Marc Ferro claims that the largest discrepancy in knowledge between what academic historians and what the average citizen knows about history is found in the United States. How has this situation come about? Certainly the problem does not lie with the secondary literature. Whereas in the past, American historians were handicapped by secondary literature that was clearly biased towards a European viewpoint, since the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 60s, the secondary literature in American history has become far more comprehensive. And it cannot be simply a matter of space constraints: the average high school history textbook is well over a thousand pages in length. One theory holds that American history textbooks are simply the socializing instruments of a controlling elite. The stratification of American society is preserved, according to this theory, by the creation of what Marx termed "false consciousness. " The theory holds that the way people think about their society and their history is crucial to maintaining the status quo. If the power elites come to believe that their success is the deserved product of their hard work and ingenuity, then there will be no desire to change the system. Similarly, if the lower classes are taught that their plight is solely due to their failings, they will be more likely to accept their fate and less likely to rise up in revolution. Griffin and Marciano contend that history textbooks promote nothing more than hegemony. Many educational theorists share this viewpoint, which in their discipline is often known as critical theory. Proponents of this view, including Kozol, Freire, and Giroux, argue that the dominant classes would never create or foster an educational system that taught subordinate classes how to critically evaluate society and the injustices it contains. As long as schools serve to transmit culture, the power elite will never allow any real reform in the system.

问答题You are expected to write a composition of at least 200 words on the topic of "My Opinion on the Reformation of China"s Medical Treatment System".

问答题随着我国社会经济的迅猛发展、人民生活水平的提高和医疗卫生事业的改善，我国老年人口明显增多。不少人对此忧心忡忡。但有识之士指出，我们不仅要看到人口老龄化所带来的巨大压力，也要看到人口老龄化背后所蕴涵的商机以及老年人丰富的智力、经验等资源，要将压力变为机遇。

问答题A nation informed by a vivid understanding of the ironies of history is best equipped to manage the tragic temptations of military power. Let us not bully our way through life, but let a sensitivity to history temper and civilize our use of power. In the meantime, let a thousand historical flowers bloom.

问答题Comment on the author' s view of what the U. S and Japanese governments might be expected to do to improve trade and economic relations between the two countries.

问答题Present situation about doing research online 2) Advantages for online research 3) Disadvantages for online research

问答题Direction: Read the following paragraph and then write a response paper of about 250 to 300 English words. In China, minimum wage becomes higher in many places. But people disagree over its benefits and drawbacks. Supporters say it increases the worker"s standard of living, while opponents say it increase unemployment. What do you think?

问答题 The years between 1870 and 1895 brought enormous changes to the theater in the United States as the resident company was undermined by touring groups, as New York became the only major Center of production, and as the long run replaced the repertory (库存) system. By 1870, the resident stock company was at the peak of its development in the United States. The 50 permanent companies of 1870, however, had dwindled to 20 by 1878, to 8 by 1880, to 4 by 1887, and had almost disappeared by 1900. While the causes of this change are numerous, probably the most important was the rise of the "combination" company (that is, one that travels with stars and full company): Sending out a complete production was merely a logical extension of touring by stars. By the 1840's many major actors were already taking along a small group of lesser players, for they could not be sure that local companies could supply adequate support in secondary roles. There is much disagreement about the origin of the combination company. Bouciault claimed to have initiated it around 1860 when he sent out a troupe with Colleen Bawn, but a book published in 1859 speaks of combination companies as already established. Joseph Jefferson HI also declared that he was a pioneer in the movement. In actuality, the practice probably began tentatively during the 1850's, only to be interrupted by the Civil War. It mushroomed in the 1870's, as the rapid expansion of the railway system made it increasingly feasible to transport full productions. In 1872, Lawrence Barrett took his company, but no scenery, on tour; in 1876, Rose Michel was sent out with full company, scenery, and properties. By the season of 1876～1877 there were nearly 100 combination companies on the road, and by 1886 there were 282.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} For this part, you are required to write a composition of at least 250 words according to the following instruction. "Some people say that it is right to offer college admission to every high school graduate. Others say that admission to college should be offered by examination only." Which point of view do you agree with ? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

问答题TOPICAfter graduation from a university, some students look for jobs in companies, others go to university and work as teachers. Which do you think is preferable? Give specific reasons for your choice.

问答题Directions: For this part, you are allowed 45 minutes to write a composition entitled On Fabricating Academic Credentials. You should write at least 200 words according to the following guidelines (given in Chinese): On Fabricating Academic Credentials 1．现在学历造假现象非常猖獗 2．分析这一现象的原因 3．如何根除这一现象

问答题美国财政部长亨利·保尔森昨天以上海为终点结束了他对亚洲三国的访问。作为美国总统的首席经济政策顾问和最主要的经济事务发言人，保尔森昨天上午在上海期货交易所所发表的主题讲演被认为是布什政府对华经济政策的最新阐述。在昨天的讲演中，保尔森多次强调中国的经济增长不仅不具有威胁性，而且对全球经济的增长有好处。他表示，美国欢迎中国发展并成为全球经济中的一员。

问答题(66) Prosperous alumni helped make 2006 a recorded fund-raising year for colleges and universities, which hauled in $28 billion -- a 9.4 percent jump from 2005. (67) There were increases across the board, but for usual it was the already wealthy who tared best. (68) Stanford"s $911 million was the most ever collected by a single university, and rose the possibility of a billion-dollar fund-raising year in the not-too-distant future. (69) "There were a set of ideas and a set of initiatives that the university is undertaking that people wanted to invest," said Martin Shell, Stanford"s vice president for development. (70) "This is an unbelievably generous response from unbelievably philanthropic set of alumni, parents, and friends." (71) Harvard ranked two in fund-raising last year with $595 million. (72) National, donations from alumni rose 18.3 percent from 2005, according to figures released yesterday by the Council for Aid to Education. (73) Alumni donations account about 30 percent of giving to higher education. (74) Giving from other groups, such as corporations and foundations, increased by much small amounts. (75) Survey director Ann Kaplan said the strong economics played a role, but universities also were asking more aggressively as part of formal fund-raising campaigns.

问答题是不是有的人天生聪明，而有的人天生就愚笨呢?还有，人的智力是由环境和经历造就的吗?令人吃惊的是这两个问题的答案都是肯定的。在某种程度上，人的智力是天赋的。对一个先天弱智的儿童无论进行多少特殊教育也无法使其变为天才。另一方面，一个生活在枯燥单调环境中的孩子的智力发展往往不如生活在富有和丰富多彩环境中的孩子。由此可见，一个人的智力极限是与生俱来的，但他能否达到其智力极限则取决于环境。这个为当今绝大多数专家所赞同的观点可以从几个方面得到论证。

问答题自从理查德·尼克松向癌症宣战以来已经有三十年了。其间，不少专家、学者耗费巨资试图寻找各种方法以攻克这个难题。但是今天的癌症死亡率与七十年代仍旧差不多一样高。美国妇女中死于乳腺癌患者是世界上许多其他国家的五到三十倍。在泰国每十万妇女中仅2至5人死于乳腺癌，而美国的妇女会有30至40人遭此厄运。就其原因，没有人会否认其与饮食很有关系。因此人们必须十分重视良好的饮食习惯。虽说正确的饮食习惯不能根除世界上的癌症，但它有利于减少患癌症的风险。

问答题Green Spaces in cities Where do children play? Years ago, any open field, any vacant lot, any group pf trees--these were the places where children played. As families left family farms, small towns, and the countryside, and moved into cities, the places for their children to play in became rarer. Children in the cities had few options, fewer choices of places to play. In fact, all people's lives change a lot when they move to the city. (51) In cities, homes are built on top of one another--in enormous apartment buildings. (52) The feeling of private space and ownership no longer exists in houses literally piled one on the other. Psychologists have been studying the changes people experience when they leave rural area and move into urban environments. On clear findings from their studies is that people need green spaces for better mental health. Children can play on paved playgrounds. That's true. However, they just don't have as much fun as children in small towns. (53) Without grass and trees and bushes and, yes, dirt and mud to get dirtyin, children miss an important part of childhood. (54) The human soul, it seems, needs to stay close to its roots. Adults can plant lots of things like bulbs in window boxes and large containers. (55) However, tending window boxes isn't the same as being an amateur gardener and growing peas, tomatoes and salad greens in a backyard garden. The lack of green space is now recognized and understood as a problem.

问答题It is inevitable that as technology develops, traditional cultures must be lost. Technology and tradition am incompatible—you cannot have both together. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? You should write no less than 250 words. Write your article on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题Understanding this transition requires a look at the two-sided connection between energy and human well-being. Energy contributes positively to well-being by providing such consumer services as heating and lighting as well as serving as a necessary input to economic production. But the costs of energy--including not only the money and other resources devoted to obtaining and exploiting it, but also environmental and sociopolitical impacts-- detract from well-being. For most of human history, the dominant concerns about energy have centered on the benefit side of the energy-well-being equation. Inadequacy of energy resources or more often of the technologies and organizations for harvesting, converting, and distributing those resources has meant insufficient energy benefits and hence inconvenience, deprivation and constraints on growth. The 1970"s, then, represented a turning point. After decades of constancy or decline in monetary costs--and of relegation of environmental and sociopolitical costs to secondary status--energy was seen to be getting costlier in all respects. It began to be probable that excessive energy costs could pose threats on insufficient supply. It also became possible to think that expanding some forms of energy supply could create costs exceeding the benefits.