问答题BTOPIC/B Discuss the positive and negative aspects of genetic-manipulated food.

问答题I have always disliked being a man. 1. The whole idea of manhood in America is pitiful, in my opinion. Even the expression "Be a man!" strikes me as insulting and abusive. It means: Be stupid, be unfeeling, obedient, soldierly and stop thinking. Man means "manly" -- how can one think about men without considering the terrible ambition of manliness? And yet it is part of every man's life. It is a hideous and crippling lie; it not only insists on difference and connives at superiority, it is also by its very nature destructive -- emotionally damaging and socially harmful. In is very hard to imagine any concept of manliness that does not belittle women, and it begins very early. At an age when I wanted to meet girls -- let's say the treacherous years of thirteen to sixteen -- I was told to take up a sport, get more fresh air, and I was urged not to read so much, If you asked too many questions about sex you were sent to camp -- a boy's camp, of course: the nightmare. Nothing is more unnatural or prison-like than a boy's camp. 2. It ought to be clear by now that I have something of an obiection to the way we turn boys into men. It does not surprise me that when the President of the United States has his customary weekend off he dresses like a cowboy-it is both a measure of his insecurity and his willingness to please. In many ways, American culture does little more for a man than prepare him for modeling clothes in the L.L. Bean catalogue. There was a fear that writing was not a manly profession -- indeed, not a profession at all. The paradox in American letters is that it has always been easier for a woman to write and for a man to be published. 3. Writing is only manly when it produces wealth -- money is masculinity. So is drinking, particularly the ability to drink another man under the table. A man in America has to kill lions, hunt ducks, and carry_ enough knives and ~uns on his shoulders, to prove that he is just as much monster as the next man. Everything in stereotyped manliness goes against the life of the mind. 4. There would be no point in saying any of this if it were not generally accepted that to be a man is somehow -- even now in feminist-influenced America -- a privilege. It is on the contrary an unmerciful and punishing burden. Being a man is bad enough; being manly is appalling. It is the sinister silliness of man's fashions, and a clubby attitude in the arts. It is the subversion of good students. It is the so-called "Dress Code" of the Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Boston, and it is the institutionalized cheating in college sports. In is the most primitive insecurity.

问答题目前在学术界出现了剽窃和抄袭等不良现象。作为一名未来的博士研究生，你如何看待这 些现象，你认为应该如何制止，以及你应该如何从自身做起。

问答题Europe was the first of the major world regions to develop a modern economy based on commercial agriculture and industrial development. Its successful modernization can be traced to the continent's rich endowment of economic resources, its history of innovations, the evolution of a skilled and educated labor force, and the interconnectedness of all its parts--both naturally existing and man-made--which facilitated the easy movement of massive quantities of raw materials and finished goods and the communication of ideas. Europe's economic modernization began with a marked improvement in agriculture output in the 17th century, particularly in England. The traditional method of cultivation involved periodically allowing land to remain fallow; this gave way to continuous cropping on fields that were fertilized with manure nom animals raised as food for rapidly expanding urban markets. Greater wealth was ac- cumulated by landowners at the same time that fewer farmhands were needed to work the land. The accumulated capital and abundant cheap labor created by this revolution in agriculture fueled the development of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century. The revolution began in northern England in the 1730s with the development of water-driven machinery to spin and weave wool and cotton. By mid-century James Watt had developed a practical steam engine that emancipated machinery from sites adjacent to waterfalls and rapids. Britain had been practically deforested by this time and the incessant demand for more fuel to run the engines led to the exploitation of coal as a major industry. Industries were built on the coalfields to minimize the cost of transporting coal over long distances. The increasingly surplus rural population flocked to the new manufacturing areas. Canals and other improvements in the transportation infrastructure were made in these regions, which made them attractive to other industries that were not necessarily dependent on coal and thus prompted development in adjacent regions Industrialization outside of England began in the mid-19th century in Belgium and northeastern France and spread to Germany, The Netherlands southern Scandinavia and other areas in conjunction with the construction of railways. By the 1870s the governments of the European nations had recognized the vital importance of factory production and had taken steps to encourage local development through subsidies and tariff protection against foreign competition. Large areas, however, remained virtually untouched by modern industrial development, including most of the Iberian Peninsula southern Italy, and a broad belt of eastern Europe extending from the Balkans on the south to Finland and northern Scandinavia. During the 20th century Europe has experienced periods of considerable economic growth and prosperity, and industrial development has proliferated much more widely throughout the continent: but continued economic development in Europe has been handicapped to a large degree by its multi- national character--which has spawned economic rivalries among states and two devastating World wars--as well as by the exhaustion of many of its resources and by increased economic, competition from overseas. Governmental protectionism, which has tended to restrict the potential market for a product to a single country, has deprived many industrial concerns of the efficiencies of large-scale production serving a mass market ( such as is found in the United States). In addition, enterprise efficiency has suffered from government support and from a lack of competition within a national market area. Within individual countries there have been growing tensions between regions that have prospered and those that have not. This core-periphery problem has been particularly acute in situations where the contrasting regions are inhabited by different ethnic groups.

问答题{{B}}TOPIC{{/B}} As a young scientist, which life would you prefer to live: common or uncommon? Why?

问答题如今，计算机在社会上起着重要的作用。它们明显地改变了我们工作、学习和购物的方式。但是，尽管计算机产业正给我们带来以往梦想不到的好处，它也造成一些严重问题。譬如说，人们越来越担心电子通讯方面不道德的行为。盗版、窃取数据以及病毒破坏活动十分猖獗。这些行为应视作犯罪吗?我们怎样才能制止这些行为?人们的另一个忧虑与过分依赖计算机有关。计算机不像人们想像的那样可靠，因特网上的信息有可能是虚假的。更糟的是，过度依赖计算机也许会削弱我们进行挑剔思维的能力，还会在人们之间造成障碍。

问答题(59) Three executives were convicted Wednesday of violating Italian privacy laws in a ruling that the company denounced as an "astonishing" attack at freedom of expression on the Internet. (60) The case involves online videos showing an autistic boy being bullied with byclassmates in Turin, which were posted in 2006 on Video, an online video-sharing service that the company ran before its acquisition of YouTube. (61) Prosecutors charred that the videos violated Italian personal private protections. (62) They said the clips were removing only after complaints from Vivi Down, an Italian organization representing people with Down syndrome. whose name was mentioned in the videos. (63) "We are definitely satisfied that someone has to take responsibility for this violating of privacy," said Guido Camera, a lawyer for Vivi Down. (64) The company said it planed to appeal, warned that the verdicts raised serious questions about the viability of user-generated content platforms like YouTube in Italy and potentially elsewhere in Europe. (65) "If company employee like me can be held criminally liable for any video on a hosting platform, (66) when they had absolute nothing to do with the video in question, (67)then our liability is limited," said one of the three executives, Peter Fleischer, the company"s chief privacy counsel. (68) "The decision today therefore raises broader questions as the continued operation of many lnternet platforms that are the essential foundations of freedom of expression in the digital age," he said in a statement. Video-sharing services like Video and YouTube generally rely on users to notify them of potentially problematic content, which is then taken down if it violates the terms of service.

问答题1．优秀的科研工作者需要具备什么素质? 2．举例说明这些素质的重要性。 3．如何培养这些素质。

问答题Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward toward the heavens. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberate my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a hated burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer.

问答题现在，我们的公共服务并不覆盖所有居民，而且缺乏多样化。不同地区也不平衡。最根本的原因之一是没有良好的实施公共服务的系统。

问答题TOPIC According to some statistics, by the end of 2009, the resident (常住人口) in Beijing has reached 17 million, not to mention the large floating population and the number is becoming bigger. Do you think the population in Beijing should be controlled? Why or why not?

问答题Halfway through the semester in his market research course at Roanoke College last fall, only moments after announcing a policy of zero tolerance for cellphone use in the classroom, Prof. Ali Nazemi heard a ring . Then he spotted a young man named Neil Noland fumbling with his phone, trying to turn it off before being caught. "Nell, can I see that phone?" Professor Nazemi said, more in a command than a question. The student surrendered it. Professor Nazemi opened his briefcase, produced a hammer and proceeded to smash the offending device. Throughout the classroom, student faces went ashen. "How am I going to call my Morn now?" Neil asked. As Professor Nazemi refused to answer, a classmate offered, "Dude, you can sue. " One thing we should be clear about was the episode in his classroom had been plotted and scripted ahead of time, with Nell Noland part of the charade all along. The phone was an extra of his mother"s, its service contract long expired . Professor Nazemi, in a telephone interview last week, attested to the exasperation of countless teachers and professors in the computer era. Their permanent war of attrition with defiantly inattentive students has escalated from the pursuit of pigtail-pulling, spitball-lobbing and notebook-doodling to a high-tech arsenal of laptops, cellphones Blackberries and the like. The poor school teacher or master or master now must compete with texting, instant- messaging, Facebook, eBay, YouTube, Addictinggames. Corn and other poxes(瘟疫，灾难)on pedagogy. "There are certain lines you shouldn"t cross," the professor said. If you start tolerating this stuff, it becomes the norm. "The more you give, the more they take. Multitasking is good, but I want them to do more tasking in my class. " All the advances schools and colleges have made to supposedly enhance learning— supplying students with laptops, equipping computer labs, creating wireless networks— have insteadenabled distraction. Perhaps attendance records should include a new category: present but otherwise engaged . "I am so tired of that excuse," said Professor Bugeja, may he live a long and fruitful life. "The idea that subject matter is boring is truly relative. Boring as opposed to what? Buying shoes on eBay? The fact is, we"re not here to entertain. We are here to stimulate the life of the mind. " "Education requires contemplation," he continued. "It requires critical thinking. What we may be doing now is training a generation of air-traffic controllers rather than scholars. And I do know I"m going to lose. " Not, one can only hope, without fight. In the end, as science-fiction writers have prophesied for years, the technology is bound to outwit the fallible human. What teacher or professor can possibly police a room full of determined goof-offs(游手好闲者)while also delivering an engaging lesson?

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} {{I}} Write a short composition of 250～300 words on the topic given below. Topic: My Academic Ambition{{/I}}

问答题陆地交通的形式，与其说取决于技术，不如说取决于政治、经济和环境方面的考虑。我们现在就可以建造更坚固、更安静、更防滑的道路，但却不建，因为费用太高。我们可以在高速公路两旁安装隔音板并且设计出尾气少、轮胎噪音低的卡车，从而使交通噪音减半，但我们不愿意掏这笔钱。环保游说者们已对汽车厂商产生了巨大影响，对尾气排放的控翩已经严格了许多，但是在控制空气污染方面仍然任重而道远。

问答题The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind: it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanations. The difference between the operations and methods of a baker weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist by means of his balance is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former. Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion of a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.

问答题人类是一个不断的自然进化过程的产物，其中包括无数次的遗传转化：这一不可阻挡的进程自45亿年前地球形成以来就一直未曾间断过。这一进化过程，受环境因素的影响，经过随机突变，形成了更具适应性的系统，从而保证了其连续性。在动物世界，这导致了更高级物种的进化，并在人类身上达到了极致，因为人类已经获得了创新思维的能力。我认为这标志着进化进入了一个非常重要的阶段，使一个物种首次有能力掌握了自身命运。 创新思维能力的获得大大加速了自然进化的进程。它导致了人类文明诸多方面的巨大进步，如在艺术、文学、医学、技术上，在属于人类智慧扩展前沿的科学上尤其如此。然而，正是科学的这些进步使人类获得了自我毁灭的能力，导致了消灭人类自身的工具的发展。